This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Object Oriented Programming using C++. The syllabus covers 5 units: Programming Logic, Object Oriented Concepts and Control Structures, Functions, Structures, Classes and Objects, Constructors and Destructors and more advanced topics like Inheritance, Pointers, File Handling and Virtual Functions. Each unit defines the topics to be covered in detail along with recommended textbooks. The first unit discusses problem solving methodology, algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode and the compilation process.
GENERATING PYTHON CODE FROM OBJECT-Z SPECIFICATIONSijseajournal
ABSTRACT
Object-Z is an object-oriented specification language which extends the Z language with classes, objects, inheritance and polymorphism that can be used to represent the specification of a complex system as collections of objects. There are a number of existing works that mapped Object-Z to C++ and Java programming languages. Since Python and Object-Z share many similarities, both are object-oriented paradigm, support set theory and predicate calculus moreover, Python is a functional programming language which is naturally closer to formal specifications, we propose a mapping from Object-Z specifications to Python code that covers some Object-Z constructs and express its specifications in Python to validate these specifications. The validations are used in the mapping covered preconditions,
post-conditions, and invariants that are bui l t using lambda funct ion and Python's decorator. This work has found Python is an excellent language for developing libraries to map Object-Z specifications to Python.
GENERATING PYTHON CODE FROM OBJECT-Z SPECIFICATIONSijseajournal
ABSTRACT
Object-Z is an object-oriented specification language which extends the Z language with classes, objects, inheritance and polymorphism that can be used to represent the specification of a complex system as collections of objects. There are a number of existing works that mapped Object-Z to C++ and Java programming languages. Since Python and Object-Z share many similarities, both are object-oriented paradigm, support set theory and predicate calculus moreover, Python is a functional programming language which is naturally closer to formal specifications, we propose a mapping from Object-Z specifications to Python code that covers some Object-Z constructs and express its specifications in Python to validate these specifications. The validations are used in the mapping covered preconditions,
post-conditions, and invariants that are bui l t using lambda funct ion and Python's decorator. This work has found Python is an excellent language for developing libraries to map Object-Z specifications to Python.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Solutions manual for c++ programming from problem analysis to program design ...Warren0989
Solutions Manual for C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to Program Design 8th Edition by Malik IBSN 9781337102087
Download at: https://goo.gl/nxo13w
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Building a Dynamic Bidding system for a location based Display advertising Pl...Ekta Grover
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The Object oriented system developed by Dr Pradhan P L which will be helpful to GATE-UPSC-NET Exam for B Tech, M Tech CSE ,IT, BCA, MCA & MSc ( Computer Sc & IT )
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Is fortran still relevant comparing fortran with java and c++ijseajournal
This paper presents a comparative study to evaluate and compare Fortran with the two mo
st popular
programming languages Java and C++. Fortran has gone through major and minor extensions in the
years 2003 and 2008. (1) How much have these extensions made Fortran comparable to Java and C++?
(2) What are the differences and similarities, in sup
porting features like: Templates, object constructors
and destructors, abstract data types and dynamic binding? These are the main questions we are trying to
answer in this study. An object
-
oriented ray tracing application is implemented in these three lan
guages to
compare them. By using only one program we ensured there was only one set of requirements thus making
the comparison homogeneous. Based on our literature survey this is the first study carried out to compare
these languages by applying software m
etrics to the ray tracing application and comparing these results
with the similarities and differences found in practice. We motivate the language implementers and
compiler developers, by providing binary analysis and profiling of the application, to impr
ove Fortran
object handling and processing, and hence making it more prolific and general. This study facilitates and
encourages the reader to further explore, study and use these languages more effectively and productively,
especially Fortran.
Top 10 Highest Paying Jobs in 2019 | Highest Paying IT Jobs 2019 | High Salar...Simplilearn
This presentation is about "Top 10 highest paying jobs in 2019" will introduce you to all the top 10 popular and trending jobs that pay you well in the current market. These are the highest paying jobs that you need to take up in order to make a successful career in the year 2019.
The Top 10 highest paying jobs in 2019 are listed below:
10. Project Manager
09. Full Stack Developer
08. Software Engineer
07. Cloud Solutions Architect
06. IOT Solutions Architect
05. Data Warehouse Architect
04. Cyber Security Engineer
03. Big Data Architect
02. Data Scientist
01. DevOps Engineer
Learn DevOps: https://www.simplilearn.com/devops-engineer-masters-program-certification-training
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Solutions manual for c++ programming from problem analysis to program design ...Warren0989
Solutions Manual for C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to Program Design 8th Edition by Malik IBSN 9781337102087
Download at: https://goo.gl/nxo13w
People also search:
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design 7th edition pdf
c++ programming malik 8th edition pdf
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design 8th edition pdf download
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design exercise answers
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design solution manual
c++ programming program design including data structures 7th edition pdf download
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design 6th edition pdf
c++ programming from problem analysis to program design 7th edition solution manual
Building a Dynamic Bidding system for a location based Display advertising Pl...Ekta Grover
Experimentation to Productization : Building a Dynamic Bidding system for a location aware Ecosystem, Slides from my Fifth Elephant talk, Bangalore, 2014
The Object oriented system developed by Dr Pradhan P L which will be helpful to GATE-UPSC-NET Exam for B Tech, M Tech CSE ,IT, BCA, MCA & MSc ( Computer Sc & IT )
OOS MCQ 2018 Developed by Dr PL Pradhan, IT Dept, TGPCET, NAGPUR, INDIA
Subject Teacher of OOM as per RTM Nagpur university
Advance Excel Training provided by Corporate Bridge Academy under Training and Development program for Corporate Advance Excel Training Course Covering Advance Excel Formula’s and Programming under Corporate Training and Development programs.
An introduction to the basics of reflection and meta programming, part of a full lecture on programming paradigms at UCL university in Belgium, with reflection and meta programming as theme. (Further lectures focus more in depth on reflection and meta programming in a variety of programming languages such as Smalltalk, Ruby and Java.) Slides created collaboratively by Kim Mens and Roel Wuyts.
Top TCS Interview Questions And Answers | How to Crack An Interview At TCS | ...Simplilearn
This presentation on Top TCS Interview Questions and Answer will help you quickly clear the interview. This video on how to crack an interview at TCS also walks you through some tricks and tips to crack the interview.
Is fortran still relevant comparing fortran with java and c++ijseajournal
This paper presents a comparative study to evaluate and compare Fortran with the two mo
st popular
programming languages Java and C++. Fortran has gone through major and minor extensions in the
years 2003 and 2008. (1) How much have these extensions made Fortran comparable to Java and C++?
(2) What are the differences and similarities, in sup
porting features like: Templates, object constructors
and destructors, abstract data types and dynamic binding? These are the main questions we are trying to
answer in this study. An object
-
oriented ray tracing application is implemented in these three lan
guages to
compare them. By using only one program we ensured there was only one set of requirements thus making
the comparison homogeneous. Based on our literature survey this is the first study carried out to compare
these languages by applying software m
etrics to the ray tracing application and comparing these results
with the similarities and differences found in practice. We motivate the language implementers and
compiler developers, by providing binary analysis and profiling of the application, to impr
ove Fortran
object handling and processing, and hence making it more prolific and general. This study facilitates and
encourages the reader to further explore, study and use these languages more effectively and productively,
especially Fortran.
Top 10 Highest Paying Jobs in 2019 | Highest Paying IT Jobs 2019 | High Salar...Simplilearn
This presentation is about "Top 10 highest paying jobs in 2019" will introduce you to all the top 10 popular and trending jobs that pay you well in the current market. These are the highest paying jobs that you need to take up in order to make a successful career in the year 2019.
The Top 10 highest paying jobs in 2019 are listed below:
10. Project Manager
09. Full Stack Developer
08. Software Engineer
07. Cloud Solutions Architect
06. IOT Solutions Architect
05. Data Warehouse Architect
04. Cyber Security Engineer
03. Big Data Architect
02. Data Scientist
01. DevOps Engineer
Learn DevOps: https://www.simplilearn.com/devops-engineer-masters-program-certification-training
Learn Cloud Computing: https://www.simplilearn.com/cloud-solutions-architect-masters-program-training
Learn Big Data: https://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/big-data-hadoop-architect-masters-program-training
Learn Cyber Security: https://www.simplilearn.com/cyber-security/cissp-certification-training
Learn Data Science: https://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/senior-data-scientist-masters-program-training
Learn Project Management: https://www.simplilearn.com/pmp-plus-bundle-masters-program
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In this class session, objects and classes are introduced along with a definition of what object orientated programming is. Addition topics that are covered include instantiation, reuse, encapsulation, and inheritance.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
Introduction to C++ : Object Oriented Technology, Advantages of OOP, Input- output in
C++, Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types C++, Derives data types. The void data
type, Type Modifiers, Typecasting, Constant
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Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
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Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
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For massive graphs that fit in RAM, but not in GPU memory, it is possible to take
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Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
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Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Plan
C+++
1. 1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++
Ms. Rupa PatelMs. Rupa Patel
Lecturer, MCA Dept.Lecturer, MCA Dept.
GHRIITGHRIIT
2. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 2
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit-1 : Programming LogicUnit-1 : Programming Logic
Problem Analysis, Process Analysis, Conceptual developmentProblem Analysis, Process Analysis, Conceptual development
of solution. Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andof solution. Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).
Programming structure: Sequence, Selection, Iteration,Programming structure: Sequence, Selection, Iteration,
(Problems). Language evolution: Machine, Assembly, High(Problems). Language evolution: Machine, Assembly, High
Level. Translators: Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler. TheLevel. Translators: Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler. The
Compilation process, Linker, Loader. Study of HLL,Compilation process, Linker, Loader. Study of HLL,
Characteristics of Good Language, Generation of languages.Characteristics of Good Language, Generation of languages.
3. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 3
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit 2: Object Oriented Concepts ,Tokens,Unit 2: Object Oriented Concepts ,Tokens,
Expressions and Control StructuresExpressions and Control Structures
Object Oriented Methodology, Basic concepts/characteristicsObject Oriented Methodology, Basic concepts/characteristics
of OOP. Advantages and Application of Oops, Proceduralof OOP. Advantages and Application of Oops, Procedural
Programming Vs OOP.Programming Vs OOP.
Introduction: C++ Basics, Character Set, Tokens, Keywords,Introduction: C++ Basics, Character Set, Tokens, Keywords,
Identifiers; Basic, User Defined and Derived Data Types,Identifiers; Basic, User Defined and Derived Data Types,
Symbolic Constants, Variables, Casting, Different Types ofSymbolic Constants, Variables, Casting, Different Types of
Operators their Precedence, Expressions.Operators their Precedence, Expressions.
Control Structures with special emphasis on problem solving:Control Structures with special emphasis on problem solving:
Control and Looping Statements, Console I/O Operations,Control and Looping Statements, Console I/O Operations,
manipulators and enumeration.manipulators and enumeration.
4. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 4
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit 3:- Functions, Structure, Classes and ObjectUnit 3:- Functions, Structure, Classes and Object
Function: Function Prototyping, Call and Return byFunction: Function Prototyping, Call and Return by
Reference, Inline Function, Default and const arguments,Reference, Inline Function, Default and const arguments,
function overloading.function overloading.
Structure, Union and enum: Definition, Passing StructureStructure, Union and enum: Definition, Passing Structure
to functions.to functions.
Classes and Objects: Specifying a Class, Creating Objects,Classes and Objects: Specifying a Class, Creating Objects,
Private & Public Data members and member functions.Private & Public Data members and member functions.
Defining Inline Member Functions, Static Data MembersDefining Inline Member Functions, Static Data Members
and Member functions. Arrays Within Class, Arrays ofand Member functions. Arrays Within Class, Arrays of
Objects, Objects as Function arguments, ReturningObjects, Objects as Function arguments, Returning
Objects.Objects.
5. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 5
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit 4:- Constructors and Destructors, OperatorsUnit 4:- Constructors and Destructors, Operators
overloading and Inheritance.overloading and Inheritance.
Constructors and Destructors: Introduction,Constructors and Destructors: Introduction,
Parameterized constructors, Multiple constructors in aParameterized constructors, Multiple constructors in a
class, Constructors with Default Arguments, Dynamicclass, Constructors with Default Arguments, Dynamic
Initialization of objects, copy constructor, DynamicInitialization of objects, copy constructor, Dynamic
constructors, const objects, Destructors.constructors, const objects, Destructors.
Operator Overloading: Definition, Unary and BinaryOperator Overloading: Definition, Unary and Binary
Overloading, Rules for Operators Overloading.Overloading, Rules for Operators Overloading.
Inheritance: Defining Derived Classes, Single, Multilevel,Inheritance: Defining Derived Classes, Single, Multilevel,
Multiple Inheritance, Constructors and Destructors inMultiple Inheritance, Constructors and Destructors in
derived classesderived classes
6. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 6
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit 5:- Pointers Virtual & Friend functions andUnit 5:- Pointers Virtual & Friend functions and
file handlingfile handling
Pointer to objects, this pointer, ‘new’ and ‘delete’ operators,Pointer to objects, this pointer, ‘new’ and ‘delete’ operators,
Virtual functions, friend functions.Virtual functions, friend functions.
Opening, Closing a File, File Modes, File Pointers and theirOpening, Closing a File, File Modes, File Pointers and their
Manipulations, Sequential Input and Output Operations,Manipulations, Sequential Input and Output Operations,
Updating a File. Random access, Error Handling during fileUpdating a File. Random access, Error Handling during file
operations, Command line Argumentsoperations, Command line Arguments
7. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 7
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Recommended BooksRecommended Books::
1.1. Object Oriented Programming with C++Object Oriented Programming with C++ --By E Balgurusamy [Tata McGraw--By E Balgurusamy [Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi]Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi]
2.2. Object orientation through C++Object orientation through C++ --By Parimala N. [Macmillan India--By Parimala N. [Macmillan India
Ltd., Publication]Ltd., Publication]
3.3. C + + Programming – for absolute beginnerC + + Programming – for absolute beginner --By Henkemans Lee [PHI].--By Henkemans Lee [PHI].
4.4. Information technology conceptsInformation technology concepts --By Dr. Madhulika Jain, Shashank--By Dr. Madhulika Jain, Shashank
& Satish Jain [BPB Publication, New Delhi]& Satish Jain [BPB Publication, New Delhi]
8. Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 8
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Recommended BooksRecommended Books::
5.5. The C++ Programming LanguageThe C++ Programming Language -- By Bjarne Stroustrup [Addison-- By Bjarne Stroustrup [Addison
Wesley]Wesley]
6.6. Programming with C++Programming with C++ --By D Ravichandran [Tata McGraw--By D Ravichandran [Tata McGraw
Hill ]Hill ]
7.7. The Complete Reference C++The Complete Reference C++ -- By Herbert Schildt [Tata McGraw-- By Herbert Schildt [Tata McGraw
Hill]Hill]
9. 1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit-1 : Programming LogicUnit-1 : Programming Logic
10. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 10
Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andDevelopment tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).
Introduction:Introduction:
Method of Problem Solving :Method of Problem Solving :
1.1. Recognize & understand the ProblemRecognize & understand the Problem
2.2. Accumulates factAccumulates fact
3.3. Select appropriate theorySelect appropriate theory
4.4. Make necessary assumptionsMake necessary assumptions
5.5. Solve the Problem (may involve computer)Solve the Problem (may involve computer)
6.6. Verify the result.Verify the result.
11. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 11
Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andDevelopment tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).
The 5 steps in using a computer as a problem-solving toolThe 5 steps in using a computer as a problem-solving tool
1.1. Develop anDevelop an AlgorithmAlgorithm ,Pseudocode, and a,Pseudocode, and a FlowchartFlowchart..
2.2. Write the program in a computer language. (i.e. C++)Write the program in a computer language. (i.e. C++)
3.3. Enter the program into the computer.Enter the program into the computer.
4.4. Test and debug the program.Test and debug the program.
5.5. Run the program, input data, and get the results fromRun the program, input data, and get the results from thethe
computer.computer.
12. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 12
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
AnAn algorithmalgorithm is a set of instructions used to solve a specific problemis a set of instructions used to solve a specific problem
In order to be useful, an algorithm must have the following properties:In order to be useful, an algorithm must have the following properties:
• Accurate specification of the inputAccurate specification of the input
• Definiteness of each instructionDefiniteness of each instruction
• Finiteness/TerminationFiniteness/Termination
• CorrectnessCorrectness
• Description of result or effect /OutputDescription of result or effect /Output
Definition :Definition :
Algorithm may be formally defined as aAlgorithm may be formally defined as a FiniteFinite sequence ofsequence of
ordered set ofordered set of unambiguousunambiguous ,, executableexecutable steps orsteps or
instructions, which if followed would ultimatelyinstructions, which if followed would ultimately terminateterminate
& give the solution of the Problem.& give the solution of the Problem.
13. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 13
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
Algorithms show these three features:Algorithms show these three features:
Sequence (also known as Process)Sequence (also known as Process)
Decision (also known as Selection)Decision (also known as Selection)
Repetition (also known as Iteration or Looping)Repetition (also known as Iteration or Looping)
Characteristics:Characteristics:
14. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 14
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
Ways in which an Algorithm requires a notation for expressing a sequence ofWays in which an Algorithm requires a notation for expressing a sequence of
steps to be performed aresteps to be performed are
1.1. EnglishEnglish
2.2. FlowchartsFlowcharts
3.3. PseudocodePseudocode
4.4. Real Programming languageReal Programming language
15. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 15
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
Examples:Examples:
Algorithm to compute & display the sum of two nos.Algorithm to compute & display the sum of two nos.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Read two numbers A & BRead two numbers A & B
3.3. Calculate the SUM of A & B & store it in SUMCalculate the SUM of A & B & store it in SUM
4.4. Display the value of SUMDisplay the value of SUM
5.5. StopStop
16. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 16
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
Examples:Examples:
Algorithm to compute & print average of a set of Data Values.Algorithm to compute & print average of a set of Data Values.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Set the SUM of the data Values & the COUNT to ZeroSet the SUM of the data Values & the COUNT to Zero
3.3. As long as the data values exist add the next data values to theAs long as the data values exist add the next data values to the
SUM & add 1 to the COUNT.SUM & add 1 to the COUNT.
4.4. Calculate the AVERAGE ,divide the SUM by the COUNTCalculate the AVERAGE ,divide the SUM by the COUNT
5.5. Display the value of AVERAGEDisplay the value of AVERAGE
6.6. StopStop
17. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 17
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
Examples:Examples:
Algorithm to calculate the Factorial of the given no.Algorithm to calculate the Factorial of the given no.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Read the number no. NRead the number no. N
3.3. [Initialize] I[Initialize] I←1,Fact←1←1,Fact←1
4.4. Repeat Steps 4 through 6 until I = NRepeat Steps 4 through 6 until I = N
5.5. Fact ← Fact *IFact ← Fact *I
6.6. I ← I+1I ← I+1
7.7. Print FactPrint Fact
8.8. StopStop
18. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 18
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
AA FlowchartFlowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm .is a graphical representation of an algorithm .
Diagrammatic representation of the various steps involved in designingDiagrammatic representation of the various steps involved in designing
a solution of a Problem.a solution of a Problem.
It uses various symbols to denote different types of instruction.It uses various symbols to denote different types of instruction.
These symbols are connected by solid lines with arrow marks to indicateThese symbols are connected by solid lines with arrow marks to indicate
the flow of operations, i.e., exact sequence in which the instructions arethe flow of operations, i.e., exact sequence in which the instructions are
to be executed.to be executed.
19. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 19
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
FlowchartFlowchart SymbolsSymbols
Start/Stop
Question ,Decision (Use in Branching)
Input/Output
Connector (connect one part of the flowchart to another)
20. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 20
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
FlowchartFlowchart SymbolsSymbols
Process, Instruction
Comments, Explanations, Definitions.
Preparation (may be used with "do loops" )
Refers to separate flowchart ("Subprograms")
Flow LinesFlow Lines
21. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 21
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Rules for drawingRules for drawing FlowchartFlowchart
1.1. Formulate the main line of logic, then incorporate theFormulate the main line of logic, then incorporate the
details.details.
2.2. Maintain the consistent level of details for a givenMaintain the consistent level of details for a given
flowchart.flowchart.
3.3. Words in the flowchart symbols should be commonWords in the flowchart symbols should be common
statement.statement.
4.4. Be consistent in using names & various in the flowchart.Be consistent in using names & various in the flowchart.
22. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 22
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Rules for drawingRules for drawing FlowchartFlowchart (Cont..)(Cont..)
5.5. Go from left to right & top to bottom in constructingGo from left to right & top to bottom in constructing
flowchart.flowchart.
6.6. Keep the flowchart as simple as possible. Crossing ofKeep the flowchart as simple as possible. Crossing of
flow lines should be avoided as far as possible.flow lines should be avoided as far as possible.
7.7. Properly labeled connectors should be used to link theProperly labeled connectors should be used to link the
portions of the flowchart on different pages.portions of the flowchart on different pages.
23. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 23
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Levels ofLevels of FlowchartFlowchart
11.. Macro :Macro :
A Flowchart that outlinesA Flowchart that outlines
the main segments of athe main segments of a
program &program & shows lessershows lesser
detfsails.detfsails.
2.2.Micro :Micro :
A Flowchart that outlinesA Flowchart that outlines
the main segments of athe main segments of a
programprogram with more details.with more details.
24. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 24
Macro LevelMacro Level Micro LevelMicro Level
Add Marks of all three SubjectsAdd Marks of all three Subjects
StopStop
StartStart
Read Input DataRead Input Data
Percentage =Total / 3Percentage =Total / 3
Write Output DataWrite Output Data
StartStart
Read M1,M2,M3Read M1,M2,M3
Total= M1+M2+M3Total= M1+M2+M3
Percentage =Total / 3Percentage =Total / 3
Write PercentageWrite Percentage
StopStop
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
A student appeared in an examination consisting of 3 subjects. Each subject had maximumA student appeared in an examination consisting of 3 subjects. Each subject had maximum
marks of 100.Draw a flowchart for the algorithm to calculate the percentage obtained by themarks of 100.Draw a flowchart for the algorithm to calculate the percentage obtained by the
student.student.
25. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 25
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Types of FlowchartTypes of Flowchart
1 .1 . System Flowchart.System Flowchart.
Describes data flow & operations for a data processing system.Describes data flow & operations for a data processing system.
Provides a Logical diagram of how the system operates.Provides a Logical diagram of how the system operates.
Represents the flow of documents, operations or activities performed inRepresents the flow of documents, operations or activities performed in
data processing system.data processing system.
Reflects relationship between Input, Processing 7 Output.Reflects relationship between Input, Processing 7 Output.
It Consists ofIt Consists of
• Sources from which Input data is generated & device used for their purpose.Sources from which Input data is generated & device used for their purpose.
• Various Processing steps involved.Various Processing steps involved.
• Intermediate & final output prepared 7 devices used for their storage.Intermediate & final output prepared 7 devices used for their storage.
26. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 26
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Types of Flowchart (Cont..)Types of Flowchart (Cont..)
2.2.Run Flowchart.Run Flowchart.
Depicts the logical relationship of computer routines alongDepicts the logical relationship of computer routines along
with inputs, master files, transfer files & outputs.with inputs, master files, transfer files & outputs.
27. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 27
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Types of Flowchart (Cont..)Types of Flowchart (Cont..)
3 .3 . Program Flowchart.Program Flowchart.
Describes in detail the various steps (Logical / ArithmeticDescribes in detail the various steps (Logical / Arithmetic
operations, Algorithm etc.,) to be performed within theoperations, Algorithm etc.,) to be performed within the
computer for transforming the inputs into output.computer for transforming the inputs into output.
Serves as the basis for discussions & communicationServes as the basis for discussions & communication
between System Analyst & the Programmer.between System Analyst & the Programmer.
These flowcharts constitute an important component ofThese flowcharts constitute an important component of
documentation for an application.documentation for an application.
28. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 28
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
AdvantagesAdvantages
1.1. Better CommunicationBetter Communication [ Easier for a programmer to[ Easier for a programmer to
explain the logic of a program to some other programmer.]explain the logic of a program to some other programmer.]
2.2. Effective Analysis.Effective Analysis. [[ A macro flowchart can be brokenA macro flowchart can be broken
down into detailed parts for study & further analysis of thedown into detailed parts for study & further analysis of the
systemsystem.].]
3.3. Effective SynthesisEffective Synthesis.. [Flowcharts are used as working[Flowcharts are used as working
models in the design of new programs & software systems.]models in the design of new programs & software systems.]
29. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 29
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
AdvantagesAdvantages
4.4. Proper Program documentation.Proper Program documentation.
5.5. Efficient Coding.Efficient Coding. [ E[ Error Free programrror Free program
developed at a faster rate.]developed at a faster rate.]
6.6. Systematic Debugging.Systematic Debugging. [ Flowchart is helpful in[ Flowchart is helpful in
detecting, locating, & removing bugs in a program.]detecting, locating, & removing bugs in a program.]
7.7. Systematic Testing.Systematic Testing.
30. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 30
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
Limitations of FlowchartLimitations of Flowchart
Time ConsumingTime Consuming( Takes more time to draw.)( Takes more time to draw.)
Difficult to make changesDifficult to make changes
Non StandardizationNon Standardization
31. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 31
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
Programming analysis tool that is used for planning programProgramming analysis tool that is used for planning program
logic.logic.
It is an imitation of actual computers instructions.It is an imitation of actual computers instructions.
Pseudo instructions are phrases written in ordinary naturalPseudo instructions are phrases written in ordinary natural
language (e.g., English, French, German)language (e.g., English, French, German)
It uses a structure that resembles computer instruction.It uses a structure that resembles computer instruction.
Also called as Program Design Language.Also called as Program Design Language.
Helps us “think out” a program before writing itHelps us “think out” a program before writing it
Easy to convert into a corresponding C++ programEasy to convert into a corresponding C++ program
Consists only of executable statementsConsists only of executable statements
32. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 32
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
Pseudocode is made up the following basic logic structuresPseudocode is made up the following basic logic structures
1.1. SequenceSequence
2. Selection ( if .. then .. else or if .. Then)2. Selection ( if .. then .. else or if .. Then)
3. Iteration ( do.. While or Repeat .. Until)3. Iteration ( do.. While or Repeat .. Until)
33. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 33
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
1.1. Sequence :Sequence :
It is used for performing instruction one after another inIt is used for performing instruction one after another in
sequence.sequence.
Logic flow from top to bottom.Logic flow from top to bottom.
FlowchartFlowchart
PseudocodePseudocode
::
Process 1Process 1
::
Process2Process2
Process 1Process 1
Process 2Process 2
34. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 34
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
2. Selection Logic :2. Selection Logic :
Used for making decisions.Used for making decisions.
Used for selecting the proper path out of two or moreUsed for selecting the proper path out of two or more
alternative paths in the program logic.alternative paths in the program logic.
Is depicted as either an if.. then ..else or if .. thenIs depicted as either an if.. then ..else or if .. then
FlowchartFlowchart
PseudocodePseudocode
::
If conditionIf condition
Then Process 1Then Process 1
ElseElse
Process 2Process 2
End if.End if.
Process 1Process 1
Process 2Process 2Condition ?Condition ?
NoNo
YesYes
35. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 35
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
3. Iteration Logic :3. Iteration Logic :
It is used when one or more instructions may beIt is used when one or more instructions may be
executed several times depending on someexecuted several times depending on some
condition.condition.
Uses two structures do.. While & repeat ..untilUses two structures do.. While & repeat ..until
Execution in the loop is repeated as long as theExecution in the loop is repeated as long as the
condition is not true.condition is not true.
36. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 36
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
Do.. WhileDo.. While
FlowchartFlowchart
::
do while conditiondo while condition
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
end doend do
::
Condition?Condition?
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
Process 3Process 3
NoNo
YesYes
37. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 37
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
Repeat ..untilRepeat ..until
FlowchartFlowchart
::
RepeatRepeat
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
until conditionuntil condition
::
Condition?Condition?
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
Process 3Process 3
YesYes
NoNo
38. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 38
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
AdvantagesAdvantages
1.1. Converting a Pseudocode to a programming language isConverting a Pseudocode to a programming language is
easier.easier.
2.2. Easier to modify Pseudocode of a program logic whenEasier to modify Pseudocode of a program logic when
program modifications are necessary.program modifications are necessary.
3.3. Writing Pseudocode involves much less time & efforts .Writing Pseudocode involves much less time & efforts .
4.4. It has only few rules to follow ,allowing programmer toIt has only few rules to follow ,allowing programmer to
concentrate on the logic of the program.concentrate on the logic of the program.
39. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 39
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
1.1. Graphic representation of program logic is not available.Graphic representation of program logic is not available.
2.2. There are no standard rule to follow. DifferentThere are no standard rule to follow. Different
programmer use their own styles of writing Pseudocodeprogrammer use their own styles of writing Pseudocode
& hence communication problem occur due to lack of& hence communication problem occur due to lack of
standardization.standardization.
3.3. For a beginner ,it is more difficult to follow logic of aFor a beginner ,it is more difficult to follow logic of a
program & write Pseudocode as compared toprogram & write Pseudocode as compared to
flowcharting.flowcharting.
41. Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 41
Development tool:Development tool:
PseudocodePseudocode
Artificial, informal language that helps us developArtificial, informal language that helps us develop
algorithmsalgorithms
Similar to everyday EnglishSimilar to everyday English
Not actually executed on computersNot actually executed on computers
Helps us “think out” a program before writing itHelps us “think out” a program before writing it
Easy to convert into a corresponding C++ programEasy to convert into a corresponding C++ program
Consists only of executable statementsConsists only of executable statements
42. Pseudocode (derived from pseudo and code) is a compact and informalPseudocode (derived from pseudo and code) is a compact and informal
high-level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses thehigh-level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses the
structural conventions of some programming language, but typically omitsstructural conventions of some programming language, but typically omits
details that are not essential for the understanding of the algorithm, such asdetails that are not essential for the understanding of the algorithm, such as
subroutines, variable declarations and system-specific code. Thesubroutines, variable declarations and system-specific code. The
programming language is augmented with natural language descriptions ofprogramming language is augmented with natural language descriptions of
the details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. Thethe details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. The
purpose of using pseudocode is that it may be easier for humans to readpurpose of using pseudocode is that it may be easier for humans to read
than conventional programming languages, and that it may be a compactthan conventional programming languages, and that it may be a compact
and environment-independent description of the key principles of anand environment-independent description of the key principles of an
algorithm. No standard for pseudocode syntax exists, as a program inalgorithm. No standard for pseudocode syntax exists, as a program in
pseudocode is not an executable program.pseudocode is not an executable program.
Flowcharts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode.Flowcharts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode.
Pseudocode resembles, but should not be confused with, skeletonPseudocode resembles, but should not be confused with, skeleton
programs including dummy code, which can be compiled without errors.programs including dummy code, which can be compiled without errors.