BUSN125 U3 IP template.docx
Running head: BUSN125 – Applied Business Mathematics 4
Unit 3 – Business mathematics
Type your Name Here
American InterContinental University
Abstract
This is a single paragraph, no indentation is required. The next page will be an abstract; “a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows the readers to survey the contents of an article quickly” (Publication Manual, 2010). The length of this abstract should be 35-50 words (2-3 sentences). NOTE: the abstract must be on page 2 and the body of the paper will begin on page 3.
Introduction
Remember to always indent the first line of a paragraph (use the tab key). The introduction should be short (perhaps 3-4 sentences). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type (italics or plain) are set in APA format. While you may change the names of the headings and subheadings, do not change the font or style of font.
In this section, please explain and describe the business you will start by answering the following questions:
a. What will your business sell?
b. Why is this business interesting to you?
Revenue and Profits
This section should be at least 5 sentences in length. Demonstrate that you understand how mathematics is used in business by discussing how your business will generate money. Please answer the following questions:
a. What are your projected year #1 sales? Please discuss how many units will be sold and at what price.
b. What are your projected year #1 expenses and costs? Please discuss what the business will spend money in order to produce the units that are sold.
c. What portion of your sales revenue will be consumed by expenses? Express in fractions and in percentages.
d. What portion of your sales revenue will be profits? Express in fractions and in percentages.
Product Price and Cost
This section should be at least 5 sentences in length. Demonstrate that you understand how mathematics is used in business by providing financial information about the products/services that people will buy from your business. Provide the following information:
a. Provide detail on the prices you will charge (be specific for each product/service you will sell).
b. Provide detail on the costs you must pay to provide each of your products.
c. Explain your price mark-up in percentages and in dollars. Show your calculations.
Investment Requirements
This section should be at least 5 sentences in length. Demonstrate that you understand the course content about banking and loans by discussing your business banking and loans. Answer the following questions:
a. What business accounts will your open? Explain your banking requirements? Describe the bank(s) you would use.
b. Assume that you need to take out a business loan to cover your initial costs and expenses. The amount of the loan is equal to the amount of your projected year #1 expenses and costs (per item 1b above).
c. ...
Week 4 Assignment-Fair Value DUE DATE Sunday midnight of.docxcockekeshia
Week 4 Assignment-Fair Value
DUE DATE: Sunday midnight of Week 4, submitted in a MS Word (or Excel if
computations required) document with filename format:
Last First_Week X hwk.doc or .xls Make sure your name appears on each page of the
homework using the header function.
Homework questions:
1. The Fair Value requirement has been blamed by some for the credit market crunch that
started in 2007, worsened in 2008 and continues into 2009. Discuss what effect you
think Fair Value had on financial institutions and why some believe that it precipitated
the current economic recession. Do you agree or disagree that Fair Value caused the
collapse of the mortgage and lending markets? There are a number of good articles and
links to help you with this such as the article in the Web Links page from the January 20,
2009 Boston Globe about the impact on State Street Corporation’s capital from
potentially having to permanently write down the value of assets (it will help you
understand how marking down the value of assets impacts the banks’ capital, and how in
turn, this impacts their ability to lend). Also, the JOA May 2008 3 Articles with view pro
and con about Fair Value vs. Historic Cost. There are a number of other readings to help
with this topic or you may gather your own-please share them if you would on the student
section of the Web Links page.
2. You are the CFO of a publicly traded company and are getting ready to prepare you year-
end financial statements. In your investment portfolio you have:
a. Long-term bank CD’s
b. Stock holdings in 5 publicly traded companies
c. Stock holdings in 2 privately held companies
d. Investment in a real estate trust (REIT) which owns strip malls and other
commercial buildings for retail establishments. This trust trades on a market
with other similar trusts, although the trades are infrequent. Take into account
the current real estate market when evaluating this investment.
e. Private equity investment in a joint venture for the development of a new
green energy method to produce electricity.
f. Complex foreign currency hedges that were custom-designed by an
investment bank for the company, to hedge their exchange rate exposure on
overseas transactions.
What level for evaluation would each fall into and what method(s) would you use to
determine the fair value of each? How easy or difficult would each be and why? The Nov
16, 2008 Financial Week Article on the Web Links page about Illiquid Bank Assets may
help with this question.
3. Find the financial statements of a publicly traded company that has measured assets
and/or liabilities at fair value. You will find this information in the footnotes (just open
up the document and search the page with either Fair Value or FAS 157 as a key word).
What financial ratios (name at least 2) could be affected by the difference between
measuring these assets at historic cost vs. fair val.
This document provides an overview of the BUS 591 course on financial accounting and analysis. It includes assignments on topics like generally accepted accounting principles, analyzing an annual report from Tootsie Roll, completing homework problems from the textbook, perpetual inventory systems, inventory valuation methods, and a final project analyzing a fictitious company's financial statements and transactions over multiple periods. Students are expected to review annual reports, research accounting standards and regulations, perform accounting calculations, and analyze ratios to evaluate companies' financial performance and health. The course aims to develop skills in preparing, interpreting, and evaluating financial statements.
Corporate Financial Strategy (BUSI4402) 2020/21
Individual Coursework
Part 1:
(a) What factors might determine the extent to which a firm has fixed rate debt on its balance sheet? Your discussion should include the firm specific and economy wide factors that might influence the percentage of fixed rate debt. (20 marks)
(b) Critically evaluate the survey and empirical evidence in relation to the fixed-floating interest rate structure decision. (20 marks)
Part 2:
(a) Explain the meaning of fair value risk and cash flow risk in relation to the use of debt by non-financial firms. (5 marks)
(b) Explain the meaning of fair value hedging and cash flow hedging in relation to the use of interest rate swaps by non-financial firms. (5 marks)
(c) Using data and information contained in the annual reports you have been assigned, describe and where possible quantify the interest rate risk faced by the firms. You should attempt to use data/information from annual reports over the period 2015 to 2020. You can also source data for your firms from a financial database. (20 marks)
Hints: Your discussion should include where possible the following:
(i) An assessment of whether the firm’s cash flows or profits are in any way correlated with market rates of interest and if so the sign of the correlation. No calculations required.
(ii) Does the firm have borrowings?
(iii) What is the relative size of these borrowings or other measures of the extent of the firm’s financial obligations? Does the firm disclose its leverage ratios? If not try to calculate them. How do they compare with the industry average?
(iv) Is the firm able to generate cash/profits so that it can pay its financial obligations? Does the firm disclose its interest coverage ratios? If not try to calculate them. How do they compare with the industry average?
(v) Is the interest payment on the borrowings a fixed or floating rate?
(vi) What is the percentage of fixed or floating rate debt before the effect of hedging? If possible provide this data from 2015 to 2020.
(vii) What are the trends in various financial obligations ratios? (Leverage, interest coverage ratios etc)
(d) Using data and information contained in your firms annual reports describe and explain the interest rate hedging strategy employed by the firms. (30 marks)
Hints: Your discussion should include where possible the following:
(i) Relate back to part 2 c) on the interest risk faced by your firm.
(ii) Does the firm have a target for the fixed-floating interest rate debt structure? What is this target ratio? Does the firm provide a reason for this target ratio?
(iii) Which types of interest rate hedging instruments is the firm using?
(iv) Explain whether the firm is carrying out a fair value or cash flow interest rate hedging strategy. Is the firm swapping into fixed rate or floating rate debt? Is it doing a bit of both? If you cannot determine then indicate this.
(v) Explain why the particular hedging stra ...
Essay 3 – Rhetorical Analysis
The Rhetorical Analysis - 3 page Essay (I expect, at minimum, 3 full pages of text)
Rhetorical Analysis
The purpose of a Rhetorical Analysis is to break down a text into its component parts and determine whether or not these components work well together to effectively communicate/argue the author’s perspective. As such, you will be writing about how the author puts together their argument and NOT what they are arguing.
Invention and Research (i.e., discovering what you’re going to say in this paper)
1. Find and read an appropriate argumentative text
a. You will need to find an argumentative essay/article that covers your topic
b. You should be looking for a text arguing the opposition’s point of view
c. Try to identify the author’s thesis and their main arguments
2. Re-read your text.
a. What is the thesis, what is the overall argument the author presents?
b. What did the author choose to study? Why?
c. What is the writer’s purpose? To inform? To persuade? To criticize?
d. Who is the author’s intended audience?
e. How does the writer arrange his or her ideas? Chronologically?
f. How does the writer use diction? (Word choice, arrangement, accuracy, is it formal, informal? Technical versus slang?)
g. Does the writer use dialogue? Quotations? Why?
h. Are important terms repeated?
i. What is the sentence structure of text? Are there fragments, run-ons? Is it declarative, imperative, and/or exclamatory? What effect does this have?
j. Does the writer use punctuation to create an effect? Italics, underlining, parentheses?
k. Which marks does the writer use, and when?
Arrangement (i.e., organizing what you’re going to say in this paper)
Ultimately, you want to organize your paper in the manner you think will prove most effective with your classmates and I, but here are some general guidelines:
· Introduction - Introduce your topic and subject matter. At this point, it might be appropriate to give a short summary of the text in question.
· Thesis: You are making an argument, so you will need a thesis. After analyzing the author’s rhetorical choices, you must decide whether the strategies applied make for an effective or ineffective argument. Your thesis should reflect this. Your thesis should basically state whether or not the text provides an effective argument or not.
· Body Paragraph 1 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical strategy to be analyzed.
. Clear topic sentence which details the appeal or strategy being analyzed and its effect
. Identify supporting textual evidence. DO NOT summarize. Pinpoint examples and show its purpose
. Transition
· Body Paragraph 2 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical strategy to be analyzed.
. Clear topic sentence which details the appeal or strategy being analyzed and its effect
. Identify supporting textual evidence. DO NOT summarize. Pinpoint examples and show its purpose
. Transition
· Body Paragraph 3 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical ...
What amount of deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities are on the two...Rohit1248
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.tutorialoutlet.com
Objective: To analyze the financial statements of a publicly traded company
Obtain an annual report from a publicly traded corporation that is interesting to you. Be sure the
company’s financial statements include deferred taxes, postretirement benefits, dilutive
securities, and share-based compensation.
Using techniques you have learned in the previous weeks, respond to the following questions.
Research project accounting 526 accounting for managers aryan532920
This document provides instructions for a research project on the company FTI Consulting Inc. Students are asked to analyze the company using financial data from SEC EDGAR filings, industry information from Mergent Online, and industry ratios from Key Business Ratios. The analysis should include sections on the company profile, industry description, business segments, and historical financial ratios with time-series and cross-sectional comparisons to industry medians. The report should be 10-12 pages following a specified format and include citations and a reference list using APA style.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course over 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, accounts and debits/credits, financial statements, inventory methods, depreciation, current/long-term liabilities, ratios, and a final paper analyzing the financial statements of a public company. The final paper assignment provides guidelines for sections to include on the company overview, horizontal and ratio analysis, recommendations, and conclusions.
Week 4 Assignment-Fair Value DUE DATE Sunday midnight of.docxcockekeshia
Week 4 Assignment-Fair Value
DUE DATE: Sunday midnight of Week 4, submitted in a MS Word (or Excel if
computations required) document with filename format:
Last First_Week X hwk.doc or .xls Make sure your name appears on each page of the
homework using the header function.
Homework questions:
1. The Fair Value requirement has been blamed by some for the credit market crunch that
started in 2007, worsened in 2008 and continues into 2009. Discuss what effect you
think Fair Value had on financial institutions and why some believe that it precipitated
the current economic recession. Do you agree or disagree that Fair Value caused the
collapse of the mortgage and lending markets? There are a number of good articles and
links to help you with this such as the article in the Web Links page from the January 20,
2009 Boston Globe about the impact on State Street Corporation’s capital from
potentially having to permanently write down the value of assets (it will help you
understand how marking down the value of assets impacts the banks’ capital, and how in
turn, this impacts their ability to lend). Also, the JOA May 2008 3 Articles with view pro
and con about Fair Value vs. Historic Cost. There are a number of other readings to help
with this topic or you may gather your own-please share them if you would on the student
section of the Web Links page.
2. You are the CFO of a publicly traded company and are getting ready to prepare you year-
end financial statements. In your investment portfolio you have:
a. Long-term bank CD’s
b. Stock holdings in 5 publicly traded companies
c. Stock holdings in 2 privately held companies
d. Investment in a real estate trust (REIT) which owns strip malls and other
commercial buildings for retail establishments. This trust trades on a market
with other similar trusts, although the trades are infrequent. Take into account
the current real estate market when evaluating this investment.
e. Private equity investment in a joint venture for the development of a new
green energy method to produce electricity.
f. Complex foreign currency hedges that were custom-designed by an
investment bank for the company, to hedge their exchange rate exposure on
overseas transactions.
What level for evaluation would each fall into and what method(s) would you use to
determine the fair value of each? How easy or difficult would each be and why? The Nov
16, 2008 Financial Week Article on the Web Links page about Illiquid Bank Assets may
help with this question.
3. Find the financial statements of a publicly traded company that has measured assets
and/or liabilities at fair value. You will find this information in the footnotes (just open
up the document and search the page with either Fair Value or FAS 157 as a key word).
What financial ratios (name at least 2) could be affected by the difference between
measuring these assets at historic cost vs. fair val.
This document provides an overview of the BUS 591 course on financial accounting and analysis. It includes assignments on topics like generally accepted accounting principles, analyzing an annual report from Tootsie Roll, completing homework problems from the textbook, perpetual inventory systems, inventory valuation methods, and a final project analyzing a fictitious company's financial statements and transactions over multiple periods. Students are expected to review annual reports, research accounting standards and regulations, perform accounting calculations, and analyze ratios to evaluate companies' financial performance and health. The course aims to develop skills in preparing, interpreting, and evaluating financial statements.
Corporate Financial Strategy (BUSI4402) 2020/21
Individual Coursework
Part 1:
(a) What factors might determine the extent to which a firm has fixed rate debt on its balance sheet? Your discussion should include the firm specific and economy wide factors that might influence the percentage of fixed rate debt. (20 marks)
(b) Critically evaluate the survey and empirical evidence in relation to the fixed-floating interest rate structure decision. (20 marks)
Part 2:
(a) Explain the meaning of fair value risk and cash flow risk in relation to the use of debt by non-financial firms. (5 marks)
(b) Explain the meaning of fair value hedging and cash flow hedging in relation to the use of interest rate swaps by non-financial firms. (5 marks)
(c) Using data and information contained in the annual reports you have been assigned, describe and where possible quantify the interest rate risk faced by the firms. You should attempt to use data/information from annual reports over the period 2015 to 2020. You can also source data for your firms from a financial database. (20 marks)
Hints: Your discussion should include where possible the following:
(i) An assessment of whether the firm’s cash flows or profits are in any way correlated with market rates of interest and if so the sign of the correlation. No calculations required.
(ii) Does the firm have borrowings?
(iii) What is the relative size of these borrowings or other measures of the extent of the firm’s financial obligations? Does the firm disclose its leverage ratios? If not try to calculate them. How do they compare with the industry average?
(iv) Is the firm able to generate cash/profits so that it can pay its financial obligations? Does the firm disclose its interest coverage ratios? If not try to calculate them. How do they compare with the industry average?
(v) Is the interest payment on the borrowings a fixed or floating rate?
(vi) What is the percentage of fixed or floating rate debt before the effect of hedging? If possible provide this data from 2015 to 2020.
(vii) What are the trends in various financial obligations ratios? (Leverage, interest coverage ratios etc)
(d) Using data and information contained in your firms annual reports describe and explain the interest rate hedging strategy employed by the firms. (30 marks)
Hints: Your discussion should include where possible the following:
(i) Relate back to part 2 c) on the interest risk faced by your firm.
(ii) Does the firm have a target for the fixed-floating interest rate debt structure? What is this target ratio? Does the firm provide a reason for this target ratio?
(iii) Which types of interest rate hedging instruments is the firm using?
(iv) Explain whether the firm is carrying out a fair value or cash flow interest rate hedging strategy. Is the firm swapping into fixed rate or floating rate debt? Is it doing a bit of both? If you cannot determine then indicate this.
(v) Explain why the particular hedging stra ...
Essay 3 – Rhetorical Analysis
The Rhetorical Analysis - 3 page Essay (I expect, at minimum, 3 full pages of text)
Rhetorical Analysis
The purpose of a Rhetorical Analysis is to break down a text into its component parts and determine whether or not these components work well together to effectively communicate/argue the author’s perspective. As such, you will be writing about how the author puts together their argument and NOT what they are arguing.
Invention and Research (i.e., discovering what you’re going to say in this paper)
1. Find and read an appropriate argumentative text
a. You will need to find an argumentative essay/article that covers your topic
b. You should be looking for a text arguing the opposition’s point of view
c. Try to identify the author’s thesis and their main arguments
2. Re-read your text.
a. What is the thesis, what is the overall argument the author presents?
b. What did the author choose to study? Why?
c. What is the writer’s purpose? To inform? To persuade? To criticize?
d. Who is the author’s intended audience?
e. How does the writer arrange his or her ideas? Chronologically?
f. How does the writer use diction? (Word choice, arrangement, accuracy, is it formal, informal? Technical versus slang?)
g. Does the writer use dialogue? Quotations? Why?
h. Are important terms repeated?
i. What is the sentence structure of text? Are there fragments, run-ons? Is it declarative, imperative, and/or exclamatory? What effect does this have?
j. Does the writer use punctuation to create an effect? Italics, underlining, parentheses?
k. Which marks does the writer use, and when?
Arrangement (i.e., organizing what you’re going to say in this paper)
Ultimately, you want to organize your paper in the manner you think will prove most effective with your classmates and I, but here are some general guidelines:
· Introduction - Introduce your topic and subject matter. At this point, it might be appropriate to give a short summary of the text in question.
· Thesis: You are making an argument, so you will need a thesis. After analyzing the author’s rhetorical choices, you must decide whether the strategies applied make for an effective or ineffective argument. Your thesis should reflect this. Your thesis should basically state whether or not the text provides an effective argument or not.
· Body Paragraph 1 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical strategy to be analyzed.
. Clear topic sentence which details the appeal or strategy being analyzed and its effect
. Identify supporting textual evidence. DO NOT summarize. Pinpoint examples and show its purpose
. Transition
· Body Paragraph 2 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical strategy to be analyzed.
. Clear topic sentence which details the appeal or strategy being analyzed and its effect
. Identify supporting textual evidence. DO NOT summarize. Pinpoint examples and show its purpose
. Transition
· Body Paragraph 3 - appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) or rhetorical ...
What amount of deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities are on the two...Rohit1248
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.tutorialoutlet.com
Objective: To analyze the financial statements of a publicly traded company
Obtain an annual report from a publicly traded corporation that is interesting to you. Be sure the
company’s financial statements include deferred taxes, postretirement benefits, dilutive
securities, and share-based compensation.
Using techniques you have learned in the previous weeks, respond to the following questions.
Research project accounting 526 accounting for managers aryan532920
This document provides instructions for a research project on the company FTI Consulting Inc. Students are asked to analyze the company using financial data from SEC EDGAR filings, industry information from Mergent Online, and industry ratios from Key Business Ratios. The analysis should include sections on the company profile, industry description, business segments, and historical financial ratios with time-series and cross-sectional comparisons to industry medians. The report should be 10-12 pages following a specified format and include citations and a reference list using APA style.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course over 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, accounts and debits/credits, financial statements, inventory methods, depreciation, current/long-term liabilities, ratios, and a final paper analyzing the financial statements of a public company. The final paper assignment provides guidelines for sections to include on the company overview, horizontal and ratio analysis, recommendations, and conclusions.
Module 1 - CaseIntroduction of OPM, Products, and Productivity.docxraju957290
Module 1 - Case
Introduction of OPM, Products, and Productivity
Case Assignment
Part I
Read the Wikipedia overview of Adobe Systems. (Note: Wikipedia isn’t usually considered a scholarly source, but the contents of this page are satisfactory for the purposes of this Case. You may search the Web for additional sources of information about the company if you like, but it is not necessary.)
Based upon your understanding of the Module 1 materials, answer the following questions:
1. How would you classify the company: as service, merchandising, manufacturing, or hybrid? Why?
2. Describe the company’s principle product, or product type. Does the product have tangible or intangible attributes, or both?
Part II
Chez Louise is a high-end French restaurant serving dinner only, between 6 and 11 p.m. six nights per week (closed on Mondays). The restaurant was recently purchased by a national chain, and underwent a complete renovation. The renovation—which cost $1.6 million—expanded capacity, increased staff, added menu items, and changed the motif from Provençal rustic to Parisian chic. It also substantially increased menu prices.
The information below summarizes the state and activity of the business for the three months before the renovation, and for three months following its reopening. The figures are the monthly averages of the three-month periods. The parameters are as follows:
Settings/night: The average number of place settings, or places where a guest could sit at any given point in time. The dishes and flatware are, of course, replaced between guests. This number is averaged over time, because the tables can be rearranged to accommodate parties. It’s also not the same thing as seats, because bench seating can accommodate more or fewer guests, depending upon conditions.
Guests/night: The average number of guests served between opening and closing, per night.
Returns/night: The average number of guests (per night) who have patronized the restaurant at least once in the previous month. This is determined from credit card records.
Income/night: The average total payments received from guests, minus operating expenses, per night.
Here are the operations numbers.
Before renovation
After renovation
Settings/night
10
25
Guests/night
20
55
Returns/night
1
3
Income/night
1000
3200
Calculate the following productivity numbers. Show your work.
Productivity units
Before renovation
After renovation
Gain (%)
Guests per setting
Returns per setting
Income per setting
Which of the gains would you consider most important? Least important? Why?
Assignment Expectations
1. There are no page limits. Write what you need to write, neither more nor less. Make each sentence count! (Having said that; it’s unlikely that one page would be enough, and very likely that eight pages would be too much.)
2. Ensure that your answer reflects your detailed understanding of the theory and techniques taught in this module.
3. References and citations are required. This requi ...
This document contains discussion questions, assignments, and guidance for an ACC 561 accounting course over 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, accounts and debits/credits, financial statements, inventory methods, depreciation, liabilities, business entities, ratios, and a final paper on analyzing the financial statements of a public company. Students are to respond to discussion questions each week and complete accompanying assignments that analyze accounting concepts and company financial data. The document provides links to additional materials and deadlines for submitting work.
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space.docxjeremylockett77
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space for the area where the team members will provide initiative. (on same section, write down in details what you did for this project, what you contributed to the project). Please share 2 slides with notes, details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation) also please don’t forget to use in-text citation for notes and at least 2-3 quality references. Since I am starting this project you can answer the question #1. Legal implications.
For this group activity, you and your group will have three weeks to complete a presentation based on the following case study and research you will conduct on the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. Although you and your team may choose any presentation application or software, Microsoft PowerPoint is suggested for this activity.
Research and Scenario
First, visit the following websites on insider trading:
· Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website regarding insider trading.
· SEC enforcement actions (insider trading cases)
These websites will help you become familiar with the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. You are not expected to become an expert on this topic. Apply these rules to the facts of this very brief case:
Someone you know has knowledge of an impending merger between two companies. The combination of the two firms will certainly change the market dynamics of the industry. Moreover, owners of stock in both companies will greatly benefit once the news of the merger is publicly announced.
Project Requirements
Your presentation must consist of 6 to 7 slides that are clear, legible and address the following:
· Discuss the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading and its implications and address the following:
1. Legal implications
2. Ethical implications
3. Economic-social implications
· You must include a title slide in addition to the six to seven slides. The title page must include:
1. The title of the project
2. The names of the group members
3. The area where the team member provided initiative (contributed to the project).
· Each slide will include a bulleted list highlighting important aspects of your research.
1. Details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation.
Presentations will be assessed on both content (how well the legal, ethical and economic-social issues are addressed), as well as organization and grammar. Your presentation content must look professional and adhere to the standard presentation format. Therefore, check all content for grammar, spelling and to ensure that you have properly cited all sources used in the creation of the presentation using APA format. In other words, although your notes are cited, the slides are not cited. As a group, keep in mind the purpose of a presentation as it applies to an audience.
He ...
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space for the area where the team members will provide initiative. (on same section, write down in details what you did for this project, what you contributed to the project). Please share 2 slides with notes, details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation) also please don’t forget to use in-text citation for notes and at least 2-3 quality references. Since I am starting this project you can answer the question #1. Legal implications.
For this group activity, you and your group will have three weeks to complete a presentation based on the following case study and research you will conduct on the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. Although you and your team may choose any presentation application or software, Microsoft PowerPoint is suggested for this activity.
Research and Scenario
First, visit the following websites on insider trading:
· Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website regarding insider trading.
· SEC enforcement actions (insider trading cases)
These websites will help you become familiar with the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. You are not expected to become an expert on this topic. Apply these rules to the facts of this very brief case:
Someone you know has knowledge of an impending merger between two companies. The combination of the two firms will certainly change the market dynamics of the industry. Moreover, owners of stock in both companies will greatly benefit once the news of the merger is publicly announced.
Project Requirements
Your presentation must consist of 6 to 7 slides that are clear, legible and address the following:
· Discuss the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading and its implications and address the following:
1. Legal implications
2. Ethical implications
3. Economic-social implications
· You must include a title slide in addition to the six to seven slides. The title page must include:
1. The title of the project
2. The names of the group members
3. The area where the team member provided initiative (contributed to the project).
· Each slide will include a bulleted list highlighting important aspects of your research.
1. Details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation.
Presentations will be assessed on both content (how well the legal, ethical and economic-social issues are addressed), as well as organization and grammar. Your presentation content must look professional and adhere to the standard presentation format. Therefore, check all content for grammar, spelling and to ensure that you have properly cited all sources used in the creation of the presentation using APA format. In other words, although your notes are cited, the slides are not cited. As a group, keep in mind the purpose of a presentation as it applies to an audience.
He.
Unit 719-3 If an investor wants to compare the financial re.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 7
19-3 If an investor wants to compare the financial results of The Gap, Inditex, and H&M, what difference does it make that their financial statements are prepared according to different GAAP? Would you expect there to be a big difference between U.S. GAAP s used by The Gap and IFRS as used by H&M and Inditex?
What are the major sources of influence on H&M’s accounting standards and practices?
MBA 6601, International Business 1
Course Description
Examines current patterns of international business and social, economic, political, and cultural systems impacting the
conduct of business. Topics include international business transactions, financial institutions facilitating international
transactions, and interface between nation states and the firms conducting foreign business activities.
Course eTextbook
Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., & Sullivan, D. P. (2015). International business: Environments and operations (15th ed.)
[VitalSource version]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133457339
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Differentiate international business from domestic business and explain why companies should engage in
international business.
2. Analyze the external factors of international business (e.g., political, legal, economics, culture) and how these
may impact business.
3. Discuss the effects of international trade, trade policy, and the factors affecting countries’ trade patterns.
4. Differentiate between absolute advantage and comparative advantage trade theories.
5. Discuss the barriers to trade and the effect of these barriers.
6. Discuss and define regional trading groups (e.g., WTO, NAFTA, EU, APEC).
7. Examine the concepts of gross national product, gross domestic product, and balance of payments.
8. Analyze and compute how foreign exchange rate is determined and the business implications regarding foreign
exchange.
9. Examine the major marketing considerations applicable to international business, including product
standardization versus differentiation, pricing decisions, promotional practices, and marketing mix.
10. Examine and differentiate the accounting concepts of General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
11. Examine international human resource management and staffing approaches associated with MNEs.
Credits
Upon completion of this course, the students will earn three (3) hours of college credit.
Course Structure
1. Unit Learning Outcomes: Each unit contains Learning Outcomes that specify the measurable skills and
knowledge students should gain upon completion of the unit.
2. Unit Lesson: Each unit contains a Unit Lesson, which discusses unit material.
3. Reading Assignments: Each unit contains Reading Assignments from one or more chapters from the textbook.
A Suggested Reading is listed in th ...
1 HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines P.docxoswald1horne84988
The document provides guidelines for a hospitality company project, including:
- The objectives are to enhance student learning of strategic management and allow students to think critically about proposing strategic directions for hospitality companies.
- The project involves writing a paper analyzing a hospitality company's strategies, external/internal environments, and recommendations.
- Students must follow four steps: selecting a company, collecting information, outlining the project, and submitting the final paper.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course across 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, different types of accounts and how debits and credits impact them. It also addresses budgets, bank reconciliations, inventory costing methods, depreciation, current and long-term liabilities, ratio analysis, and recommendations for business entity types. The final assignment involves a five to seven page financial statement analysis of a public company.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course divided into weekly modules. It covers topics like the accounting equation, debits and credits, financial statements, inventory costing methods, depreciation, ratios, and recommends completing a final paper analyzing the financial statements of a public company. The document provides resources and deadlines for the coursework.
Short Essay On Power Of Positive ThinkingAmanda Dahya
This document discusses relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines key terms like data, information, input data, output data, and data processing. It describes the main components of an RDBMS including the database, database management system software, end users, and system analysts. It also covers different data models used in databases, specifically mentioning the network data model, hierarchical data model, and relational data model. The document provides a brief overview of these concepts at a high level.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective project report. It should include an introduction, project plan, design process, recommendations, and conclusion. Key sections are the problem statement, objectives, methods, results, and lessons learned. Visuals like diagrams and screenshots can support the written content. Precision, clear structure, and referencing sources properly are important for professionalism and credibility.
The document provides guidance on writing an academic research report. It discusses the key sections of an introduction, methodology, results, and discussion. It emphasizes writing clear objectives and justifying topics. For the methodology section, it stresses describing how data was collected. When reporting results, it recommends stating conclusions then supporting data and interpreting results. The discussion section should interpret results, discuss methodology strengths and limitations, and consider broader implications. Proper formatting, citations, and avoiding plagiarism are also covered.
Running head PART B MARKETING PLAN MO MINK APPREAL 111.docxglendar3
Running head: PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MO MINK APPREAL 1
11
PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MOMINK APPREAL 7
Part B: ABC Marketing Plan (MoMink Appreal)
Your Name
MKT500 Marketing Management
Strayer University
Dr. Lisa Amans
Date submitted
Introduction (note this is not bold)
Describe or list the feedback you received on Part A of your marketing plan. Do not just list the feedback. Explain how you will use the feedback to improve your plan.
Next, re-introduce your company you shared in Part A.
Lastly, review what you will share; branding strategy, primary and secondary target markets, positioning statement, and consumer behavior.Branding Strategy
Write an introduction here (minimum of three sentences). Develop a branding strategy for your product that covers the brand name, logo, slogan, and at least one (1) brand extension. For each of these sections below, provide rationale. Each section should be a minimum of three sentences.
Brand Name
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Logo
Text starts here (do not start with an image of your logo, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences). Relay what the logo means, example Nike’s swoosh logo. If you use an image of a logo, make sure you use APA formatting (labeled Figure 1 include description per APA). Example below:
Figure 1. Your company name logo and short descrption.
Slogan
Text starts here, (do not start with your slogan, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Brand Extension
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).Primary and Secondary Target Markets
Determine the primary and secondary target markets for your company. Thoroughly include the demographic profile (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, etc.), psychographic profile, professional profile, geographic profile, and any other segmentation variable you deem necessary. Considerations for your target markets should be age, lifestyle values, attitudes, wants and needs, gender, number of kids, education income, stage in the household lifecycle, geographic location (urban vs. rural, etc.), or risk orientation, etc. This section is worth 48 points, make sure your target market is not too broad, be focused and concise using a multiple of characteristics. Target market and segmentation choices are perfect topics for scholarly references to substantiate your position (search in library for peer-reviewed, journals, see image below). Also, see textbook for a variety of segments to consider, pages 93-104.
Positioning Statement
Start with an introduction sentence or two. Then state what is your unique selling proposition (USP), who do you consider to be your competitors, and how does their positioning statement (as they are seen in the marketplace, what’s their USP differ than yours. Include a perceptual map that shows your company’s position against its competitors. You may use Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, or other equivalent software.
Running head PART B MARKETING PLAN MO MINK APPREAL 111.docxtodd581
Running head: PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MO MINK APPREAL 1
11
PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MOMINK APPREAL 7
Part B: ABC Marketing Plan (MoMink Appreal)
Your Name
MKT500 Marketing Management
Strayer University
Dr. Lisa Amans
Date submitted
Introduction (note this is not bold)
Describe or list the feedback you received on Part A of your marketing plan. Do not just list the feedback. Explain how you will use the feedback to improve your plan.
Next, re-introduce your company you shared in Part A.
Lastly, review what you will share; branding strategy, primary and secondary target markets, positioning statement, and consumer behavior.Branding Strategy
Write an introduction here (minimum of three sentences). Develop a branding strategy for your product that covers the brand name, logo, slogan, and at least one (1) brand extension. For each of these sections below, provide rationale. Each section should be a minimum of three sentences.
Brand Name
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Logo
Text starts here (do not start with an image of your logo, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences). Relay what the logo means, example Nike’s swoosh logo. If you use an image of a logo, make sure you use APA formatting (labeled Figure 1 include description per APA). Example below:
Figure 1. Your company name logo and short descrption.
Slogan
Text starts here, (do not start with your slogan, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Brand Extension
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).Primary and Secondary Target Markets
Determine the primary and secondary target markets for your company. Thoroughly include the demographic profile (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, etc.), psychographic profile, professional profile, geographic profile, and any other segmentation variable you deem necessary. Considerations for your target markets should be age, lifestyle values, attitudes, wants and needs, gender, number of kids, education income, stage in the household lifecycle, geographic location (urban vs. rural, etc.), or risk orientation, etc. This section is worth 48 points, make sure your target market is not too broad, be focused and concise using a multiple of characteristics. Target market and segmentation choices are perfect topics for scholarly references to substantiate your position (search in library for peer-reviewed, journals, see image below). Also, see textbook for a variety of segments to consider, pages 93-104.
Positioning Statement
Start with an introduction sentence or two. Then state what is your unique selling proposition (USP), who do you consider to be your competitors, and how does their positioning statement (as they are seen in the marketplace, what’s their USP differ than yours. Include a perceptual map that shows your company’s position against its competitors. You may use Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, or other equivalent software.
Final Paper ProposalFor detailed information regarding outlines, i.docxcharlottej5
Final Paper Proposal
For detailed information regarding outlines, introductions, thesis statements, and an APA references list, visit the Ashford Writing Center.
Review the assignment instructions for the Final Paper in Week Five. Submit an outline for your Final Paper that includes the following:
· Develop an introduction with a thesis statement for the Final Paper.
· Create an outline of the major headings with a two- to three-sentence description of what you will discuss under each heading.
· Provide a references page for the sources used in the Final Paper (the Final Paper has a minimum requirement of five scholarly sources).
· State the complete bibliographic citation for the scholarly source following APA guidelines
The outline must be two to three pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your activity.
Final Paper instructions
You are the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sells fireworks, puts on ground display fireworks, and large aerial display fireworks. The company started in the owner’s garage two years ago and now has 15 employees that you manage. The company started as a sole proprietorship, and the owner has never changed the entity. The owner has informed you that the company has received inquiries from several large businesses wondering if the company could create several fireworks displays on a regular basis. The owner told the inquirers that the company could fill such display orders, and a price per display was agreed upon. It was discussed that most of the cost for a fireworks display is for skilled labor, insurance, and the actual service of setting off the fireworks. No other details were discussed. The owner is anticipating that new employees will need to be hired, but he is worried that if the large orders for fireworks displays do not continue, the company will not have the funds to pay the new employees. The owner is now considering changing the business entity, but he does not know what entity to form or how to form it.
The owner has asked you to do the following:
· Determine if the contracts with the businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and explain why.
· Analyze whether the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract.
· Explain the potential personal liability to Acme Fireworks if a spectator is injured by a stray firework from a fireworks display.
· Discuss the different employment types and relationships relevant to agency law, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each type specific to Acme Fireworks.
· Explain why Acme Fireworks should not operate as a sole proprietorship. Recommend a new busi.
Running Head STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK1STOCK STRUCTURE AND.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK
1
STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK
5
Stock Structure and Risk
Stock Structure and Risk
Stock Structure of Apple Company
The capital structures of Apple Inc. looks at how much of the operations are financed by debt utilization and the percentage that is financed by the equity (Lochard & Schneider, 2011). As at September 2015, the 10-K filling by Apple Inc. indicated that the stockholder’s equity totaled to $119.36 billion. The company also has debt financing in its books totaling up to $171.12 billion.
Elements that comprise the Capital Structure
The main elements that comprise the capital structure of equity are the debt and equity financing. The 10-K fillings in the year 2015 indicated that the company has total equity of $119.36 billion. The common stock at par value was at $27.42 billion, and the retained earnings were at $92.28 billion. The other comprehensive income deducted from retained earnings was at $345 million. Apple Inc. has indicated that the outstanding shares are at 5.579 billion and the convertible securities are at reported 29.72 million shares. The market capitalization of the company as at August 2016 was at $600 billion.
The other component of Apple Inc. capital structure is the debt. It is a representation of the amount that the company owes the creditors. As per September 2016, the company’s 10-K indicated that the current liability was $80.61 billion. Much of the current liabilities were the accrued expenses at $25.18 billion. The long-term debt and non-current liabilities were measured at $90.51 billion. Therefore, the total liability was at $171.124 billion which is an increase of 200% over the past three years. The data above indicate that the company is highly geared since the total debt of $171.124 is more than the total equity of the company which is at $119.30 billion.
History of Company’s Growth
The last stock closed at $158.73, and the trading volume was at 20.5 million. The history of Apple takes one back to the year 1980. If an investor had taken up $990 and invested into the Apple IPO of 1980 at the price of $22, it would have given one 45 shares. The company has had up to four share splits to date. After the fourth split, an investor with the initial 45 shares would end up having 2500 shares in the company (Lochard & Schneider, 2011). The company’s share has grown in value over the past 37 years by 618%, a factor that makes the company’s shares very attractive.
Company’s Stock versus Market
Source: NASDAQ (2017).
The comparison of the stock above has been conducted within the industry. The companies that have been used are Apple’s main rivals in the industry. In terms of performance of the shares, Apple Inc. is the best-priced share in the Industry (Blankenhorn, 2017). The share price is at a high of $158.73 compared to the closest rival in IBM which has its shares priced at $144.39. Apple is the only company in the industry which recorded a positive change in t ...
This document discusses various topics and assignments for a business class, including developing a business plan. It provides discussion questions and prompts for sections of the business plan, such as the company description, market analysis, operations model, financial projections, and presentation. Students are asked to write papers on these sections and respond to classmates' posts. The document also provides tips for using language learning podcasts and links to additional course tutorials.
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS1APPLYING ANALYTIC T.docxRAHUL126667
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
1
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
2Applying Analytic Techniques to Business
3/16/2020Introduction
Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
The firm effectively executes its commitments to its outer clients who buy their vehicles just as its inward clients who comprise of staff in different divisions and who depend on various offices to encourage the smooth progression of their day by day obligations. For the outside clients, the vehicles they buy must satisfy specific guidelines dependent on the details for which they are fabricated. For example, the extravagance vehicles ought to be in a situation to give solace and security dependent on the base market models, simplicity of route, and saving money on fuel utilization. While such principles are structure qualifiers, the firm should endeavor to think of more request champs that recognize their extravagance vehicles from those of contenders. To accomplish this, ford had created a technology that aimed at producing their products with diverse differentiation compared to their competitors.
Ford prior concocted advancements that set their items apart from others. For instance, it built up the EcoBoost suite of advances that decreased the s.
Apply the general overview of court structure in the United States (.docxRAHUL126667
Apply the general overview of court structure in the United States (Fig. 1.2) to your local community. (Critical Thinking Question 1)
Constitutional rights of the accused is, of course, a controversial topic. The crime control model, in particular, decries letting the obviously guilty go free on "technicalities," whereas the due process model emphasizes basic rights. What common ground do these two approaches share? Where do they disagree most?
.
Apply the Paramedic Method to the following five selections.docxRAHUL126667
Apply the Paramedic Method to the following five selections
1) As a means of providing scientists with appropriate tertiary data, the conference is intended to serve as a communication medium for everyone involved in the manipulation and dissemination of research findings.
2) The decision by the managers was that the committee for road improvement would cease its activity for the duration of the term.
3) From the beginning, the writing of this research article was marked by reluctance.
4. . If we shadows have offended,
Think but this, and all is mended,
That you have but slumber'd here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream,
5.. Four score
and seven
years ago
our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure.
.
Application of Standards of CareDiscuss the standard(s) of c.docxRAHUL126667
Application of Standards of Care
Discuss the standard(s) of care to which the parties will be held in this case scenario. How will the standards of care and your state’s Nurse Practice Act be applied in the courts if the case is sued?
Case Scenario
SK, age 61, went to the hospital with what she thought was a bad cold, and was admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Following admission, she became increasingly feverish and short of breath, but her family’s calls for help went unanswered. In fact, her daughter was unable to find anyone when she went to the nurses’ station looking for help. The patient eventually stopped breathing, and someone finally responded to the family’s desperate and frantic calls for help. SK was successfully resuscitated, but sustained brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. She was left unable to walk, talk, or care for herself.
Because of nurse understaffing in the hospital, her assigned RN had not assessed her often enough and did not monitor her oxygen level. There were 41 other patients on this unit. Although the hospital’s own staffing standards called for five registered nurses and two licensed practical nurses to staff this unit, only three registered nurses were on duty. Records for the unit in question indicated that the hospital failed to meet its own staffing standards for 51 out of 59 days before this incident.
.
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Compe.docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Competent Care.
Research the literature for an appropriate professional article that discusses the health care needs of your selected cultural group.
It should include 5-7 pages within the body of the paper with 3-5 references (at least two articles/book references).
Papers must follow
APA format
7th edition format, and include a title page, citations, and reference pages.
View the
APA Sample Template
APA Sample Template - Alternative Formats
.
Submit the paper in the drop box provided in Blackboard.
View
Formal Paper Rubric
for grading criteria.
Need help with Blackboard?
Review the
Submitting Assignments tutorial
.
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Below are helpful resources to assist you with completing the Formal Paper.Click on each link to view.
Dreams from Endangered Culture
- With stunning photos and stories, National Geographic Explorer Wade Davis celebrates the extraordinary diversity of the world's indigenous cultures, which are disappearing from the planet at an alarming rate.
Photos of Endangered Cultures
- Photographer Phil Borges shows rarely seen images of people from the mountains of Dharamsala, India, and the jungles of the Ecuadorean Amazon. In documenting these endangered cultures, he intends to help preserve them.
The Danger of a Single Story
- Our lives, our cultures, are composed of many overlapping stories. Novelist Chimamanda Adichie tells the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice — and warns that if we hear only a single story about another person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding.
Theories & Models
Cultural Competence Project
Giger and Davidhizar
Giger and Davidhizar - Alternative Formats
Madeleine M.
Leninger
- Transcultural Nursing Culture Care Theory
Resource Library
You can also revisit
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
- Office of Minority Health
Log in and c lick on the
ToolKit - Resource Library
tab
The Resource Library has many useful descriptions and examples of models to use for your Formal Paper.
*NOTE:
Wikipedia is not a source to be used in any of the generated work; using it will result in a “zero” for the assignmen
.
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Module 1 - CaseIntroduction of OPM, Products, and Productivity.docxraju957290
Module 1 - Case
Introduction of OPM, Products, and Productivity
Case Assignment
Part I
Read the Wikipedia overview of Adobe Systems. (Note: Wikipedia isn’t usually considered a scholarly source, but the contents of this page are satisfactory for the purposes of this Case. You may search the Web for additional sources of information about the company if you like, but it is not necessary.)
Based upon your understanding of the Module 1 materials, answer the following questions:
1. How would you classify the company: as service, merchandising, manufacturing, or hybrid? Why?
2. Describe the company’s principle product, or product type. Does the product have tangible or intangible attributes, or both?
Part II
Chez Louise is a high-end French restaurant serving dinner only, between 6 and 11 p.m. six nights per week (closed on Mondays). The restaurant was recently purchased by a national chain, and underwent a complete renovation. The renovation—which cost $1.6 million—expanded capacity, increased staff, added menu items, and changed the motif from Provençal rustic to Parisian chic. It also substantially increased menu prices.
The information below summarizes the state and activity of the business for the three months before the renovation, and for three months following its reopening. The figures are the monthly averages of the three-month periods. The parameters are as follows:
Settings/night: The average number of place settings, or places where a guest could sit at any given point in time. The dishes and flatware are, of course, replaced between guests. This number is averaged over time, because the tables can be rearranged to accommodate parties. It’s also not the same thing as seats, because bench seating can accommodate more or fewer guests, depending upon conditions.
Guests/night: The average number of guests served between opening and closing, per night.
Returns/night: The average number of guests (per night) who have patronized the restaurant at least once in the previous month. This is determined from credit card records.
Income/night: The average total payments received from guests, minus operating expenses, per night.
Here are the operations numbers.
Before renovation
After renovation
Settings/night
10
25
Guests/night
20
55
Returns/night
1
3
Income/night
1000
3200
Calculate the following productivity numbers. Show your work.
Productivity units
Before renovation
After renovation
Gain (%)
Guests per setting
Returns per setting
Income per setting
Which of the gains would you consider most important? Least important? Why?
Assignment Expectations
1. There are no page limits. Write what you need to write, neither more nor less. Make each sentence count! (Having said that; it’s unlikely that one page would be enough, and very likely that eight pages would be too much.)
2. Ensure that your answer reflects your detailed understanding of the theory and techniques taught in this module.
3. References and citations are required. This requi ...
This document contains discussion questions, assignments, and guidance for an ACC 561 accounting course over 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, accounts and debits/credits, financial statements, inventory methods, depreciation, liabilities, business entities, ratios, and a final paper on analyzing the financial statements of a public company. Students are to respond to discussion questions each week and complete accompanying assignments that analyze accounting concepts and company financial data. The document provides links to additional materials and deadlines for submitting work.
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space.docxjeremylockett77
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space for the area where the team members will provide initiative. (on same section, write down in details what you did for this project, what you contributed to the project). Please share 2 slides with notes, details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation) also please don’t forget to use in-text citation for notes and at least 2-3 quality references. Since I am starting this project you can answer the question #1. Legal implications.
For this group activity, you and your group will have three weeks to complete a presentation based on the following case study and research you will conduct on the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. Although you and your team may choose any presentation application or software, Microsoft PowerPoint is suggested for this activity.
Research and Scenario
First, visit the following websites on insider trading:
· Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website regarding insider trading.
· SEC enforcement actions (insider trading cases)
These websites will help you become familiar with the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. You are not expected to become an expert on this topic. Apply these rules to the facts of this very brief case:
Someone you know has knowledge of an impending merger between two companies. The combination of the two firms will certainly change the market dynamics of the industry. Moreover, owners of stock in both companies will greatly benefit once the news of the merger is publicly announced.
Project Requirements
Your presentation must consist of 6 to 7 slides that are clear, legible and address the following:
· Discuss the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading and its implications and address the following:
1. Legal implications
2. Ethical implications
3. Economic-social implications
· You must include a title slide in addition to the six to seven slides. The title page must include:
1. The title of the project
2. The names of the group members
3. The area where the team member provided initiative (contributed to the project).
· Each slide will include a bulleted list highlighting important aspects of your research.
1. Details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation.
Presentations will be assessed on both content (how well the legal, ethical and economic-social issues are addressed), as well as organization and grammar. Your presentation content must look professional and adhere to the standard presentation format. Therefore, check all content for grammar, spelling and to ensure that you have properly cited all sources used in the creation of the presentation using APA format. In other words, although your notes are cited, the slides are not cited. As a group, keep in mind the purpose of a presentation as it applies to an audience.
He ...
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Financial Management. Please Do title page and leave some space for the area where the team members will provide initiative. (on same section, write down in details what you did for this project, what you contributed to the project). Please share 2 slides with notes, details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation) also please don’t forget to use in-text citation for notes and at least 2-3 quality references. Since I am starting this project you can answer the question #1. Legal implications.
For this group activity, you and your group will have three weeks to complete a presentation based on the following case study and research you will conduct on the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. Although you and your team may choose any presentation application or software, Microsoft PowerPoint is suggested for this activity.
Research and Scenario
First, visit the following websites on insider trading:
· Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website regarding insider trading.
· SEC enforcement actions (insider trading cases)
These websites will help you become familiar with the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading. You are not expected to become an expert on this topic. Apply these rules to the facts of this very brief case:
Someone you know has knowledge of an impending merger between two companies. The combination of the two firms will certainly change the market dynamics of the industry. Moreover, owners of stock in both companies will greatly benefit once the news of the merger is publicly announced.
Project Requirements
Your presentation must consist of 6 to 7 slides that are clear, legible and address the following:
· Discuss the general basics of the regulatory rules applying to insider trading and its implications and address the following:
1. Legal implications
2. Ethical implications
3. Economic-social implications
· You must include a title slide in addition to the six to seven slides. The title page must include:
1. The title of the project
2. The names of the group members
3. The area where the team member provided initiative (contributed to the project).
· Each slide will include a bulleted list highlighting important aspects of your research.
1. Details of your research and citations will be presented in the notes section of each slide in the presentation.
Presentations will be assessed on both content (how well the legal, ethical and economic-social issues are addressed), as well as organization and grammar. Your presentation content must look professional and adhere to the standard presentation format. Therefore, check all content for grammar, spelling and to ensure that you have properly cited all sources used in the creation of the presentation using APA format. In other words, although your notes are cited, the slides are not cited. As a group, keep in mind the purpose of a presentation as it applies to an audience.
He.
Unit 719-3 If an investor wants to compare the financial re.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 7
19-3 If an investor wants to compare the financial results of The Gap, Inditex, and H&M, what difference does it make that their financial statements are prepared according to different GAAP? Would you expect there to be a big difference between U.S. GAAP s used by The Gap and IFRS as used by H&M and Inditex?
What are the major sources of influence on H&M’s accounting standards and practices?
MBA 6601, International Business 1
Course Description
Examines current patterns of international business and social, economic, political, and cultural systems impacting the
conduct of business. Topics include international business transactions, financial institutions facilitating international
transactions, and interface between nation states and the firms conducting foreign business activities.
Course eTextbook
Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., & Sullivan, D. P. (2015). International business: Environments and operations (15th ed.)
[VitalSource version]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133457339
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Differentiate international business from domestic business and explain why companies should engage in
international business.
2. Analyze the external factors of international business (e.g., political, legal, economics, culture) and how these
may impact business.
3. Discuss the effects of international trade, trade policy, and the factors affecting countries’ trade patterns.
4. Differentiate between absolute advantage and comparative advantage trade theories.
5. Discuss the barriers to trade and the effect of these barriers.
6. Discuss and define regional trading groups (e.g., WTO, NAFTA, EU, APEC).
7. Examine the concepts of gross national product, gross domestic product, and balance of payments.
8. Analyze and compute how foreign exchange rate is determined and the business implications regarding foreign
exchange.
9. Examine the major marketing considerations applicable to international business, including product
standardization versus differentiation, pricing decisions, promotional practices, and marketing mix.
10. Examine and differentiate the accounting concepts of General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
11. Examine international human resource management and staffing approaches associated with MNEs.
Credits
Upon completion of this course, the students will earn three (3) hours of college credit.
Course Structure
1. Unit Learning Outcomes: Each unit contains Learning Outcomes that specify the measurable skills and
knowledge students should gain upon completion of the unit.
2. Unit Lesson: Each unit contains a Unit Lesson, which discusses unit material.
3. Reading Assignments: Each unit contains Reading Assignments from one or more chapters from the textbook.
A Suggested Reading is listed in th ...
1 HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines P.docxoswald1horne84988
The document provides guidelines for a hospitality company project, including:
- The objectives are to enhance student learning of strategic management and allow students to think critically about proposing strategic directions for hospitality companies.
- The project involves writing a paper analyzing a hospitality company's strategies, external/internal environments, and recommendations.
- Students must follow four steps: selecting a company, collecting information, outlining the project, and submitting the final paper.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course across 5 weeks. It includes questions about the accounting equation, different types of accounts and how debits and credits impact them. It also addresses budgets, bank reconciliations, inventory costing methods, depreciation, current and long-term liabilities, ratio analysis, and recommendations for business entity types. The final assignment involves a five to seven page financial statement analysis of a public company.
This document contains discussion questions and assignments for an accounting course divided into weekly modules. It covers topics like the accounting equation, debits and credits, financial statements, inventory costing methods, depreciation, ratios, and recommends completing a final paper analyzing the financial statements of a public company. The document provides resources and deadlines for the coursework.
Short Essay On Power Of Positive ThinkingAmanda Dahya
This document discusses relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines key terms like data, information, input data, output data, and data processing. It describes the main components of an RDBMS including the database, database management system software, end users, and system analysts. It also covers different data models used in databases, specifically mentioning the network data model, hierarchical data model, and relational data model. The document provides a brief overview of these concepts at a high level.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective project report. It should include an introduction, project plan, design process, recommendations, and conclusion. Key sections are the problem statement, objectives, methods, results, and lessons learned. Visuals like diagrams and screenshots can support the written content. Precision, clear structure, and referencing sources properly are important for professionalism and credibility.
The document provides guidance on writing an academic research report. It discusses the key sections of an introduction, methodology, results, and discussion. It emphasizes writing clear objectives and justifying topics. For the methodology section, it stresses describing how data was collected. When reporting results, it recommends stating conclusions then supporting data and interpreting results. The discussion section should interpret results, discuss methodology strengths and limitations, and consider broader implications. Proper formatting, citations, and avoiding plagiarism are also covered.
Running head PART B MARKETING PLAN MO MINK APPREAL 111.docxglendar3
Running head: PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MO MINK APPREAL 1
11
PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MOMINK APPREAL 7
Part B: ABC Marketing Plan (MoMink Appreal)
Your Name
MKT500 Marketing Management
Strayer University
Dr. Lisa Amans
Date submitted
Introduction (note this is not bold)
Describe or list the feedback you received on Part A of your marketing plan. Do not just list the feedback. Explain how you will use the feedback to improve your plan.
Next, re-introduce your company you shared in Part A.
Lastly, review what you will share; branding strategy, primary and secondary target markets, positioning statement, and consumer behavior.Branding Strategy
Write an introduction here (minimum of three sentences). Develop a branding strategy for your product that covers the brand name, logo, slogan, and at least one (1) brand extension. For each of these sections below, provide rationale. Each section should be a minimum of three sentences.
Brand Name
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Logo
Text starts here (do not start with an image of your logo, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences). Relay what the logo means, example Nike’s swoosh logo. If you use an image of a logo, make sure you use APA formatting (labeled Figure 1 include description per APA). Example below:
Figure 1. Your company name logo and short descrption.
Slogan
Text starts here, (do not start with your slogan, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Brand Extension
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).Primary and Secondary Target Markets
Determine the primary and secondary target markets for your company. Thoroughly include the demographic profile (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, etc.), psychographic profile, professional profile, geographic profile, and any other segmentation variable you deem necessary. Considerations for your target markets should be age, lifestyle values, attitudes, wants and needs, gender, number of kids, education income, stage in the household lifecycle, geographic location (urban vs. rural, etc.), or risk orientation, etc. This section is worth 48 points, make sure your target market is not too broad, be focused and concise using a multiple of characteristics. Target market and segmentation choices are perfect topics for scholarly references to substantiate your position (search in library for peer-reviewed, journals, see image below). Also, see textbook for a variety of segments to consider, pages 93-104.
Positioning Statement
Start with an introduction sentence or two. Then state what is your unique selling proposition (USP), who do you consider to be your competitors, and how does their positioning statement (as they are seen in the marketplace, what’s their USP differ than yours. Include a perceptual map that shows your company’s position against its competitors. You may use Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, or other equivalent software.
Running head PART B MARKETING PLAN MO MINK APPREAL 111.docxtodd581
Running head: PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MO MINK APPREAL 1
11
PART B: MARKETING PLAN: MOMINK APPREAL 7
Part B: ABC Marketing Plan (MoMink Appreal)
Your Name
MKT500 Marketing Management
Strayer University
Dr. Lisa Amans
Date submitted
Introduction (note this is not bold)
Describe or list the feedback you received on Part A of your marketing plan. Do not just list the feedback. Explain how you will use the feedback to improve your plan.
Next, re-introduce your company you shared in Part A.
Lastly, review what you will share; branding strategy, primary and secondary target markets, positioning statement, and consumer behavior.Branding Strategy
Write an introduction here (minimum of three sentences). Develop a branding strategy for your product that covers the brand name, logo, slogan, and at least one (1) brand extension. For each of these sections below, provide rationale. Each section should be a minimum of three sentences.
Brand Name
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Logo
Text starts here (do not start with an image of your logo, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences). Relay what the logo means, example Nike’s swoosh logo. If you use an image of a logo, make sure you use APA formatting (labeled Figure 1 include description per APA). Example below:
Figure 1. Your company name logo and short descrption.
Slogan
Text starts here, (do not start with your slogan, describe first); provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).
Brand Extension
Text starts here, provide rationale (minimum of three sentences).Primary and Secondary Target Markets
Determine the primary and secondary target markets for your company. Thoroughly include the demographic profile (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, etc.), psychographic profile, professional profile, geographic profile, and any other segmentation variable you deem necessary. Considerations for your target markets should be age, lifestyle values, attitudes, wants and needs, gender, number of kids, education income, stage in the household lifecycle, geographic location (urban vs. rural, etc.), or risk orientation, etc. This section is worth 48 points, make sure your target market is not too broad, be focused and concise using a multiple of characteristics. Target market and segmentation choices are perfect topics for scholarly references to substantiate your position (search in library for peer-reviewed, journals, see image below). Also, see textbook for a variety of segments to consider, pages 93-104.
Positioning Statement
Start with an introduction sentence or two. Then state what is your unique selling proposition (USP), who do you consider to be your competitors, and how does their positioning statement (as they are seen in the marketplace, what’s their USP differ than yours. Include a perceptual map that shows your company’s position against its competitors. You may use Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, or other equivalent software.
Final Paper ProposalFor detailed information regarding outlines, i.docxcharlottej5
Final Paper Proposal
For detailed information regarding outlines, introductions, thesis statements, and an APA references list, visit the Ashford Writing Center.
Review the assignment instructions for the Final Paper in Week Five. Submit an outline for your Final Paper that includes the following:
· Develop an introduction with a thesis statement for the Final Paper.
· Create an outline of the major headings with a two- to three-sentence description of what you will discuss under each heading.
· Provide a references page for the sources used in the Final Paper (the Final Paper has a minimum requirement of five scholarly sources).
· State the complete bibliographic citation for the scholarly source following APA guidelines
The outline must be two to three pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your activity.
Final Paper instructions
You are the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sells fireworks, puts on ground display fireworks, and large aerial display fireworks. The company started in the owner’s garage two years ago and now has 15 employees that you manage. The company started as a sole proprietorship, and the owner has never changed the entity. The owner has informed you that the company has received inquiries from several large businesses wondering if the company could create several fireworks displays on a regular basis. The owner told the inquirers that the company could fill such display orders, and a price per display was agreed upon. It was discussed that most of the cost for a fireworks display is for skilled labor, insurance, and the actual service of setting off the fireworks. No other details were discussed. The owner is anticipating that new employees will need to be hired, but he is worried that if the large orders for fireworks displays do not continue, the company will not have the funds to pay the new employees. The owner is now considering changing the business entity, but he does not know what entity to form or how to form it.
The owner has asked you to do the following:
· Determine if the contracts with the businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and explain why.
· Analyze whether the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract.
· Explain the potential personal liability to Acme Fireworks if a spectator is injured by a stray firework from a fireworks display.
· Discuss the different employment types and relationships relevant to agency law, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each type specific to Acme Fireworks.
· Explain why Acme Fireworks should not operate as a sole proprietorship. Recommend a new busi.
Running Head STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK1STOCK STRUCTURE AND.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK
1
STOCK STRUCTURE AND RISK
5
Stock Structure and Risk
Stock Structure and Risk
Stock Structure of Apple Company
The capital structures of Apple Inc. looks at how much of the operations are financed by debt utilization and the percentage that is financed by the equity (Lochard & Schneider, 2011). As at September 2015, the 10-K filling by Apple Inc. indicated that the stockholder’s equity totaled to $119.36 billion. The company also has debt financing in its books totaling up to $171.12 billion.
Elements that comprise the Capital Structure
The main elements that comprise the capital structure of equity are the debt and equity financing. The 10-K fillings in the year 2015 indicated that the company has total equity of $119.36 billion. The common stock at par value was at $27.42 billion, and the retained earnings were at $92.28 billion. The other comprehensive income deducted from retained earnings was at $345 million. Apple Inc. has indicated that the outstanding shares are at 5.579 billion and the convertible securities are at reported 29.72 million shares. The market capitalization of the company as at August 2016 was at $600 billion.
The other component of Apple Inc. capital structure is the debt. It is a representation of the amount that the company owes the creditors. As per September 2016, the company’s 10-K indicated that the current liability was $80.61 billion. Much of the current liabilities were the accrued expenses at $25.18 billion. The long-term debt and non-current liabilities were measured at $90.51 billion. Therefore, the total liability was at $171.124 billion which is an increase of 200% over the past three years. The data above indicate that the company is highly geared since the total debt of $171.124 is more than the total equity of the company which is at $119.30 billion.
History of Company’s Growth
The last stock closed at $158.73, and the trading volume was at 20.5 million. The history of Apple takes one back to the year 1980. If an investor had taken up $990 and invested into the Apple IPO of 1980 at the price of $22, it would have given one 45 shares. The company has had up to four share splits to date. After the fourth split, an investor with the initial 45 shares would end up having 2500 shares in the company (Lochard & Schneider, 2011). The company’s share has grown in value over the past 37 years by 618%, a factor that makes the company’s shares very attractive.
Company’s Stock versus Market
Source: NASDAQ (2017).
The comparison of the stock above has been conducted within the industry. The companies that have been used are Apple’s main rivals in the industry. In terms of performance of the shares, Apple Inc. is the best-priced share in the Industry (Blankenhorn, 2017). The share price is at a high of $158.73 compared to the closest rival in IBM which has its shares priced at $144.39. Apple is the only company in the industry which recorded a positive change in t ...
This document discusses various topics and assignments for a business class, including developing a business plan. It provides discussion questions and prompts for sections of the business plan, such as the company description, market analysis, operations model, financial projections, and presentation. Students are asked to write papers on these sections and respond to classmates' posts. The document also provides tips for using language learning podcasts and links to additional course tutorials.
Similar to BUSN125 U3 IP template.docxRunning head BUSN125 – Applied Bu.docx (16)
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS1APPLYING ANALYTIC T.docxRAHUL126667
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
1
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
2Applying Analytic Techniques to Business
3/16/2020Introduction
Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
The firm effectively executes its commitments to its outer clients who buy their vehicles just as its inward clients who comprise of staff in different divisions and who depend on various offices to encourage the smooth progression of their day by day obligations. For the outside clients, the vehicles they buy must satisfy specific guidelines dependent on the details for which they are fabricated. For example, the extravagance vehicles ought to be in a situation to give solace and security dependent on the base market models, simplicity of route, and saving money on fuel utilization. While such principles are structure qualifiers, the firm should endeavor to think of more request champs that recognize their extravagance vehicles from those of contenders. To accomplish this, ford had created a technology that aimed at producing their products with diverse differentiation compared to their competitors.
Ford prior concocted advancements that set their items apart from others. For instance, it built up the EcoBoost suite of advances that decreased the s.
Apply the general overview of court structure in the United States (.docxRAHUL126667
Apply the general overview of court structure in the United States (Fig. 1.2) to your local community. (Critical Thinking Question 1)
Constitutional rights of the accused is, of course, a controversial topic. The crime control model, in particular, decries letting the obviously guilty go free on "technicalities," whereas the due process model emphasizes basic rights. What common ground do these two approaches share? Where do they disagree most?
.
Apply the Paramedic Method to the following five selections.docxRAHUL126667
Apply the Paramedic Method to the following five selections
1) As a means of providing scientists with appropriate tertiary data, the conference is intended to serve as a communication medium for everyone involved in the manipulation and dissemination of research findings.
2) The decision by the managers was that the committee for road improvement would cease its activity for the duration of the term.
3) From the beginning, the writing of this research article was marked by reluctance.
4. . If we shadows have offended,
Think but this, and all is mended,
That you have but slumber'd here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream,
5.. Four score
and seven
years ago
our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure.
.
Application of Standards of CareDiscuss the standard(s) of c.docxRAHUL126667
Application of Standards of Care
Discuss the standard(s) of care to which the parties will be held in this case scenario. How will the standards of care and your state’s Nurse Practice Act be applied in the courts if the case is sued?
Case Scenario
SK, age 61, went to the hospital with what she thought was a bad cold, and was admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Following admission, she became increasingly feverish and short of breath, but her family’s calls for help went unanswered. In fact, her daughter was unable to find anyone when she went to the nurses’ station looking for help. The patient eventually stopped breathing, and someone finally responded to the family’s desperate and frantic calls for help. SK was successfully resuscitated, but sustained brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. She was left unable to walk, talk, or care for herself.
Because of nurse understaffing in the hospital, her assigned RN had not assessed her often enough and did not monitor her oxygen level. There were 41 other patients on this unit. Although the hospital’s own staffing standards called for five registered nurses and two licensed practical nurses to staff this unit, only three registered nurses were on duty. Records for the unit in question indicated that the hospital failed to meet its own staffing standards for 51 out of 59 days before this incident.
.
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Compe.docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Competent Care.
Research the literature for an appropriate professional article that discusses the health care needs of your selected cultural group.
It should include 5-7 pages within the body of the paper with 3-5 references (at least two articles/book references).
Papers must follow
APA format
7th edition format, and include a title page, citations, and reference pages.
View the
APA Sample Template
APA Sample Template - Alternative Formats
.
Submit the paper in the drop box provided in Blackboard.
View
Formal Paper Rubric
for grading criteria.
Need help with Blackboard?
Review the
Submitting Assignments tutorial
.
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Below are helpful resources to assist you with completing the Formal Paper.Click on each link to view.
Dreams from Endangered Culture
- With stunning photos and stories, National Geographic Explorer Wade Davis celebrates the extraordinary diversity of the world's indigenous cultures, which are disappearing from the planet at an alarming rate.
Photos of Endangered Cultures
- Photographer Phil Borges shows rarely seen images of people from the mountains of Dharamsala, India, and the jungles of the Ecuadorean Amazon. In documenting these endangered cultures, he intends to help preserve them.
The Danger of a Single Story
- Our lives, our cultures, are composed of many overlapping stories. Novelist Chimamanda Adichie tells the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice — and warns that if we hear only a single story about another person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding.
Theories & Models
Cultural Competence Project
Giger and Davidhizar
Giger and Davidhizar - Alternative Formats
Madeleine M.
Leninger
- Transcultural Nursing Culture Care Theory
Resource Library
You can also revisit
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
- Office of Minority Health
Log in and c lick on the
ToolKit - Resource Library
tab
The Resource Library has many useful descriptions and examples of models to use for your Formal Paper.
*NOTE:
Wikipedia is not a source to be used in any of the generated work; using it will result in a “zero” for the assignmen
.
Application Ware House-Application DesignAppointyAppoi.docxRAHUL126667
Application Ware House-Application Design
Appointy
Appointy allows users grow and manage their business in one and easy to use user interface.
The software helps users schedule online customers daily anywhere and at anytime,
Improve productivity and it enables business manage their staff in multiple locations.
Appointy helps organizations attract more customers through online marketing channels such as facebook and twitter.
Advantages of Saas
Accessibility SaaS can run on any OS regardless of its Mac OS, Blackberry Tablet Os,
Cost reduction and quick commissioning; due to the amount of money saved, there are no initial licensing costs.
Scalability; It is not necessary for an organization to purchase more service space or software licenses.
Updates; Saas providers update software and hardware and this has saved on time and workload for the consumer.
Saas is easily accessible and can run on any operating system regardless of its Mac OS. Besides, it is highly accessible and a user only requires an internet browser to begin their operations.
Saas providers update their software and hardware which saves on time and workload fro the consumer. The software is centrally on the server and new functions and update are implemented more frequently and efficiently.
Saas software is associated with cost reduction and quick comissioning,one of the major benefits o using Saas is the amount of money that culd be potentially saved.
3
Disadvantages of Saas
Data security risks; businesses are required to keep their information private as the provider is the one storing the company data.
Termination of service; Businesses can lose their data and files if the provider terminates their services for reasons such as lawsuits and bankruptcy.
Performance challenges; Software on local machines may run faster compared to Saas being hosted in a remote data centre.
Limited Applications; Saas relies on multiple software solutions.
Saas is associated with limited applications, a number of business that use SaaS grow daily and there are software applications that do not offer a hosted platform, the company will have to be hosted on site especially if it relies on multiple software sources.
Software in local machines are likely to run at a faster speed when compared to Saas that is hosted inn remote data centre.
Organizations are likely to face data security risks since data is stored by a provider.
4
Advantages of An in-house customized software
Users of the program will find the custom-made program more friendly.
The organization is provided with a greater control, which is crucial if the business ha some specific needs that an average commercial product can fulfill.
It also makes the interface more easy to use and provides easy accessibility to knowledgeable support.
The organization is likely obtain support from individual who have developed the software at hand.
customized software is more efficient,as it can cover every aspect of the business without the.
Application of the Belmont PrinciplesFirst, identify your .docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Belmont Principles
First, identify your research topic, including the key concepts you hope to investigate, any relationship you will look for between or among them—if anticipating a quantitative study—and who you anticipate as the target population.
RESEARCH TOPIC: Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Then, briefly identify how you would apply the three Belmont principles (beneficence, justice, and respect for persons) when you conduct your study.
Your post will be assessed based on the following:
· A thorough and high-quality post will apply one or more of the Belmont principles to all of the following elements of a research design:
o How one samples and recruits participants.
o How one collects data from those participants.
o How one manages, organizes, and conducts analyses of the data.
o How one reports the findings.
· An acceptable but lower quality post will apply at least one of the Belmont Principles to at least two of the design elements.
· A low-quality post will apply a Belmont principle to only one design element.
· An unacceptable post will not apply any Belmont principles to any design elements.
.
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and d.docxRAHUL126667
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and declared a stock split, the most recent one on a 4-for-1 basis last August 28, 2020. Analyze and explain:
(i) What is a stock split;
(ii) Why do you think that APPLE has approved this stock split decision;
(iii) How has that the stock split affected APPLE’s stocks’ value;
(iv) What is the APPLE’s current dividend payout ratio;
(v) How do you think that the APPLE’s dividend payout ratio may affect to the stocks’ value.
This exercise assesses the following learning outcomes:
(i) the evaluation of the dividend payout ratio,
(ii) the trade-off between paying dividends and retaining the profits within the company,
(iii) the purpose and procedure related to stock repurchases, and
(iv) the evaluation and advice on a firm going from private to a public company.
.
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.The discussion focuses on the.docxRAHUL126667
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.
The discussion focuses on the appliance Warehouse Service Plan that is made up of the testing plan, an implementation plan and the training plan for the sake of the bettering of services in a warehouse. The testing plan is meant to manage the systems through QA standards meeting the needs of the customers. The implementation plan elaborates and indicates whether one should use parallel, direct, phased, or pilot changeover strategies. The training plan, on the other hand, indicates what a training plan would include for affected employees, such as appointment setters, technicians, management, and the parts department.
Testing Plan
The main reason for the testing plan is to validate and verify the information from the main source or the end to end target warehouse. The two major testing plans for include program testing and acceptance testing (Lewis, 2017). The plan should verify the following, the business required documents, ETL design for the documents, sources to target on the mapping process and the data model for the source and the target schemas. The documents that are considered are meant for the ETL development process in the testing plan. The testing plan is meant further for the supervisors or the quality analysis team to confirm that the work is concerning the objective of the organization. The process of testing might also include the configuration management system and the data quality validation and verification process.
Implementation Plan
The plan for the implementation of the systems is the same as the process that is considered during the development process of the entire system to meet the goals of the organization. The steps to consider for the whole plan of the implementation include the analysis and the enhancement requests, the writing of very simplified and new programs, restructuring of the database, analysis of the program library and its cost, and the reengineering of the test program. The first phase parallels the analysis phase as the parallel strategy is considered for the entire process, which entails the analysis phase of the SDLC. The steps two to four process entails the combining and the construction activities that are done on a new system majorly on a small scale. The last step is meant to parallel the testing that is commonly done during the implementation process. The testing process ensures that the process is free of risk as a quality assurance process (Liang & Hui, 2016).
Training Plan
The training plan should be made up of a training matrix in which it will guide them to know who needs the training what they need from the training and why they want the training not forgetting when they need the training(Kwak,2016). The matrix will allow for the planning and the preparation for the training avoiding scrambling when the due date for the training comes around. The requirements are automatically updated when the employees get done with the first training before transferri.
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future .docxRAHUL126667
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future technologies may be used to enhance academic learning and/or stimulate student engagement in the online classroom. Essay should include a description of the technology, implementation and perceived benefits.
.
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook ha.docxRAHUL126667
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook have all been identified as companies that have accumulated substantial sums of cash. For this discussion:
Select one of these companies and review their latest Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows.
Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of companies accumulating cash hoards.
Provide a rationale for your suggestion.
.
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been st.docxRAHUL126667
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been steadily growing in functionality since its release. Starting with its Titanium Developer product, Appcelerator provides a single-point interface to run applications. Titanium Studio is a full-featured IDE which provides a single place to handle all steps of the development environment including a debugging solution. Titanium is not a magic bullet; however, it does include a solid framework for developing a single codebase to deploy to multiple platforms. In addition, it allows developers to use a language they are more familiar with to create apps in a domain outside of their knowledge.
What are some advantages to using Appcelerator Titanium?
Though Appcelerator is reasonably priced, why do some mobile app developers feel that the bugs don’t make it worth the effort?.
How is Appcelerator different from other mobile application developers?
- apa
- 2 pages
- zero plagiarism
.
APA Style300 words per topic2 peer reviewed resources per to.docxRAHUL126667
APA Style
300 words per topic
2 peer reviewed resources per topic
Topic 1: Communicating Research
What are some possible ways you can communicate your research findings?
Topic 2: Considering the Audience
What do you need to consider when communicating to different audiences?
.
Ape and Human Cognition What’s theDifferenceMichael To.docxRAHUL126667
Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the
Difference?
Michael Tomasello and Esther Herrmann
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
Humans share the vast majority of their cognitive skills with other great apes. In addition, however, humans have also evolved a
unique suite of cognitive skills and motivations—collectively referred to as shared intentionality—for living collaboratively,
learning socially, and exchanging information in cultural groups.
Keywords
apes, culture, cognition, evolution, cooperation
Surely one of the deepest and most important questions in all of
the psychological sciences is how human cognition is similar to
and different from that of other primates. The main datum is this:
Humans seemingly engage in all kinds of cognitive activities that
their nearest primate relatives do not, but at the same time there is
great variability among different cultural groups. All groups have
complex technologies but of very different types; all groups use
linguistic and other symbols but in quite different ways; all
groups have complex social institutions but very different ones.
What this suggests is that human cognition is in some way bound
up with human culture. Here we argue that this is indeed the case,
and we then try to explain this fact evolutionarily.
Similarities in Ape and Human Cognition
The five great ape species (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees,
bonobos, humans) share a common ancestor from about 15 mil-
lion years ago, with the last three sharing a common ancestor
from about 6 million years ago (see Fig. 1 for a picture of chim-
panzees). Since great apes are so closely related to one another
evolutionarily, it is natural that they share many perceptual,
behavioral, and cognitive skills.
Great ape cognitive worlds
Many different studies suggest that nonhuman great apes (here-
after great apes) understand the physical world in basically the
same way as humans. Like humans, apes live most basically in
a world of permanent objects (and categories and quantities of
objects) existing in a mentally represented space. Moreover,
they understand much about various kinds of events in the
world and how these events relate to one another causally (see
Tomasello & Call, 1997, for a review). Apes’ and other
primates’ cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world
almost certainly evolved in the context of foraging for food.
As compared with other mammals, primates may face special
challenges in locating their daily fare, since ripe fruits are pat-
chy resources that are irregularly distributed in space and time.
Other studies suggest that great apes understand their social
worlds in basically the same way as humans as well. Like
humans, apes live in a world of identifiable individuals with
whom they form various kinds of social relationships—for
example, in terms of dominance and ‘‘friendship’’—and they
recognize the third-party social relationships that.
Apply what you have learned about Health Promotion and Disease P.docxRAHUL126667
This document provides instructions for developing a holistic plan of care for a specific population using concepts of health promotion, disease prevention, and telehealth technologies. Students are asked to select a population based on gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and healthcare needs. They then must develop a case study for a patient within that population, outlining a plan of care using telehealth, alternative therapies, and mobile apps to address the unique needs of and improve access to care for that group.
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Write a negative construct on the usefulness of decision making, leadership effectiveness, and employee morale challenges as they impact organizational change.
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Read
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Everyone has different strengths and weaknesses when it comes to academics and the professional world. Thanks to my experience as a financial ops generalist, I have gained great communication skills. I am responsible for contacting vendors to address or fix any issues we may have with the service or product. I have also completed training on effective communication at my current job. This training was helpful being that I have to regularly speak with offenders family members as well. Another one of my strengths is that I am very reliable. My previous supervisor would always assign me extra duties when she had a deadline to meet because she knew that I would make sure it was done by the deadline. An academic weakness that I have is writing papers, I tend to procrastinate when it comes to having to write them. I have found that the writing center is very helpful. The university's library is helpful when having to do research. I have used the citation generator numerous times in the past to help with citations. If you have trouble with citations, this is a good resource or tool to use.
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How does employee motivation impact organizational behavior? Provide details.
What do you believe has the biggest impact on employee motivation? Why?
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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BUSN125 U3 IP template.docxRunning head BUSN125 – Applied Bu.docx
1. BUSN125 U3 IP template.docx
Running head: BUSN125 – Applied Business Mathematics 4
Unit 3 – Business mathematics
Type your Name Here
American InterContinental University
Abstract
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2. page will be an abstract; “a brief, comprehensive summary of
the contents of the article; it allows the readers to survey the
contents of an article quickly” (Publication Manual, 2010). The
length of this abstract should be 35-50 words (2-3 sentences).
NOTE: the abstract must be on page 2 and the body of the paper
will begin on page 3.
Introduction
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sentences). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type
(italics or plain) are set in APA format. While you may change
the names of the headings and subheadings, do not change the
font or style of font.
In this section, please explain and describe the business you
will start by answering the following questions:
a. What will your business sell?
b. Why is this business interesting to you?
Revenue and Profits
This section should be at least 5 sentences in length.
Demonstrate that you understand how mathematics is used in
business by discussing how your business will generate money.
Please answer the following questions:
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many units will be sold and at what price.
b. What are your projected year #1 expenses and costs? Please
discuss what the business will spend money in order to produce
the units that are sold.
c. What portion of your sales revenue will be consumed by
expenses? Express in fractions and in percentages.
d. What portion of your sales revenue will be profits? Express
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Product Price and Cost
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Demonstrate that you understand how mathematics is used in
business by providing financial information about the
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Provide the following information:
a. Provide detail on the prices you will charge (be specific for
each product/service you will sell).
b. Provide detail on the costs you must pay to provide each of
your products.
c. Explain your price mark-up in percentages and in dollars.
Show your calculations.
Investment Requirements
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Demonstrate that you understand the course content about
banking and loans by discussing your business banking and
loans. Answer the following questions:
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banking requirements? Describe the bank(s) you would use.
b. Assume that you need to take out a business loan to cover
your initial costs and expenses. The amount of the loan is equal
to the amount of your projected year #1 expenses and costs (per
item 1b above).
c. Describe that loan and show your annual repayment
schedule over 10 years with 6% compound interest.
4. d. Then describe that loan and your repayment over 10 years
with 8% simple interest.
Balance Sheet
1. Prepare a BALANCE SHEET that reports your Year #1
business results in terms of ASSETS and LIABILITIES and
EQUITY. Use the BALANCE SHEET reviewed during Unit #3
Chat as a TEMPLATE (it is on the following page). 2.
Conduct a vertical analysis and explain your greatest Asset
(versus all other assets) and your greatest Liability (versus all
other Liabilities). Explain the results of your analysis.
Conclusion
Summarize your business desires, concerns and expectations
based on your content above. This section should be at least 5
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5. References
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conclusion.
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[Name of Your Company]
Amount $$Percentage
For the End of Year #1
Year #1
Assets
Current assets:
Cash (on hand, in your accounts)- #DIV/0!
Investments (cash)- #DIV/0!
Inventories (value of inventory)- #DIV/0!
Accounts receivable (payments due to you)-
#DIV/0!
Pre-paid expenses- #DIV/0!
Other- #DIV/0!
Total current assets
6. - #DIV/0!
Fixed assets:
Property (real estate you own)- #DIV/0!
Equipment (that you own)- #DIV/0!
Long term investments - #DIV/0!
Less accumulated depreciation (A Cost Recovery)-
#DIV/0!
Total fixed assets
- #DIV/0!
Other assets:
Goodwill- #DIV/0!
Patents Owned- #DIV/0!
Total other assets
- #DIV/0!
Total assets
- #DIV/0!
Liabilities and owner's equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (Money you must pay for materials)-
#DIV/0!
Wages payable- #DIV/0!
Other compensation payable (employee benefits)-
#DIV/0!
Income taxes payable (include payroll, sales taxes)-
#DIV/0!
Unearned revenue- #DIV/0!
Other- #DIV/0!
Total current liabilities
- #DIV/0!
Long-term liabilities:
Mortgage payable- #DIV/0!
Long-term notes payable- #DIV/0!
Total long-term liabilities
- #DIV/0!
Total liabilities
- #DIV/0!
7. Owner's equity:
Investment capital- #DIV/0!
Accumulated retained earnings
- #DIV/0!
Total owner's equity
- #DIV/0!
Balance Sheet
Balance SheetBalance Sheet[Name of Your Company]Amount
$$PercentageFor the End of Year #1Year #1AssetsCurrent
assets:Cash (on hand, in your accounts)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Investments (cash)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Inventories (value of inventory)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Accounts receivable (payments due to you)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Pre-paid expenses- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Other-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total current assets- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Fixed
assets:Property (real estate you own)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Equipment (that you own)-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Long term investments -
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Less accumulated depreciation (A Cost
Recovery)- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total fixed assets-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Other assets:Goodwill-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Patents Owned- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total other
assets- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total assets-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Liabilities and owner's equityCurrent
liabilities:Accounts payable (Money you must pay for
materials)- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Wages payable-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Other compensation payable (employee
benefits)- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Income taxes payable (include
payroll, sales taxes)- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Unearned revenue-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Other- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total current
liabilities- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Long-term liabilities:Mortgage
payable- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Long-term notes payable-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total long-term liabilities-
0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total liabilities - 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Owner's
equity:Investment capital- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Accumulated
retained earnings- 0ERROR:#DIV/0!Total owner's equity-
8. 0ERROR:#DIV/0!
Income StatementIncome Statement[Name of Company][Time
Period]RevenueGross SalesLess: Sales Returns and Allowances
Net Sales0Cost of Goods SoldBeginning
InventoryAdd:PurchasesFreight-inDirect LaborIndirect
ExpensesInventory Available0Less: Ending Inventory Cost of
Goods Sold0 Gross Profit
(Loss)0ExpensesAdvertisingAmortizationBad DebtsBank
ChargesCharitable ContributionsCommissionsContract
LaborDepreciationDues and SubscriptionsEmployee Benefit
ProgramsInsurance InterestLegal and Professional FeesLicenses
and FeesMiscellaneousOffice ExpensePayroll
TaxesPostageRentRepairs and
MaintenanceSuppliesTelephoneTravelUtilitiesVehicle
ExpensesWages Total Expenses0 Net Operating
Income0Other IncomeGain (Loss) on Sale of AssetsInterest
Income Total Other Income0 Net Income (Loss)0
Variables_ExampleFALSE_ShadingFALSE_SeriesOfficeReady
3.0_Look1
Examples
Functional Ecology
2008,
22
, 443– 453 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01417.x
10. selection on male and female reproductive strategies – sexual
selection and sexual conflict.
2.
We synthesize ideas and evidence linking sex and ageing, and
make the case that a focus on this
fascinating problem will ultimately lead to a more complete
understanding of both the evolution of
ageing and the evolution of sexual strategies.
3.
The primary and secondary differentiation of male and female
reproductive strategies is expected
to produce sex-specific optima for traits that affect longevity
and ageing rate, often favouring a ‘live
fast, die young’ strategy in males, relative to females, although
numerous exceptions to this pattern
are observed and sex-differences in ageing rate, in particular,
remain poorly understood.
4.
Conversely, environmental factors that influence life
expectancy or ageing rate can thereby
determine the magnitude or even sign of sexual selection.
5.
11. Sexual conflict is expected to displace the sexes from their sex-
specific life-history optima through
sexually antagonistic interactions, as well as sex-specific
selection on loci expressed in both sexes.
6.
Despite the availability of interesting and testable hypotheses
linking sexual selection and ageing,
relevant empirical studies are remarkably sparse, and the
complex relation between sex, mortality
rate and ageing remains poorly understood.
Key-words:
phenotypic plasticity, life history evolution, senescence, aging
Introduction
Natural selection cannot eliminate ageing because selection
on genes expressed late in life is weak, permitting the
accumulation of late-acting deleterious mutations and, in
particular, genes that enhance early-life reproductive
performance while contributing to somatic deterioration.
Natural selection thus shapes the life history so as to achieve
an optimal compromise between reproductive rate and somatic
maintenance, under the constraints imposed by external
environment and phylogenetic history.
12. Theoretical inquiry on the evolution of ageing and life span
– as in so many other classic problems in evolutionary biology
– has sought to identify life-history optima that maximize
population growth rate, while largely ignoring within-
population variation and the dynamics of sexual selection and
conflict. The primary and secondary differentiation of male and
female reproductive traits typically yields sex-specific optima
for life-history traits, including investment in longevity and
somatic maintenance. A long-standing idea is that males are
often selected to pursue a ‘live fast, die young’ reproductive
strategy characterized by higher mortality rate and more
rapid ageing in males than females (Vinogradov 1998; Carranza
& Pérez-Barbería 2007). However, our understanding of the
costs of reproduction has recently been revolutionized by the
recognition of pervasive sexual conflict over the outcome
of male–female interactions, and evolution of loci affecting
reproductive traits (Parker 1979; Lande 1980; Rice 1984;
Arnqvist & Rowe 2005). Sexual conflict has the potential to
displace the sexes from their sex-specific optima for life span
and ageing rate (Promislow 2003). From the genomic point of
view, two modes of conflict are commonly recognized (Arnqvist
& Rowe 2005), depending on whether sexually antagonistic
co-evolution is observed within a locus (intralocus conflict),
or between loci (interlocus conflict). Interlocus sexual conflict
frequently intensifies the direct costs of reproduction for both
sexes through the (co)evolution of sexually antagonistic
traits that mediate male–female interactions. Although less
well understood, intralocus sexual conflict is expected to
*Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected]
14. Puleston & Gurven 2007; Graves 2007). Here, we review and
synthesize key ideas and empirical studies linking these
disparate areas of research, and argue that our understanding
of ageing and life span will be revolutionized by a recognition
of the central role of sexual selection and sexual conflict in
the
evolution of life histories. In ‘sexual selection and life-history
evolution’, we examine the consequences of sexual selection
for
the evolution of male life history, and for sexual dimorphism
in mortality trajectories. We also consider the possibility that
variation in ageing and life span can mediate effects of
environ-
ment on sexual selection. In ‘sexual conflict in relation to life
span and ageing’, we focus on the potential for sexually
antagonistic co-evolution to influence life span and ageing in
both sexes. In ‘conclusions and future directions’, we highlight
the current dearth of empirical studies and gaps in theoretical
understanding bearing on these questions, and offer sugges-
tions for future work.
Sexual selection and life-history evolution
E F F E C T S
O F
S E X U A L
15. S E L E C T I O N
O N
L I F E
S P A N
A N D
A G E I N G
In this section, we make the case that male reproductive
strategies are typically associated with elevated mortality
risks and weaker selection for long life span relative to females,
resulting in ‘live fast, dye young’ male life histories. Although
16. males’ elevated mortality rate may also be expected to
weaken selection on somatic maintenance and thus drive the
evolution of accelerated ageing, current evidence offers little
support for this prediction.
Why does theory generally predict weaker selection for
long life in males than in females? In most species, the
opportunity for and intensity of sexual selection are greater in
males because fathers contribute less to each offspring than
mothers do. This frees up resources that males can use to
compete for additional matings, resulting in higher variance in
male fitness than female fitness (Bateman 1948, Trivers 1972).
Thus, because of the fundamental divergence in the sex roles
originally stemming from anisogamy, females are generally
expected to pursue low-risk, low-wear-and-tear strategies
with moderate rates of return over extended time periods,
whereas males are expected to pursue high-risk, high-wear-
and-tear strategies with the potential for a high yield over
short time periods (see Vinogradov 1998). Males can benefit
by sacrificing longevity for the possibility of enhanced mating
success, whereas females cannot gain as much by sacrificing
longevity because female fitness is limited by the time
investment and resources-acquisition demands inherent in
offspring production. This general prediction becomes less
clear-cut, or fails entirely, in relation to species with
secondarily
convergent sexual strategies, such as monogamous or sex role-
reversed animals, as well as in species with age-dependent
expression of male secondary sexual traits, where male
reproductive rate often increases with age. These considerations
suggest that sexual dimorphism in life span and ageing is a
complex function of several mating system parameters.
Male reproductive strategies often appear to involve high
rates of somatic damage, particularly in highly polygynous
17. species. For example, male–male combat may result in
cumulative somatic deterioration. This is particularly true in
insects, which are unable to repair damage to their exoskeleton.
Since females do not engage in combat, such cumulative
damage may result in higher mortality and ageing rates in
males, relative to females. Reduced life expectancy may also
drive the evolution of more rapid ageing in males (Williams
1957; Hamilton 1966; Kirkwood & Rose 1991; but see Graves
2007). Note, however, that average sex-differences in life span
and ageing do not reflect sex-differences in the magnitude
of reproductive costs: in most species, each individual has a
mother and a father, so the net costs of reproduction must be
equal for females and males. Rather, sex-differences in life span
and ageing are likely to reflect the nature and scheduling of
reproductive effort. Unfortunately, the effects of variation in
male sexual strategy and secondary sexual trait expression on
life span and ageing remain poorly understood (Kotiaho 2001).
A key element of male reproductive strategy is male-
specific hormone secretion. Hormones induce the expression
of sexual traits that increase mortality risks and enhance
somatic wear-and-tear, thus reducing male life expectancy
and probably weakening selection on male life span and
somatic maintenance. In vertebrates, testosterone is usually
present in higher concentrations in males than in females
(Ketterson, Nolan & Sandell 2005), and mediates the develop-
ment of secondary sexual traits (Ligon
et al
. 1990; Panzica
et al
18. . 1991; Mougeot
et al
. 2004; Blas
et al
. 2006) and
behaviours like territoriality and courtship (Collias, Barfield &
Tarvyd 2002; Sakata
et al
. 2003; Day, McBroom & Schlinger
2005; Hume & Wynne-Edwards 2005). Testosterone is also
associated with diverse physiological costs, including reduced
immunocompetence, increased susceptibility to oxidative stress,
and increased basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure
(Buchanan
et al
. 2001; Wingfield, Lynn & Soma 2001;
Bribiescas 2006; Alonso-Alvarez
20. Functional Ecology
,
22
, 443– 453
Promislow & Harvey 1990; Promislow 1992; Vieira
et al
. 2000).
Furthermore, comparative studies on vertebrates support the
key role of sexual competition in this pattern. Male mortality
rate covaries with sexual size dimorphism, which generally
reflects the intensity of male sexual competition (Promislow,
Montgomerie & Martin 1992). Likewise, male-biased mortality
rates are associated with polygynous mating systems charac-
terized by intense male sexual competition (Clutton-Brock &
Isvaran 2007).
However, theoretical considerations suggest that sexual
selection need not always promote ‘live fast, die young’
strategies in males, and empirical studies confirm that
mortality rates are not always male-biased (Lints
21. et al
. 1983;
Promislow, Montgomerie & Martin 1992; Fox, Dublin &
Pollitt 2003). There are several reasons why males may
sometimes be selected for long life.
First, selection on male condition and performance may
favour genes with positive pleiotropic effects on longevity and
somatic maintenance (Abrams 1993; Williams & Day 2003;
Bronikowski & Promislow 2005). For example, although an
increase in the abundance of predators (and concomitant
reduction in life expectancy) is generally assumed to permit
the evolution of accelerated ageing, the opposite effect has
been observed for some indices of ageing in guppies (Reznick
et al
. 2004). This may occur because predators select on
diverse aspects of whole-organism performance in their
prey (Bronikowski & Promislow 2005). Likewise, sexual
competition imposes strong selection on male condition
and whole-organism performance (Lailvaux & Irschick 2006),
potentially favouring alleles with positive pleiotropic effects
on life span and somatic maintenance.
Second, in species with age-dependent expression of
secondary sexual traits, sexual selection may favour males
that can survive and maintain their soma long enough to
attain a large body size, large weapons or signals, or high
social rank (Clutton-Brock 1982, 1988; Clinton & Le Boeuf
1993; Kokko
22. et al
. 1999). For example, selection on social
status may account for the high mating success of older men
in traditional human societies (Tuljapurkar
et al.
2007).
Indeed, Graves (2007) points out that selection may favour
slower ageing in males than in females, despite male-biased
mortality rates, if male mating success tends to increase with
age (also see Partridge & Barton 1996). Theory suggests
that signalers may sometimes be selected to increase signal
magnitude with age (see Kokko 1997), resulting in selection
for enhanced somatic maintenance.
Third, in species with secondarily convergent sex roles,
such as monogamous species (see Promislow 2003), or sex
role-reversed species where females compete for matings and
males invest heavily in offspring, males may adopt a female-
like ‘live slow, dye old’ strategy. This idea is supported by
comparative studies showing that the degree of male bias in
mortality rate covaries with indices of sexual selection
strength on males (Promislow, Montgomerie & Martin 1992;
Clutton-Brock & Isvaran 2007). Direct comparison of species
with reversed vs. conventional sex roles would provide an
additional, powerful test of the ideas discussed here.
Promislow (2003) suggested that longer life span may be
expected to evolve in cooperatively breeding birds because
helpers at the nest appear to reduce the costs of sexual conflict.
23. There are several other reasons why complex sociality may
promote long life (Blumstein & Møller 2008). Nonetheless, a
large comparative analysis found no evidence of an association
between complex sociality and extended life span (Blumstein
& Møller 2008).
Variation in life span and ageing among males also appears
to reflect variation in reproductive investment. Evidence from
a variety of organisms, and from both sexes, shows that
elevated
reproductive rate is associated with reduced life span and, in
some cases, accelerated ageing (Rose & Charlesworth 1981;
Ernsting & Isaaks 1991; Kirkwood & Rose 1991; Service 1993;
Tatar, Carey & Vaupel 1993; Kotiaho 2001; Hunt
et al
. 2004).
Such costs can be interpreted in light of the disposable soma
model (Kirkwood 1977; Kirkwood & Rose 1991; Kirkwood &
Austad 2000), which suggests that ageing occurs because
resources allocated to reproductive traits are unavailable for
investment in somatic repair. Consequently, individuals or
populations that invest more in sexual traits may be expected
to exhibit shorter life span and faster ageing. Several studies on
insects have reported reduced longevity in males that invest
more
heavily in reproduction or secondary sexual trait expression
(Partridge & Farquhar 1981; Alcock 1996; Cordts & Partridge
1996; Clutton-Brock & Langley 1997; Prowse & Partridge 1997;
Hunt
et al
24. . 2004; Bonduriansky & Brassil 2005), although
reproduction sometimes imposes only immediate costs
(Partridge & Andrews 1985). However, such studies do not
distinguish between the effects of elevated resource allocation
to
sexual functions, and other reproductive costs such as increased
wear-and-tear caused by more intense sexual competition.
Whereas accounting for variation in life span poses con-
siderable challenges, understanding variation in ageing rate is
likely to prove even more difficult. Although theory generally
predicts that higher mortality rate will drive the evolution
of more rapid ageing (Williams 1957; Hamilton 1966), the
available evidence does not yield any clear pattern of sexual
dimorphism in ageing, nor any simple relation between life span
and ageing. For example, in the fly
Telostylinus angusticollis
,
Kawasaki
et al
. (2008) observed both higher initial mortality
rate and more rapid ageing in males than in females in the
wild, and in most laboratory assays. In wild field crickets,
Teleogryllus commodus
25. , Zajitschek
et al
. (2008) also observed
a higher initial mortality rate in males, but found little evidence
of sexually dimorphic ageing rates. In seed beetles, Fox
et al
.
(2003) found lower initial mortality rate but faster ageing
in males than in females of
Callosobruchus maculatus
, but
higher initial mortality in males and no sex-difference in
ageing rate in
Stator limbatus
. Promislow & Haselkorn (2002)
found every combination of sexual dimorphism in life span,
initial mortality rate and ageing rate among five species of
27. Functional Ecology
,
22
, 443– 453
‘diseases of ageing’ (Kinsella & Gist 1998). However, the
onset of ageing appears to be later in men than in women
(Graves, Strand & Lindsay 2006). It remains unclear how
sex-specific mortality relates to sexual dimorphism in ageing
rate, or why this relation varies among taxa.
E F F E C T S
O F
L I F E
28. S P A N
A N D
A G E I N G
O N
S E X U A L
S E L E C T I O N
A phenotype’s net (i.e. life time) fitness depends on its
early-life reproductive rate, pattern of change in reproductive
rate with age (ageing), and life span. As the preceding section
suggests, phenotypes are likely to vary in life span and ageing
rate, and this variation may reflect secondary sexual trait
expression. Below, we show that variation in life span and
ageing can therefore modulate the magnitude or even the sign
of sexual selection.
29. We begin with an empirical example. In a wild population
of the antler fly,
Protopiophila litigata
, male mating rate is an
increasing function of male body size (Bonduriansky &
Brooks 1998; Bonduriansky & Brooks 1999), but males suffer
reductions in both survival and mating rate with age (Bon-
duriansky & Brassil 2002). Moreover, the rate of reproductive
ageing increases with male body size (Bonduriansky & Brassil
2005), reflecting either the physiological costs of large body
size, or large males’ propensity to engage in more intense or
frequent combat (Bonduriansky & Brooks 1999). Because the
net (life time) advantage of large body size is diminished by
the tendency for large males to deteriorate more rapidly
with age, the covariation between male body size and ageing
rate is manifested in a reduction in the gradient of net sexual
selection on male body size (Bonduriansky
et al
. 2005). In
other words, if large males could maintain their mating rate
advantage over small males as they aged, net sexual selection
on male body size would have been stronger.
Reproductive rate need not always covary positively with
ageing rate, however. If high-condition individuals can achieve
both higher reproductive rate and better somatic maintenance,
then their relative advantage will increase with age, strength-
30. ening net sexual selection on their secondary sexual traits. This
may occur if variation in condition is sufficient to over-
whelm allocation trade-offs (Van Noordwijk & Dejong 1986;
Stearns 1989a,b; Houle 1991, also see Nussey et al in this
volume).
The antler fly example illustrates a general principle:
phenotypic variation in life span and ageing can affect sexual
selection. This example also suggests how such effects could
be modulated by ambient conditions. Life expectancy is a
function of extrinsic (background) mortality rate. If extrinsic
mortality is reduced and life expectancy correspondingly
extended, then the relative net fitness of phenotypes that age
more rapidly will be reduced (Fig. 1a). Conversely, if extrinsic
mortality rate increases, phenotypes that age more rapidly
will perform relatively better over the life time. These are basic
predictions of life-history theory (Williams 1957; Hamilton
1966), but they have interesting implications for sexual
selection.
If phenotypes that age more rapidly are those that invest more
in secondary sexual traits (as in the antler fly example and in
the model shown in Fig. 1), then, all else being equal, reduced
mortality will weaken or even reverse sexual selection, because
such phenotypes will have reduced net fitness, relative to
pheno-
types that invest less in secondary sexual traits. Conversely,
elevated mortality will tend to enhance the relative fitness
of phenotypes that invest more in secondary sexual traits,
strengthening sexual selection. Some of the variation among
populations in the strength and direction of sexual selection
may thus reflect variation in extrinsic mortality.
Moreover, environment can affect the expression of both
actuarial and reproductive ageing. Ageing is an extremely
plastic trait, influenced by diet (Medawar 1946; Tu & Tatar
2003), temperature (Tatar, Chien & Priest 2001), substrate
31. Fig. 1. Theory suggests that ageing can mediate effects of
environment on sexual selection when phenotypes vary in
lifespan or ageing rate.
(a) Environmental variation in extrinsic mortality risk: if life
expectancy is brief (denoted by vertical line I), then
individuals that invest more
heavily in reproduction in early life (solid line) will achieve
higher life-time fitness than individuals that invest less in
reproduction (dotted line),
and the traits mediating variation in reproductive rate will be
under positive sexual selection. If extrinsic mortality rate is
reduced (arrow),
extending life expectancy from vertical line I to II, then
individuals with a lower investment in reproduction will
achieve higher life-time fitness.
(b) Environmental effects on the expression of ageing: In this
example, an environmental change has resulted in accelerated
ageing (arrow) in
individuals that exhibit a high reproductive rate through large
investment in a secondary sexual trait (solid lines), but no
appreciable effect on
individuals that exhibit a lower reproductive rate as a result of
less investment in a secondary sexual trait (dotted line). Prior to
the environmental
change, at the life expectancy indicated by the vertical line,
high-investing individuals achieved higher life-time fitness and
sexual selection on
the secondary sexual trait was positive; after the change, the
sign of sexual selection is reversed. Age-specific fitness
functions are represented
as straight lines for simplicity, but similar results emerge with
more complex life histories.
33. 1999; Libert
et al
. 2007). If
environmental effects on the expression of ageing covary with
secondary sexual trait expression, then such environmental
effects will modulate sexual selection (Fig. 1b).
One potentially important environmental variable is
crowding, which can reflect population density or resource
distribution. The effect of a change in crowding on life span or
ageing may covary with secondary sexual trait expression if,
for example, such phenotypic variation is associated with dis-
crete or continuous variation in mating tactics, or the costs of
agonistic interactions. Another key environmental parameter
is diet. Dietary restriction appears to induce a sharp decline in
reproductive allocation and/or the biochemical damage
associated with reproduction (see Shanley & Kirkwood 2000;
Partridge, Gems & Withers 2005; Masoro 2006; Piper &
Partridge 2007; Lee 2008). Diet will affect sexual selection if
different phenotypic variants respond differently to diet, and
if these effects covary with secondary sexual trait expression.
Sexual conflict in relation to life span and ageing
Contrasting reproductive strategies may often result in
sex-specific optima for life-history traits. In this section, we
discuss how a fundamental property of sexual co-evolution –
sexual conflict – may displace both sexes from their sex-
specific optima for life span and ageing.
34. I N T E R L O C U S
S E X U A L
C O N F L I C T
Sexual conflict occurs when the genetic interests of males and
females diverge (Parker 1979; Holland & Rice 1998; Arnqvist
et al
. 2005). Such conflict can result in arms races where
adaptations in one sex are harmful for the other sex (Rice
1996b; Arnqvist & Rowe 2002; Chapman
et al
. 2003; Martin
& Hosken 2003). This co-evolution is now recognized as one
of the key evolutionary processes shaping life histories.
Male sexual traits can affect female life span and ageing
rate (Svensson & Sheldon 1998; Maklakov, Kremer & Arnqvist
35. 2005; Promislow 2003). Such effects can be direct, via physical
damage or interference with foraging, or indirect, via
manipulation of female reproductive schedules. For example,
females of various insect species suffer from toxic male
ejaculates (Das
et al.
1980; Chapman
et al.
1995), physical
injuries incurred from spiky male genitalia (Crudgington &
Siva-Jothy 2000, Rönn, Katvala & Arnqvist 2007), or other
forms of ‘traumatic insemination’ (Stutt & Siva-Jothy 2001;
Tatarnic, Cassis & Hochuli 2006; Kamimura 2007). Such
male traits may evolve in response to sperm competition. On
the other hand, males in polyandrous species can increase
female short-term reproductive rate at the expense of female
future reproduction (Chapman
et al.
2001). If increased
investment in early reproduction translates into elevated
mortality late in life (Sgro & Partridge 1999), such male
adaptations can reduce female life expectancy and contribute
to female ageing.
36. Because female-specific selection typically favours lower
mating rate than male-specific selection, females are expected
to oppose harmful male adaptations with counter-adaptations
that may, in turn, lead to elevated mortality or accelerated
resource depletion and somatic deterioration in males. Putative
female counter-adaptations include aggressive behaviour
towards potential mates, sometimes involving sexual
cannibalism (Birkhead, Lee & Young 1988; Elgar & Fahey
1996), release of anti-aphrodisiacs (Andersson, Borg-Karlson &
Wiklund 2004), ejaculate dumping (Snook & Hosken 2004;
Wagner, Helfenstein & Danchin 2004), and ejaculate
ingestion (Bonduriansky, Wheeler & Rowe 2005). A common
form of female resistance to mating – male-female struggles
before and/or during copulation (Parker & Thompson 1980;
Rowe
et al
. 1994; Bonduriansky 2003) – results in elevated
energy expenditure and predation risk for both sexes (Rowe
1994; Watson, Arnqvist & Stallmann 1998), and may contribute
to somatic deterioration.
By increasing mortality rate, sexually antagonistic traits
and interactions may weaken selection against alleles with
deleterious late-life effects and, thus, promote the evolution
of rapid ageing (Promislow 2003). In general, more intense
interlocus sexual conflict should therefore result in shorter life
span and more rapid ageing for one or both sexes (Promislow
2003). This prediction is supported by the finding that
experimentally imposed monandry leads to the evolution of
males that cause reduced direct harm to females (Holland &
Rice 1999; Martin & Hosken 2003), although effects on female
ageing remain unclear. Note, however, that Promislow’s
37. prediction may be negated or even reversed – sexually
antagonistic co-evolution may have no net effect, or even result
in slower ageing – if sexually antagonistic interactions impose
strong selection on somatic condition and vigour (see ‘Effects
of sexual selection on life span and ageing’)!
C A S E
S T U D I E S
O F
S E X U A L L Y
A N T A G O N I S T I C
C O
-
38. E V O L U T I O N
For sexual co-evolution to contribute to the evolution of
ageing, evolutionary change in genes expressed in one sex
should affect senescence in the other sex. Recent experimental
studies with seed beetles
Acanthoscelides obtectus
support this
hypothesis and suggest that males in populations maintained
under different life-history schedules evolve to affect female
mortality rates differently (Maklakov
et al.
2005). Further-
more, age-specific change in female sexually selected traits
was found to be related to life-history evolution (Maklakov
et al. 2005). However, direct support for Promislow’s (2003)
prediction that higher levels of sexual conflict should result
in the evolution of more rapid ageing is currently lacking.
Maklakov, Fricke & Arnqvist (2007) subjected another seed
beetle,
C. maculatus
40. populations, as predicted by the sexual conflict theory.
However, while re-mating rates were slightly higher in polyg-
amous populations, there was little evidence that monandrous
males evolved to be more benign towards females (Fricke &
Arnqvist 2007). Notably, differences in female life span
between
distinct selection regimes seemed to reflect differences in
background mortality rather than ageing. We need more
experimental studies that assess the effects of both pre- and
post-copulatory sexual selection on ageing, under levels of
sexual conflict reflecting the recent evolutionary history of the
study organisms.
I N T R A L O C U S
S E X U A L
C O N F L I C T
The evolution of optimal sexual dimorphism is constrained
by the fact that most genes are expressed and subject to
divergent (i.e. sex-specific) selection in both sexes. The result
is
intralocus sexual conflict
41. , whereby evolution of a locus towards
the sex-specific optimum is impeded by selection on the same
locus in the opposite sex (Rice & Chippindale 2001; Arnqvist
et al
. 2005). Several genetic mechanisms can potentially
ameliorate intralocus sexual conflict, including
sex-limitation
(Rhen 2000),
sex-linkage
(Bull 1983; Rice 1984; Rice 1996a),
and
genomic imprinting
(Day & Bonduriansky 2004;
Bonduriansky & Rowe 2005). Evidence for intralocus sexual
conflict comes from breeding experiments in the laboratory
(Fedorka & Mousseau 2004), cytogenetic cloning of haploid
chromosome sets in
Drosophila melanogaster
42. (Chippindale,
Gibson & Rice 2001; Pischedda & Chippindale 2006), studies
of pedigreed wild vertebrate populations (Foerster
et al
.
2007), and experimental evolution where selection on one
sex is removed (Prasad
et al
. 2007). These studies suggest that
intralocus sexual conflict is widespread, and imposes an
appreciable genetic load on populations.
Sexual selection and sexual conflict generate sex-dependent
selection on life span and ageing, as well as the nature,
amount and scheduling of reproductive effort. However, the
possibility that life span and ageing mediate intralocus sexual
conflict has received little attention from theorists or
empiricists.
The potential importance of intralocus sexual conflict is
illustrated by the work of Tuljapurkar
et al.
(2007), who
43. characterized differences between men and women in several
societies in the age-dependence of reproductive success. They
suggested that the substantial reproductive success of older
men in ‘traditional’ societies may have favoured autosomal
alleles that promote long life and slow ageing, and argued that
expression of such male-benefit alleles in both sexes may
explain women’s long post-menopausal life spans. This
example would represent a case of intralocus sexual conflict if
it could be shown that female investment in post-menopausal
longevity results in reduced fecundity, and such costs are not
balanced by inclusive-fitness benefits (e.g. via grand-maternal
care). If we are to understand the extent of intralocus sexual
conflict over life span and ageing, we need estimates of realized
mortality and ageing rates in both sexes, and sex-specific
optima for investment in longevity and somatic maintenance.
In addition to understanding sex-differences in selection
and in patterns of ageing, we need a firm understanding of the
genetic basis of ageing and related traits in both sexes. Strong
positive intersexual genetic correlations would suggest genetic
constraints on the potential for male and female life span and
ageing to be optimized independently. Few if any comparable
estimates of the genetic basis of ageing
per se
in males
and females exist (but see Spencer
et al
44. . 2003). However, an
accumulating body of evidence suggests that the genetic
architecture of life span differs markedly between the sexes
(Nuzhdin
et al
. 1997; Spencer
et al
. 2003; Fox
et al
. 2006;
Tower 2006; Zajitschek
et al
. 2007). The only study to test
explicitly for intralocus sexual conflict over ageing-related
traits (Zajitschek
et al
45. . 2007) found a low intersexual genetic
correlation for longevity (compared with other traits),
suggesting little contemporary potential for intralocus sexual
conflict. Studies that estimate genetic parameters for both
reproductive and actuarial ageing are a high priority.
Whereas interlocus sexual conflict is likely to result in
reduced life span (and perhaps in accelerated ageing) in one or
both sexes, the effects of intralocus sexual conflict on these
traits can be either positive or negative. Indeed, intralocus
sexual conflict may displace both sexes from their sex-specific
optima towards intermediate (less dimorphic) trait values.
For example, if males experience weaker positive selection on
life span than females as a result of sexual selection, then
intralocus sexual conflict may result in an extension of male
life span and reduction of female life span, relative to the
sex-specific optima (or vice versa: see Tuljapurkar
et al.
2007).
Such effects may occur if selection on life span and ageing is
strongly divergent in males and females, and if the intersexual
genetic correlation is substantial. It remains unclear how
broadly these conditions are met (Zajitschek
et al
. 2007).
N O N
46. -
M E N D E L I A N
I N H E R I T A N C E
Although there are few direct estimates of genetic correlations
between male and female expression of ageing-related traits,
one possible signature of intralocus sexual conflict is non-
Mendelian inheritance of genetic variation for such traits.
Strong intralocus sexual conflict is expected to favour the
evolution of strategies that bias either the inheritance (Bull
1983; Rice 1984, 1996a) or expression (Rhen 2000; Day &
Bonduriansky 2004) of sexually antagonistic fitness traits
toward the sex in which they deliver a fitness benefit and away
from the other sex. Consistent with this prediction, the sex
chromosomes appear to be hotspots of sexually antagonistic
variation (Lindholm & Breden 2002; Parisi
et al
. 2003;
Fitzpatrick 2004; Tower 2006).
Across taxa, sex-biased mortality rates are often associated
with heterogamy (Trivers 1985; Liker & Szekely 2005; Fox
48. specific selection on the mitochondria, or the interaction
between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (Zeh & Zeh
2007). In line with this notion, Rand et al. (2001) showed that
cytoplasms that are ‘good’ for females can be ‘bad’ for males
and vice versa. The mitochondria are integral to the ageing
process not least through association with reactive oxygen
species pathways (Ballard & Whitlock 2004). Recent work on
Drosophila shows that variation in mtDNA can affect ageing
(James & Ballard 2003; Maklakov et al. 2006). The
accumulation
of mtDNA mutations that reduce male fitness may be expected
to result in accelerated ageing in males, compared to females
(Tower 2006) but, contrary to this prediction, some taxa
exhibit female-biased mortality rates (Liker & Szekely 2005
and references therein). Further, work on Drosophila shows
that sex-specific differences in mitochondrial metabolism are
associated with sex-specific differences in ageing, but not
necessarily with females living longer than males (Ballard
et al. 2007). Nonetheless, it remains a strong possibility that
maternal inheritance of mtDNA could be a major source of
intralocus sexual conflict over life-history optimization, a
possibility supported by evidence of sexually antagonistic
fitness effects of interactions between cytoplasmic and X-
linked factors (Rand et al. 2001; Rand, Fry & Sheldahl 2006).
Conclusions and future directions
The ideas and evidence reviewed above suggest that, as a
general rule-of-thumb, sexual selection results in elevated
mortality and weakened selection on life span in males,
relative to females. However, this general prediction applies
only partially, or not at all, to systems characterized by age-
dependent expression of male secondary sexual traits, where
long-lived males may be the most successful, or to species
with secondarily convergent sex roles, such as monogamous
or sex role-reversed species. A further complication might
49. arise if male sexual competition imposes strong selection on
condition, favouring genes with positive pleiotropic effects on
survival and somatic maintenance. Theory and evidence also
suggest that sexual conflict may displace one or both sexes
from their sex-specific optima for ageing and life span.
Observed variation in life span among males within and across
species, and between the sexes, is broadly consistent with
these expectations, although numerous apparent exceptions
remain. On the other hand, sex-differences in ageing rate
remain poorly understood, perhaps because of the theoretical
difficulties inherent in characterizing ageing rate and
predicting its evolution (see Williams et al. 2006). Variation
within and among species in mortality rate, life span and
ageing,
and in sexual dimorphism for these traits, may thus reflect a
complex interplay of numerous mating system parameters, as
well as phylogenetic history and ambient conditions.
Despite the complexity of the problem, several broad pre-
dictions are possible: (i) Within species, male phenotypes that
invest more heavily in sexual competition should generally
suffer more rapid ageing, except when mean male reproduc-
tive success increases with male age. This prediction applies
both to discrete genetic or conditional polymorphisms, and
to continuous variation in male phenotype; (ii) among spe-
cies, those that exhibit more intense sexual selection and
interlocus sexual conflict will generally suffer more rapid age-
ing in one or both sexes. However, the tendency for sexual
selection and conflict to increase mortality and ageing rate
may be weakened or reversed if male sexual competition
selects strongly on whole-organism performance, or if mean
male mating success increases with male age (Partridge &
Barton 1996; Graves 2007); (iii) where one sex appears to
have a relative disadvantage in the sexual arms race, that sex
will tend to exhibit a higher mortality rate or faster ageing,
50. relative to the same sex in related species (Promislow 2003);
(iv) since the intensity of sexual selection may generally be
reflected in morphological sexual dimorphism, variation
among species in the degree of dimorphism in morphology
may be expected to covary positively with dimorphism in
mortality and ageing (Promislow, Montgomerie & Martin 1992;
Promislow 2003); and (v) the degree of sexual dimorphism
in life span and ageing will be reduced in proportion to the
magnitude of the intersexual genetic correlation for these
traits (see Zajitschek et al. 2007).
Several open-ended questions also arise: (i) how much of
the variation among populations in ageing and life span is
accounted for by variation in sexual selection and conflict,
relative to more conventional factors such as background
mortality rate and phylogenetic history?; (ii) what is the
relative contribution of ‘good genes’ sexual selection vs.
sexually antagonistic co-evolution to inter-population variation
in ageing and life span?; and (iii) how much of the variation
among populations in sexual selection gradients reflects the
downstream consequences of environmental effects on ageing
or life span?
Surprisingly, at this point, very few studies have directly
addressed the key hypotheses and assumptions of the sexual
conflict theory of ageing and life span. We have evidence that
males evolve to affect life span and ageing in females, and that
such evolution is contingent upon female life history.
Consistent with theory, the evidence also suggests that such
evolution always benefits males, but may or may not be
beneficial to females. We have no evidence that sexual
selection improves survival when sexual conflict is operating.
In addition, fascinating indirect evidence suggests that
52. A further issue is the need to understand the effects of
environment on the expression of ageing and life span and, in
particular, the implications of studying ageing and sexual
selection in the highly artificial environment of the laboratory.
As noted above, ageing and life span are highly plastic traits.
Likewise, it is clear that estimates of selection gradients,
fitness components and quantitative-genetic parameters are
highly sensitive to environment, and experimental results,
including the outcome of selection experiments, may be
strongly
influenced by the peculiarities of the laboratory setting
(Harshman & Hoffmann 2000; Pigliucci & Kaplan 2006;
Kawasaki et al. 2008). This has been shown most clearly
in studies that use quantitative-genetic breeding designs to
estimate genetic correlations in order to test for trade-offs
associated with age-dependent antagonistic pleiotropy (Service
& Rose 1985; Houle 1991). Moreover, there is strong evidence
that wild animals exhibit much higher extrinsic mortality
rates, shorter life expectancies and, in some cases, more rapid
ageing, than their captive counterparts (Ricklefs 2000;
Bonduriansky & Brassil 2002; Bronikowski et al. 2002;
Kawasaki
et al. 2008), despite possessing the genetic capacity for long
life span and slow ageing (Sgrò & Partridge 2000; Linnen,
Tatar & Promislow 2001; Miller et al. 2002). Although
challenging, research on ageing and sexual selection in wild
populations can yield important insights and complement
results from conventional laboratory studies.
In addition to addressing these questions empirically, there
is a need for further development of theory. Given the
complex dynamics of sexual co-evolution (e.g. Gavrilets &
Hayashi 2006), simulation analysis may yield useful insights
into the evolution of ageing and life span under sexual
conflict, and lead to novel hypotheses. Variation in ageing rate
53. remains especially poorly understood, highlighting the need
for further theoretical work to clarify the relation between
reproductive strategy, life expectancy and ageing.
Acknowledgements
We thank the editors for the invitation that finally galvanized us
to write this
long-planned review. Bill Ballard, Anne Charmantier and two
anonymous
referees provided helpful comments and suggestions. Funding
was provided by
the Australian Research Council through fellowships and
Discovery grants to
AM, RB and RB.
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/EndPage -1