C+++

1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++
Ms. Rupa PatelMs. Rupa Patel
Lecturer, MCA Dept.Lecturer, MCA Dept.
GHRIITGHRIIT

Feb 7, 2018 Syllabus 2
Object Oriented Programming using C++Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit-1 : Programming LogicUnit-1 : Programming Logic
 Problem Analysis, Process Analysis, Conceptual developmentProblem Analysis, Process Analysis, Conceptual development
of solution. Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andof solution. Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).pseudocode (Definition and its characteristics).
 Programming structure: Sequence, Selection, Iteration,Programming structure: Sequence, Selection, Iteration,
(Problems). Language evolution: Machine, Assembly, High(Problems). Language evolution: Machine, Assembly, High
Level. Translators: Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler. TheLevel. Translators: Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler. The
Compilation process, Linker, Loader. Study of HLL,Compilation process, Linker, Loader. Study of HLL,
Characteristics of Good Language, Generation of languages.Characteristics of Good Language, Generation of languages.

Unit 2: Object Oriented Concepts ,Tokens,Unit 2: Object Oriented Concepts ,Tokens,
Expressions and Control StructuresExpressions and Control Structures
 Object Oriented Methodology, Basic concepts/characteristicsObject Oriented Methodology, Basic concepts/characteristics
of OOP. Advantages and Application of Oops, Proceduralof OOP. Advantages and Application of Oops, Procedural
Programming Vs OOP.Programming Vs OOP.
 Introduction: C++ Basics, Character Set, Tokens, Keywords,Introduction: C++ Basics, Character Set, Tokens, Keywords,
Identifiers; Basic, User Defined and Derived Data Types,Identifiers; Basic, User Defined and Derived Data Types,
Symbolic Constants, Variables, Casting, Different Types ofSymbolic Constants, Variables, Casting, Different Types of
Operators their Precedence, Expressions.Operators their Precedence, Expressions.
 Control Structures with special emphasis on problem solving:Control Structures with special emphasis on problem solving:
Control and Looping Statements, Console I/O Operations,Control and Looping Statements, Console I/O Operations,
manipulators and enumeration.manipulators and enumeration.

Unit 3:- Functions, Structure, Classes and ObjectUnit 3:- Functions, Structure, Classes and Object
 Function: Function Prototyping, Call and Return byFunction: Function Prototyping, Call and Return by
Reference, Inline Function, Default and const arguments,Reference, Inline Function, Default and const arguments,
function overloading.function overloading.
 Structure, Union and enum: Definition, Passing StructureStructure, Union and enum: Definition, Passing Structure
to functions.to functions.
 Classes and Objects: Specifying a Class, Creating Objects,Classes and Objects: Specifying a Class, Creating Objects,
Private & Public Data members and member functions.Private & Public Data members and member functions.
Defining Inline Member Functions, Static Data MembersDefining Inline Member Functions, Static Data Members
and Member functions. Arrays Within Class, Arrays ofand Member functions. Arrays Within Class, Arrays of
Objects, Objects as Function arguments, ReturningObjects, Objects as Function arguments, Returning
Objects.Objects.

Unit 4:- Constructors and Destructors, OperatorsUnit 4:- Constructors and Destructors, Operators
overloading and Inheritance.overloading and Inheritance.
 Constructors and Destructors: Introduction,Constructors and Destructors: Introduction,
Parameterized constructors, Multiple constructors in aParameterized constructors, Multiple constructors in a
class, Constructors with Default Arguments, Dynamicclass, Constructors with Default Arguments, Dynamic
Initialization of objects, copy constructor, DynamicInitialization of objects, copy constructor, Dynamic
constructors, const objects, Destructors.constructors, const objects, Destructors.
 Operator Overloading: Definition, Unary and BinaryOperator Overloading: Definition, Unary and Binary
Overloading, Rules for Operators Overloading.Overloading, Rules for Operators Overloading.
Inheritance: Defining Derived Classes, Single, Multilevel,Inheritance: Defining Derived Classes, Single, Multilevel,
Multiple Inheritance, Constructors and Destructors inMultiple Inheritance, Constructors and Destructors in
derived classesderived classes

Unit 5:- Pointers Virtual & Friend functions andUnit 5:- Pointers Virtual & Friend functions and
file handlingfile handling
 Pointer to objects, this pointer, ‘new’ and ‘delete’ operators,Pointer to objects, this pointer, ‘new’ and ‘delete’ operators,
Virtual functions, friend functions.Virtual functions, friend functions.
 Opening, Closing a File, File Modes, File Pointers and theirOpening, Closing a File, File Modes, File Pointers and their
Manipulations, Sequential Input and Output Operations,Manipulations, Sequential Input and Output Operations,
Updating a File. Random access, Error Handling during fileUpdating a File. Random access, Error Handling during file
operations, Command line Argumentsoperations, Command line Arguments

Recommended BooksRecommended Books::
1.1. Object Oriented Programming with C++Object Oriented Programming with C++ --By E Balgurusamy [Tata McGraw--By E Balgurusamy [Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi]Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi]
2.2. Object orientation through C++Object orientation through C++ --By Parimala N. [Macmillan India--By Parimala N. [Macmillan India
Ltd., Publication]Ltd., Publication]
3.3. C + + Programming – for absolute beginnerC + + Programming – for absolute beginner --By Henkemans Lee [PHI].--By Henkemans Lee [PHI].
4.4. Information technology conceptsInformation technology concepts --By Dr. Madhulika Jain, Shashank--By Dr. Madhulika Jain, Shashank
& Satish Jain [BPB Publication, New Delhi]& Satish Jain [BPB Publication, New Delhi]

Recommended BooksRecommended Books::
5.5. The C++ Programming LanguageThe C++ Programming Language -- By Bjarne Stroustrup [Addison-- By Bjarne Stroustrup [Addison
Wesley]Wesley]
6.6. Programming with C++Programming with C++ --By D Ravichandran [Tata McGraw--By D Ravichandran [Tata McGraw
Hill ]Hill ]
7.7. The Complete Reference C++The Complete Reference C++ -- By Herbert Schildt [Tata McGraw-- By Herbert Schildt [Tata McGraw
Hill]Hill]

1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++1CSA-2: Object Oriented Programming using C++
Unit-1 : Programming LogicUnit-1 : Programming Logic

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 10
Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andDevelopment tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
Introduction:Introduction:
Method of Problem Solving :Method of Problem Solving :
1.1. Recognize & understand the ProblemRecognize & understand the Problem
2.2. Accumulates factAccumulates fact
3.3. Select appropriate theorySelect appropriate theory
4.4. Make necessary assumptionsMake necessary assumptions
5.5. Solve the Problem (may involve computer)Solve the Problem (may involve computer)
6.6. Verify the result.Verify the result.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 11
Development tools: Algorithm, flowcharts andDevelopment tools: Algorithm, flowcharts and
The 5 steps in using a computer as a problem-solving toolThe 5 steps in using a computer as a problem-solving tool
1.1. Develop anDevelop an AlgorithmAlgorithm ,Pseudocode, and a,Pseudocode, and a FlowchartFlowchart..
2.2. Write the program in a computer language. (i.e. C++)Write the program in a computer language. (i.e. C++)
3.3. Enter the program into the computer.Enter the program into the computer.
4.4. Test and debug the program.Test and debug the program.
5.5. Run the program, input data, and get the results fromRun the program, input data, and get the results from thethe
computer.computer.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 12
Development tool: AlgorithmDevelopment tool: Algorithm
 AnAn algorithmalgorithm is a set of instructions used to solve a specific problemis a set of instructions used to solve a specific problem
 In order to be useful, an algorithm must have the following properties:In order to be useful, an algorithm must have the following properties:
• Accurate specification of the inputAccurate specification of the input
• Definiteness of each instructionDefiniteness of each instruction
• Finiteness/TerminationFiniteness/Termination
• CorrectnessCorrectness
• Description of result or effect /OutputDescription of result or effect /Output
Definition :Definition :
Algorithm may be formally defined as aAlgorithm may be formally defined as a FiniteFinite sequence ofsequence of
ordered set ofordered set of unambiguousunambiguous ,, executableexecutable steps orsteps or
instructions, which if followed would ultimatelyinstructions, which if followed would ultimately terminateterminate
& give the solution of the Problem.& give the solution of the Problem.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 13
Algorithms show these three features:Algorithms show these three features:
 Sequence (also known as Process)Sequence (also known as Process)
 Decision (also known as Selection)Decision (also known as Selection)
 Repetition (also known as Iteration or Looping)Repetition (also known as Iteration or Looping)
Characteristics:Characteristics:

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 14
Ways in which an Algorithm requires a notation for expressing a sequence ofWays in which an Algorithm requires a notation for expressing a sequence of
steps to be performed aresteps to be performed are
1.1. EnglishEnglish
2.2. FlowchartsFlowcharts
3.3. PseudocodePseudocode
4.4. Real Programming languageReal Programming language

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 15
Examples:Examples:
 Algorithm to compute & display the sum of two nos.Algorithm to compute & display the sum of two nos.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Read two numbers A & BRead two numbers A & B
3.3. Calculate the SUM of A & B & store it in SUMCalculate the SUM of A & B & store it in SUM
4.4. Display the value of SUMDisplay the value of SUM
5.5. StopStop

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 16
Examples:Examples:

Algorithm to compute & print average of a set of Data Values.Algorithm to compute & print average of a set of Data Values.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Set the SUM of the data Values & the COUNT to ZeroSet the SUM of the data Values & the COUNT to Zero
3.3. As long as the data values exist add the next data values to theAs long as the data values exist add the next data values to the
SUM & add 1 to the COUNT.SUM & add 1 to the COUNT.
4.4. Calculate the AVERAGE ,divide the SUM by the COUNTCalculate the AVERAGE ,divide the SUM by the COUNT
5.5. Display the value of AVERAGEDisplay the value of AVERAGE
6.6. StopStop

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 17
Examples:Examples:
 Algorithm to calculate the Factorial of the given no.Algorithm to calculate the Factorial of the given no.
1.1. StartStart
2.2. Read the number no. NRead the number no. N
3.3. [Initialize] I[Initialize] I←1,Fact←1←1,Fact←1
4.4. Repeat Steps 4 through 6 until I = NRepeat Steps 4 through 6 until I = N
5.5. Fact ← Fact *IFact ← Fact *I
6.6. I ← I+1I ← I+1
7.7. Print FactPrint Fact
8.8. StopStop

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 18
Development tool: FlowchartDevelopment tool: Flowchart
 AA FlowchartFlowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm .is a graphical representation of an algorithm .
 Diagrammatic representation of the various steps involved in designingDiagrammatic representation of the various steps involved in designing
a solution of a Problem.a solution of a Problem.
 It uses various symbols to denote different types of instruction.It uses various symbols to denote different types of instruction.
 These symbols are connected by solid lines with arrow marks to indicateThese symbols are connected by solid lines with arrow marks to indicate
the flow of operations, i.e., exact sequence in which the instructions arethe flow of operations, i.e., exact sequence in which the instructions are
to be executed.to be executed.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 19
 FlowchartFlowchart SymbolsSymbols
Start/Stop
Question ,Decision (Use in Branching)
Input/Output
Connector (connect one part of the flowchart to another)

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 20
 FlowchartFlowchart SymbolsSymbols
Process, Instruction
Comments, Explanations, Definitions.
Preparation (may be used with "do loops" )
Refers to separate flowchart ("Subprograms")
Flow LinesFlow Lines

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 21
 Rules for drawingRules for drawing FlowchartFlowchart
1.1. Formulate the main line of logic, then incorporate theFormulate the main line of logic, then incorporate the
details.details.
2.2. Maintain the consistent level of details for a givenMaintain the consistent level of details for a given
flowchart.flowchart.
3.3. Words in the flowchart symbols should be commonWords in the flowchart symbols should be common
statement.statement.
4.4. Be consistent in using names & various in the flowchart.Be consistent in using names & various in the flowchart.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 22
 Rules for drawingRules for drawing FlowchartFlowchart (Cont..)(Cont..)
5.5. Go from left to right & top to bottom in constructingGo from left to right & top to bottom in constructing
flowchart.flowchart.
6.6. Keep the flowchart as simple as possible. Crossing ofKeep the flowchart as simple as possible. Crossing of
flow lines should be avoided as far as possible.flow lines should be avoided as far as possible.
7.7. Properly labeled connectors should be used to link theProperly labeled connectors should be used to link the
portions of the flowchart on different pages.portions of the flowchart on different pages.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 23
 Levels ofLevels of FlowchartFlowchart
11.. Macro :Macro :
A Flowchart that outlinesA Flowchart that outlines
the main segments of athe main segments of a
program &program & shows lessershows lesser
detfsails.detfsails.
2.2.Micro :Micro :
A Flowchart that outlinesA Flowchart that outlines
the main segments of athe main segments of a
programprogram with more details.with more details.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 24
Macro LevelMacro Level Micro LevelMicro Level
Add Marks of all three SubjectsAdd Marks of all three Subjects
StopStop
StartStart
Read Input DataRead Input Data
Percentage =Total / 3Percentage =Total / 3
Write Output DataWrite Output Data
StartStart
Read M1,M2,M3Read M1,M2,M3
Total= M1+M2+M3Total= M1+M2+M3
Percentage =Total / 3Percentage =Total / 3
Write PercentageWrite Percentage
StopStop
A student appeared in an examination consisting of 3 subjects. Each subject had maximumA student appeared in an examination consisting of 3 subjects. Each subject had maximum
marks of 100.Draw a flowchart for the algorithm to calculate the percentage obtained by themarks of 100.Draw a flowchart for the algorithm to calculate the percentage obtained by the
student.student.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 25
Types of FlowchartTypes of Flowchart
1 .1 . System Flowchart.System Flowchart.
 Describes data flow & operations for a data processing system.Describes data flow & operations for a data processing system.
 Provides a Logical diagram of how the system operates.Provides a Logical diagram of how the system operates.
 Represents the flow of documents, operations or activities performed inRepresents the flow of documents, operations or activities performed in
data processing system.data processing system.
 Reflects relationship between Input, Processing 7 Output.Reflects relationship between Input, Processing 7 Output.
 It Consists ofIt Consists of
• Sources from which Input data is generated & device used for their purpose.Sources from which Input data is generated & device used for their purpose.
• Various Processing steps involved.Various Processing steps involved.
• Intermediate & final output prepared 7 devices used for their storage.Intermediate & final output prepared 7 devices used for their storage.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 26
Types of Flowchart (Cont..)Types of Flowchart (Cont..)
2.2.Run Flowchart.Run Flowchart.
 Depicts the logical relationship of computer routines alongDepicts the logical relationship of computer routines along
with inputs, master files, transfer files & outputs.with inputs, master files, transfer files & outputs.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 27
Types of Flowchart (Cont..)Types of Flowchart (Cont..)
3 .3 . Program Flowchart.Program Flowchart.
 Describes in detail the various steps (Logical / ArithmeticDescribes in detail the various steps (Logical / Arithmetic
operations, Algorithm etc.,) to be performed within theoperations, Algorithm etc.,) to be performed within the
computer for transforming the inputs into output.computer for transforming the inputs into output.
 Serves as the basis for discussions & communicationServes as the basis for discussions & communication
between System Analyst & the Programmer.between System Analyst & the Programmer.
 These flowcharts constitute an important component ofThese flowcharts constitute an important component of
documentation for an application.documentation for an application.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 28
 AdvantagesAdvantages
1.1. Better CommunicationBetter Communication [ Easier for a programmer to[ Easier for a programmer to
explain the logic of a program to some other programmer.]explain the logic of a program to some other programmer.]
2.2. Effective Analysis.Effective Analysis. [[ A macro flowchart can be brokenA macro flowchart can be broken
down into detailed parts for study & further analysis of thedown into detailed parts for study & further analysis of the
systemsystem.].]
3.3. Effective SynthesisEffective Synthesis.. [Flowcharts are used as working[Flowcharts are used as working
models in the design of new programs & software systems.]models in the design of new programs & software systems.]

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 29
 AdvantagesAdvantages
4.4. Proper Program documentation.Proper Program documentation.
5.5. Efficient Coding.Efficient Coding. [ E[ Error Free programrror Free program
developed at a faster rate.]developed at a faster rate.]
6.6. Systematic Debugging.Systematic Debugging. [ Flowchart is helpful in[ Flowchart is helpful in
detecting, locating, & removing bugs in a program.]detecting, locating, & removing bugs in a program.]
7.7. Systematic Testing.Systematic Testing.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 30
 Limitations of FlowchartLimitations of Flowchart
 Time ConsumingTime Consuming( Takes more time to draw.)( Takes more time to draw.)
 Difficult to make changesDifficult to make changes
 Non StandardizationNon Standardization

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 31
Development tool: PseudocodeDevelopment tool: Pseudocode
 Programming analysis tool that is used for planning programProgramming analysis tool that is used for planning program
logic.logic.
 It is an imitation of actual computers instructions.It is an imitation of actual computers instructions.
 Pseudo instructions are phrases written in ordinary naturalPseudo instructions are phrases written in ordinary natural
language (e.g., English, French, German)language (e.g., English, French, German)
 It uses a structure that resembles computer instruction.It uses a structure that resembles computer instruction.
 Also called as Program Design Language.Also called as Program Design Language.
 Helps us “think out” a program before writing itHelps us “think out” a program before writing it
 Easy to convert into a corresponding C++ programEasy to convert into a corresponding C++ program
 Consists only of executable statementsConsists only of executable statements

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 32
 Pseudocode is made up the following basic logic structuresPseudocode is made up the following basic logic structures
1.1. SequenceSequence
2. Selection ( if .. then .. else or if .. Then)2. Selection ( if .. then .. else or if .. Then)
3. Iteration ( do.. While or Repeat .. Until)3. Iteration ( do.. While or Repeat .. Until)

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 33
1.1. Sequence :Sequence :
 It is used for performing instruction one after another inIt is used for performing instruction one after another in
sequence.sequence.
 Logic flow from top to bottom.Logic flow from top to bottom.
FlowchartFlowchart
PseudocodePseudocode
::
Process 1Process 1
::
Process2Process2
Process 1Process 1
Process 2Process 2

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 34
2. Selection Logic :2. Selection Logic :
 Used for making decisions.Used for making decisions.
 Used for selecting the proper path out of two or moreUsed for selecting the proper path out of two or more
alternative paths in the program logic.alternative paths in the program logic.
 Is depicted as either an if.. then ..else or if .. thenIs depicted as either an if.. then ..else or if .. then
 FlowchartFlowchart
 PseudocodePseudocode
::
If conditionIf condition
Then Process 1Then Process 1
ElseElse
Process 2Process 2
End if.End if.
Process 1Process 1
Process 2Process 2Condition ?Condition ?
NoNo
YesYes

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 35
3. Iteration Logic :3. Iteration Logic :
 It is used when one or more instructions may beIt is used when one or more instructions may be
executed several times depending on someexecuted several times depending on some
condition.condition.
 Uses two structures do.. While & repeat ..untilUses two structures do.. While & repeat ..until
 Execution in the loop is repeated as long as theExecution in the loop is repeated as long as the
condition is not true.condition is not true.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 36
Do.. WhileDo.. While
FlowchartFlowchart
::
do while conditiondo while condition
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
end doend do
::
Condition?Condition?
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
Process 3Process 3
NoNo
YesYes

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 37
Repeat ..untilRepeat ..until
FlowchartFlowchart
::
RepeatRepeat
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
until conditionuntil condition
::
Condition?Condition?
Process 1Process 1
Process nProcess n
Process 3Process 3
YesYes
NoNo

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 38
 AdvantagesAdvantages
1.1. Converting a Pseudocode to a programming language isConverting a Pseudocode to a programming language is
easier.easier.
2.2. Easier to modify Pseudocode of a program logic whenEasier to modify Pseudocode of a program logic when
program modifications are necessary.program modifications are necessary.
3.3. Writing Pseudocode involves much less time & efforts .Writing Pseudocode involves much less time & efforts .
4.4. It has only few rules to follow ,allowing programmer toIt has only few rules to follow ,allowing programmer to
concentrate on the logic of the program.concentrate on the logic of the program.

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 39
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
1.1. Graphic representation of program logic is not available.Graphic representation of program logic is not available.
2.2. There are no standard rule to follow. DifferentThere are no standard rule to follow. Different
programmer use their own styles of writing Pseudocodeprogrammer use their own styles of writing Pseudocode
& hence communication problem occur due to lack of& hence communication problem occur due to lack of
standardization.standardization.
3.3. For a beginner ,it is more difficult to follow logic of aFor a beginner ,it is more difficult to follow logic of a
program & write Pseudocode as compared toprogram & write Pseudocode as compared to
flowcharting.flowcharting.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Feb 7, 2018 Unit 1 41
Development tool:Development tool:
PseudocodePseudocode
 Artificial, informal language that helps us developArtificial, informal language that helps us develop
algorithmsalgorithms
 Similar to everyday EnglishSimilar to everyday English
 Not actually executed on computersNot actually executed on computers
 Helps us “think out” a program before writing itHelps us “think out” a program before writing it
 Easy to convert into a corresponding C++ programEasy to convert into a corresponding C++ program
 Consists only of executable statementsConsists only of executable statements

 Pseudocode (derived from pseudo and code) is a compact and informalPseudocode (derived from pseudo and code) is a compact and informal
high-level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses thehigh-level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses the
structural conventions of some programming language, but typically omitsstructural conventions of some programming language, but typically omits
details that are not essential for the understanding of the algorithm, such asdetails that are not essential for the understanding of the algorithm, such as
subroutines, variable declarations and system-specific code. Thesubroutines, variable declarations and system-specific code. The
programming language is augmented with natural language descriptions ofprogramming language is augmented with natural language descriptions of
the details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. Thethe details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. The
purpose of using pseudocode is that it may be easier for humans to readpurpose of using pseudocode is that it may be easier for humans to read
than conventional programming languages, and that it may be a compactthan conventional programming languages, and that it may be a compact
and environment-independent description of the key principles of anand environment-independent description of the key principles of an
algorithm. No standard for pseudocode syntax exists, as a program inalgorithm. No standard for pseudocode syntax exists, as a program in
pseudocode is not an executable program.pseudocode is not an executable program.
Flowcharts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode.Flowcharts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode.
Pseudocode resembles, but should not be confused with, skeletonPseudocode resembles, but should not be confused with, skeleton
programs including dummy code, which can be compiled without errors.programs including dummy code, which can be compiled without errors.

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