The document provides an overview of C programming, including its history, operators, and examples of arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and assignment operators. It details the use of these operators with example code to demonstrate their functionality in C. Additionally, the document explains operator precedence and how expressions are evaluated within the language.

1. 1

2. Department of Computer Application
BCA Semester – 1
Group – 2
Roll No. – CACOM21007 – CACOM21012
2

3. C - PROGRAMMING
Content :-
1. Overview of C
2. Operators & Expressions
3

4. Overview Of
History of Language
C programming language was developed in 1972 at bell
laboratories of AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph),
located in the U.S.A.
Dennis Ritchie is known as the founder of the C
language.
4

5. • ALGOL
1960
• BCPL
1967
• B
1970
• Traditional
1973
• C or C89
1989
• ISO C
1990
International Group
Martin Richard
Ken Thompson
Dennis Ritchie
ANSI Committee
ISO Committee
Year Developed by
Language
5

6. OPERATORS in C
Operators
( ++ , -- )
( + , - , * , / , % )
( < , <= , > , >= , == , != )
( && , || , ! )
( &, | , ^ , << , >> , ~ )
( = ,+= ,-= ,*= ,/= ,%= )
?:
Type
Unary
Operators
Arithmetic
Operators
Relational
Operators
Logical
Operators
Bitwise
Operators
Assignment
Operators
Ternary or Conditional
Operators
Binary Operators
Unary Operators
Ternary Operators
6

7. Arithmetic Operators
These operators are used to perform arithmetic / mathematical operations on operands.
Arithmetic operators are of two types:
Unary Operators
Operators that operate or work with a single operand are
unary operators. For example: Increment(++) and
Decrement(– –) Operators
int val = 5; ++val; // 6
int val1 = 5; --val1; // 4
Binary Operators
Operators that operate or work with two operands are binary operators. For
example: Addition(+), Subtraction(-), multiplication(*), Division(/) operators
int a = 7;
int b = 2;
printf(“%d”,a + b); // 9
printf(“%d”,a – b); // 5
Examples: (+, -, *, /, %,++,–).
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8. 8
// W orking of arit hmet ic operat ors
#include < st dio.h >
int main( )
{
int a = 9 ,b = 4 , c;
c = a+ b ;
printf ( "a+b = %d n",c) ;
c = a - b;
print f ( "a - b = %d n",c ) ;
c = a*b;
print f ( "a*b = %d n",c ) ;
c = a/b;
print f ( "a/b = %d n",c ) ;
c = a%b ;
print f ( "R emainder w hen a divided by b = %d n",c ) ;
return 0;
}
a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
Output

9. Relational Operators
These are used for the comparison of the values of two
operands.
For example : checking if one operand is equal to the other operand or not, an operand is greater than
the other operand or not, etc. Some of the relational operators are (==, >= , <= , < , > )
int a = 3;
int b = 5;
a < b;
// operator to check if a is smaller than b
9

10. 10
// Working of relational operators
#include < st dio.h >
int main ( )
{
int a = 5 , b = 5 , c = 1 0 ;
print f ( "%d = = %d is %d n", a, b, a = =
b) ;
print f ( "%d = = %d is %d n", a, c, a = =
c) ;
print f ( "%d > %d is %d n", a, b, a >
b) ;
print f ( "%d > %d is %d n", a, c, a > c) ;
print f ( "%d < %d is %d n", a, b, a <
b) ;
print f ( "%d < %d is %d n", a, c, a < c) ;
printf ( "%d ! = %d is %d n", a, b, a !=
b) ;
print f ( "%d ! = %d is %d n", a, c, a ! =
c) ;
print f ( "%d > = %d is %d n", a, b, a > =
b);
5 == 5 is 1
5 == 10 is 0
5 > 5 is 0
5 > 10 is 0
5 < 5 is 0
5 < 10 is 1
5 != 5 is 0
5 != 10 is 1
5 >= 5 is 1
5 >= 10 is 0
5 <= 5 is 1
5 <= 10 is 1
Output

11. Logical Operators
The result of the operation of a logical operator is a Boolean value
either true or false.
For example : the logical AND represented as ‘&&’ operator in C returns true when both the conditions
under consideration are satisfied. Otherwise, it returns false. Therefore, a && b returns true when both a
and b are true.
Logical operators are used to evaluate two or more conditions.
(4 != 5) && (4 < 5); // true
11

12. 12
/ / W o r k i n g o f l o g i c a l o p e r a t o r s
# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h >
i n t m a i n ( )
{
i n t a = 5 , b = 5 , c = 1 0 , r e s u l t ;
r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) & & ( c > b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) & & ( c > b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) & & ( c < b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) & & ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e s u l t = ( a = = b ) | | ( c < b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ( a = = b ) | | ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e s u l t = ( a ! = b ) | | ( c < b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ( a ! = b ) | | ( c < b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e s u l t = ! ( a ! = b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ! ( a ! = b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e s u l t = ! ( a = = b ) ;
p r i n t f ( " ! ( a = = b ) i s % d n " , r e s u l t ) ;
r e t u r n 0 ;
}
(a == b) && (c > b) is 1
(a == b) && (c < b) is 0
(a == b) || (c < b) is 1
(a != b) || (c < b) is 0
!(a != b) is 1
!(a == b) is 0
Output

13. Bitwise Operators
The operators are first converted to bit-level and then the calculation is performed on the
operands.
For example: the bitwise AND represented as & operator in C takes two numbers as operands and
does AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.
The Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on the operands.
The mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. can be performed at bit-level for faster
processing.
int a = 5, b = 9; // a = 5(00000101), b = 9(00001001)
printf(“%d”,a ^ b); // 00001100 //Bitwise XOR
printf(“%d”,~a); // 11111010 //Bitwise Complement
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14. 14
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 25;
printf("Output = %d",
a&b);
return 0;
}
Output = 8
12 = 00001100 (In Binary)
25 = 00011001 (In Binary)
Bit Operation of 12 and 25
00001100
& 00011001
________
00001000 = 8 (In decimal)
Bitwise AND
Bitwise OR
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 25;
printf("Output = %d",
a|b);
return 0;
}
12 = 00001100 (In Binary)
25 = 00011001 (In Binary)
Bitwise OR Operation of 12
and 25
00001100
| 00011001
________
00011101 = 29 (In
decimal)
Output = 29

15. Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assigning value to a variable.
“=” : This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left.
Different types of assignment operators are shown below:
“+=”:This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right
and then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
a = 10;
b = 20;
ch = 'y';
For example:
For example: (a += b) can be written as (a = a + b)
A.
B.
15

16. “-=”: This operator first subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable
on left and then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
“*=”: This operator first multiplies the current value of the variable on left to the value on the
right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
For example:
For example: (a *= b) can be written as (a = a * b)
C.
D.
(a -= b) can be written as (a = a - b)
E.
“/=”: This operator first divides the current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and
then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
For example: (a /= b) can be written as (a = a / b)
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17. 17
// W orking of assignment operat ors
#include < st dio.h >
int main ( )
{
int a = 5 , c;
c = a; // c is 5
print f ( "c = %d n", c) ;
c + = a; // c is 10
print f ( "c = %d n", c) ;
c - = a; // c is 5
print f ( "c = %d n", c) ;
c *= a; // c is 2 5
print f ( "c = %d n", c) ;
c /= a; // c is 5
printf ( "c = %d n", c);
c %= a; // c = 0
print f ( "c = %d n", c) ;
ret urn 0 ;
}
c = 5
c = 10
c = 5
c = 25
c = 5
c = 0
Output

18. Operators Precedence
18
At first, the expressions within parenthesis are evaluated. If no parenthesis is present, then the arithmetic
expression is evaluated from left to right.
There are two priority levels of operators in C.
High priority : * / %
Low priority : + -

19. 19
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %dn", e
);
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %dn" ,
e );
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %dn",
e );
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %dn" , e
);
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
Output

20. 20
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