Oops concept

1. C++ OOPS CONCEPTS
Dr. Bhargavi Goswami
CHRIST
Bangalore
bhargavigoswami@gmail.com
+91 9426669020

2. BOOKS
 Schildt Herbert, The Complete Reference C+
+, Tata McGraw Hill, Reprint, 2012.
 Deitel&Deitel, C++ How to program, Pearson
Education Asia, 6th Edition, 2008.
 Bjarne Stroustrup, The C++ Programming
Language, Special Edition, Pearson
Education, 2010.
 M. T. Somashekara, D. S. Guru, Object-
Oriented Programming with C++, 2ndEdition,
PHI, 2012.

3. BEST SUITABLE TO SYLLABUS
 E Balagurusami, Object Oriented
Programming with C++, McGraw Hill
Education, 6th
Edition, 2013.
 Syllabus includes: Chapter 1 to 11.

4. TOPIC LIST
 Software Evolution
 Procedure Oriented Programming
 Object Oriented Programming
 Objects
 Classes
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic Binding

5. SOFTWARE CRISIS
Real life problems
Open Interface
Reusability
Tolerant to Updates
Software Quality & Productivity
Decrease S/w Cost
Manage Schedule

6. NEED TO ADDRESS ISSUES:
 How to represent real life entities of problems in
system design?
 How to design a system with open interfaces?
 How to ensure reusability and extensibility of modules?
 How to develop modules that are tolerant to any
changes in future?
 How to improve software productivity and decrease
software cost?
 How to improve the quality of software?
 How to manage time schedules?
 How to industrialize the software development
process?

7. SOME FACTS AND REPORTS
50% of software products, never
delivered.
33% of delivered software are
never used.
2% used without changes once
delivered.

8. CONCLUSION
Bad record of s/w industry in
delivering products.
Reason?
1. Changes in user requirements
2. Changes in Data Formats

9. US DEFENSE PROJECT STATUS
Paid but not
received
Delivered
but not
used
Ababdoned,
Not
reworked
Used after
Changes
Used as
Delivered
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

10. HOW TO EVALUATE A SYSTEM
(DEVELOPED SOFTWARE)?
 Correctness
 Maintainability
 Reusability
 Openness and Interoperability
 Portability
 Security
 Integrity
 User Friendliness

11. MAINTENANCE:
EXPECTED CHANGES
User
Requiremen
t
42%
Data Formats
18%
Emergency
12%
Routine
Debugging
9%
H/w
Changes
6%
Documentat
ion
6%
Other
3%
Efficiency
4%

12. QUALITY ISSUES
HOW TO EVALUATE A SYSTEM
(DEVELOPED SOFTWARE)?
Correctness
Maintainability
Reusability
Interoperability
Integrity
Portability
User
Friendly
Security

13. SOFTWARE EVALUATION
Object Oriented Lang
Procedure Oriented
Lang
Assembly Lang
Machine Lang
1.0

14. PROCEDURAL / STRUCTURAL
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 Eg. COBOL, FORTRAN, C, etc
 Imp. Focus: Problem
 Solution: Provided with Functions and Procedures
 How: Hierarchical Decomposition
 Writes list of instructions / action / flowcharts
 But, we least concerned about data and its flow.
 Risk for global multi-procedural data.
 Not Secure
 Vulnerable to accidental modifications of data.
 Bugs may creep in
 Do not model real life problems well

15. STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURAL
LANGAUGE
Main Program
Function
1
Function
2
Function
3
Function
4
Function
5
Function
6

16. CHARACTERISTICS
 Emphasis on Algorithm
 Divide and Rule (small program as function)
 Share global data
 Data movement is open in function
 Function transform data
 Top Down Approach

17. RELATIONSHIP OF DATA AND
FUNCTION IN PROCEDURAL LANG
Global Data Global Data
Function 1
Local Data
Function 2
Local Data
Function 3
Local Data

18. OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 Here, data is critical element
 Data does not flow freely in program
 Function – Data coupling is tight
 Protection from accidental modifications
 Decomposition of problem into #objects /
entries.
 These objects are using function built data.
 Functions of objects can communicate.

19. ORGANIZATION OF DATA &
FUNCTION IN OOP
Data
Function
Object A
Data
Function
Object B
Data
Function
Object C
Function of objects
Communicate.

20. CHARACTERISTICS
 Emphasis on Data
 Programs are divided into objects
 Data characterized by objects tied with
functions
 Data is hidden
 Way of communication is through functions
 New Data and Functions can be created
easily.
 Follow bottom up approach.

21. BASICS OF OOP
Objects
Classes
Data
Abstraction &
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Dynamic
Binding
Polymorphism
Message
Passing

22. OBJECTS
 Basic Runtime Entities
 Customer, Account, Objects
 Bank balance is data.
 Balance sheet is a function.
 Object has data and code (function).
 See next fig.

23. DESIGN OF OOP
Object
Student
Data:
Name
Birthday
Marks
Course
Functions:
Total
Average
Display

24. CLASSES
 Entire set of object’s data and code can be
defined as user defined data-type called
“class”.
 Objects are variables of type class.
 Class is a collection of objects.
 Eg. Mango, apple, orange are objects of class
“Fruits”.

25. DATA ABSTRACTION &
ENCAPSULATION
 Wrapping of data and function into single class is
“Encapsulation”.
 Data is secure once encapsulated in class.
 Functions connect class and object.
 Avoiding data access other than class is facilitating
“data hiding”.
 “Abstraction” is representing essential features without
including background information / explanation.
 Abstract information / attributes eg. Size, cost, length,
etc.
 Abstraction is done using data members as they hold
information.
 Classes are also called ADT: Abstract Data Types

26. INHERITANCE
 Reusability
 Class
features
can be
inherited
to other
classes
 Tailoring of
features is
also
possible
Bird:
Feather
Eggs
Flying Bird:
Size of
Wings
Non Flying
Birds:
Weight
Robin Kiwi
Swallow Penguin

27. POLYMORPHISM
 Operation exhibit different behavior based
on provided type of data.
 Eg. Add(num1,num2) does addition
Add(str1,str2) does concatenation
 Obtained by operator or function
overloading.
 Allow different internal structures to use
same external interface
 Also used in implementing inheritance
 Done preferably using Function Overloading.

28. POLYMORPHISM
Shape
Draw
(Circle)
Draw
(Box)
Draw
(Triangle)

29. DYNAMIC BINDING
 Also called Late binding
 Dynamically, draw a procedure that will take
actions based on type of object provided.
 Same as figure, if circle is provided, draws
circle.

30. MESSAGE PASSING
 A message for an object is a request for execution of a
procedure and therefore will invoke function that
generates result.
 Steps:
 Create Class (create members, functions)
 Create Objects
 Communication happens using functions to obtain
desired results.
Employee.salary(name)
Object Message Information

31. BENEFITS OF OOP
 Greater productivity, better quality of s/w,
less maintenance.
 Inheritance: Code Reusability and reduced
redundancy
 Reuse of standard working modules, save
time.
 Data Hiding: Secure
 Multiple instance of an object can co-exist
 Map Objects in problem domain
 Problem partition in project based objects

32. BENEFITS OF OOP
 Data center design, modeling of problem,
solution implementation easy.
 Bottom Up Approach
 Encapsulates details
 Message passing system is very simple.
 Easy to manage s/w complexity
 Compatible with C Language.

33. LIMITATIONS
Limited
standard
library
Limited GUI
Support
Difficult to
implement
web
applications
Thread not
supported

35. APPLICATIONS: C++/C# IS USED
IN
 Real-time systems
 Simulations and Modeling
 Object oriented Databases
 Hypertext, hypermedia and expertext
 Artificial Intelligence
 Developing Expert Systems
 Neural networks and parallel programming
 Decision Support and Office Automation System
 CAD Systems
 Internet of Things
 Embedded Programming
 Compiler and Operating System development
 Developing new programming language

36. QUESTION?
 What do you think are the major issues
facing the software industry?
 Explain Software Evolution.
 How are the data and functions are
organized in OOP?
 List down unique advantages of OOP.
 List 20 real world objects.
 List down the advantages of inheritance.
 List applications of C++

37. DIFFERENTIATE
 Procedure oriented v/s Object Oriented
 Object v/s Class
 Data Abstraction v/s Data Encapsulation
 Inheritance v/s Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding v/s Message Passing

38. THANK YOU.
SEE YOU SOON.
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