Political instability negatively impacts economic growth. When a country lacks political stability, it discourages investment and hinders projects, slowing economic growth. Unstable political environments decrease standards of living as GDP and GNP fall, employment opportunities decline, and people's incomes drop. Conversely, stabilizing politics boosts employment, GDP, and GNP, increasing standards of living and putting the country on a path toward stronger economic progress. The hypothesis is that increased political instability leads to decreased economic growth, while decreased political instability spurs increased economic growth.
THE CHALLENGE OF INFLATION AND ITS CONSUMPTION RELATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: Indian economy is a developing economy and it faces many challenges from all directions. It also faces some extra challenges not only economic but also from other sectors of society. In this paper the challenge of inflation and its consumption relation is explained. Many economic experts and political world leaders accused Indian consumers for the world inflation rise. Indian particularly middle and lower income families feet the heat of the inflation more intensively than higher income group peoples. Inflation is basically problem of demand and supply equation, but many other factors also involved in it. Some dilemma of the inflation is presented in this paper. Not only people of India but also the central and states governments are also afraid of inflation. Many economists we well as politicians assumed that inflation is affecting the consumption or the consumer is the cause of inflation.
Basic ideas to explain unemployment, types of inflation, the CPI and the GDP. Some slides were borrowed from others off of the web because frankly, they were too good NOT to use.
THE CHALLENGE OF INFLATION AND ITS CONSUMPTION RELATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: Indian economy is a developing economy and it faces many challenges from all directions. It also faces some extra challenges not only economic but also from other sectors of society. In this paper the challenge of inflation and its consumption relation is explained. Many economic experts and political world leaders accused Indian consumers for the world inflation rise. Indian particularly middle and lower income families feet the heat of the inflation more intensively than higher income group peoples. Inflation is basically problem of demand and supply equation, but many other factors also involved in it. Some dilemma of the inflation is presented in this paper. Not only people of India but also the central and states governments are also afraid of inflation. Many economists we well as politicians assumed that inflation is affecting the consumption or the consumer is the cause of inflation.
Basic ideas to explain unemployment, types of inflation, the CPI and the GDP. Some slides were borrowed from others off of the web because frankly, they were too good NOT to use.
Report on summer internship project of Himalayan Bank Limited.priyanka sarraf
A SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT ON “A Comparative study of Himalayan Bank Ltd. and Everest Bank Ltd., with special reference to customer feedback on product and services offered by Himalayan Bank Limited”
The Student Deepika Verma is a Final Year Student of Dezyne E' cole college doing her BBA. This Project has been undertaken by the Student during her Summer Internship at Amul India. The Topic of her Internship is Retail Gap of Amul Kool flavour Milk.
The Student Akshay Goyal is a Final Year Student of Dezyne E' cole college doing his BBA. This Project has been undertaken by the student during his summer internship at Amul India. The Topic of his internship is Market Senerio of Amul fresh product.
The Student Priyanka Chouhan is a Final Year Student of Dezyne E' cole college doing her BBA.. This Project has been undertaken by the Student during her Summer Internship at H.M.T. The Topic of her Internship is Recruitment.
The Student Trapti Khandelwal is a Final Year Student of Dezyne E' cole college doing her BBA.. This Project has been undertaken by the Student during her Summer Internship at Future Group,Home Town. The Topic of her Internship is Marketing in Home Furnishing Retail.
The Student Varun Bayla is a Final Year Student of Dezyne E' cole college doing his BBA.. This Project has been undertaken by the Student during his Summer Internship at Future Group,Home Town. The Topic of his Internship is Promoting Brand in Digital Marketing.
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY .docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON
ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND
INCOME INEQUALITY
Iram Shehzadi1, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique2 and M. Tariq Majeed3
Abstract
We study the impact of political instability on economic growth, income distribution and poverty. The
estimates are obtained by applying Heteroscedasticity consistent OLS on a cross-section of 103 coun-
tries from 1984-2011. We take into account alternative dimensions of political instability: formal,
informal and military coups D’Etat. Formal and informal political instability has statistically signifi-
cant and positive impact on poverty and inequality. Similarly we find that direct effect of Coups
D’Etat on both poverty and income inequality is insignificant, while its indirect effect (through
economic growth) is significant. On the whole our study indicates political instability is detrimental
to the process of economic growth, worsen income distribution and increases poverty.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, Poverty, Political Instability, Heteroscedasticity
Consistent OLS.
JEL Classification: I390
Introduction
An emerging concept in literature relates economic growth to the instability in political
regime. Political economists disagree about the definition and measurement of political instability.
For the purpose of defining political instability we distinguish between its formal and informal dimen-
sions. Formal political instability arises due to elections and constitutional changes (Campos & Kara-
nasos, 2008). On the other hand, informal political instability originates through protests, assassina-
tions, riots, strikes and violations (Campos & Karanasos, 2008). These formal and informal measures
have been combined to define political instability. The first definition is labeled as “Social Political
Instability”. This is the simplest definition and it covers only informal measures of political
1 Govt. Degree College for Women, Gujranwala, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
2 Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
3 School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
instability. The second measures “Government Changes” covers a broader definition of political
instability and is based on informal political instability, economic and institutional measures.
Whatever are the definitional and measurement problems, higher level of political instability
is undesirable. It shortens the time span of policy makers to lead and implement optimal macroeco-
nomic policies. Absence of coherent and consistent policies greatly reduces the government ability to
response to shocks appropriately; this uncertainty cause macroeconomic misbalances such as less
economic growth, inflation, poverty, and inequality etc. There exist an ample amount of literature
documenting the relationship of political instability with growth, saving rate, investment, land
inequality, crime rate, d ...
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY MalikPinckney86
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON
ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND
INCOME INEQUALITY
Iram Shehzadi1, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique2 and M. Tariq Majeed3
Abstract
We study the impact of political instability on economic growth, income distribution and poverty. The
estimates are obtained by applying Heteroscedasticity consistent OLS on a cross-section of 103 coun-
tries from 1984-2011. We take into account alternative dimensions of political instability: formal,
informal and military coups D’Etat. Formal and informal political instability has statistically signifi-
cant and positive impact on poverty and inequality. Similarly we find that direct effect of Coups
D’Etat on both poverty and income inequality is insignificant, while its indirect effect (through
economic growth) is significant. On the whole our study indicates political instability is detrimental
to the process of economic growth, worsen income distribution and increases poverty.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, Poverty, Political Instability, Heteroscedasticity
Consistent OLS.
JEL Classification: I390
Introduction
An emerging concept in literature relates economic growth to the instability in political
regime. Political economists disagree about the definition and measurement of political instability.
For the purpose of defining political instability we distinguish between its formal and informal dimen-
sions. Formal political instability arises due to elections and constitutional changes (Campos & Kara-
nasos, 2008). On the other hand, informal political instability originates through protests, assassina-
tions, riots, strikes and violations (Campos & Karanasos, 2008). These formal and informal measures
have been combined to define political instability. The first definition is labeled as “Social Political
Instability”. This is the simplest definition and it covers only informal measures of political
1 Govt. Degree College for Women, Gujranwala, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
2 Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
3 School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
instability. The second measures “Government Changes” covers a broader definition of political
instability and is based on informal political instability, economic and institutional measures.
Whatever are the definitional and measurement problems, higher level of political instability
is undesirable. It shortens the time span of policy makers to lead and implement optimal macroeco-
nomic policies. Absence of coherent and consistent policies greatly reduces the government ability to
response to shocks appropriately; this uncertainty cause macroeconomic misbalances such as less
economic growth, inflation, poverty, and inequality etc. There exist an ample amount of literature
documenting the relationship of political instability with growth, saving rate, investment, land
inequality, crime rate, d ...
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY he45mcurnow
IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON
ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND
INCOME INEQUALITY
Iram Shehzadi1, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique2 and M. Tariq Majeed3
Abstract
We study the impact of political instability on economic growth, income distribution and poverty. The
estimates are obtained by applying Heteroscedasticity consistent OLS on a cross-section of 103 coun-
tries from 1984-2011. We take into account alternative dimensions of political instability: formal,
informal and military coups D’Etat. Formal and informal political instability has statistically signifi-
cant and positive impact on poverty and inequality. Similarly we find that direct effect of Coups
D’Etat on both poverty and income inequality is insignificant, while its indirect effect (through
economic growth) is significant. On the whole our study indicates political instability is detrimental
to the process of economic growth, worsen income distribution and increases poverty.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, Poverty, Political Instability, Heteroscedasticity
Consistent OLS.
JEL Classification: I390
Introduction
An emerging concept in literature relates economic growth to the instability in political
regime. Political economists disagree about the definition and measurement of political instability.
For the purpose of defining political instability we distinguish between its formal and informal dimen-
sions. Formal political instability arises due to elections and constitutional changes (Campos & Kara-
nasos, 2008). On the other hand, informal political instability originates through protests, assassina-
tions, riots, strikes and violations (Campos & Karanasos, 2008). These formal and informal measures
have been combined to define political instability. The first definition is labeled as “Social Political
Instability”. This is the simplest definition and it covers only informal measures of political
1 Govt. Degree College for Women, Gujranwala, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
2 Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
3 School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]
instability. The second measures “Government Changes” covers a broader definition of political
instability and is based on informal political instability, economic and institutional measures.
Whatever are the definitional and measurement problems, higher level of political instability
is undesirable. It shortens the time span of policy makers to lead and implement optimal macroeco-
nomic policies. Absence of coherent and consistent policies greatly reduces the government ability to
response to shocks appropriately; this uncertainty cause macroeconomic misbalances such as less
economic growth, inflation, poverty, and inequality etc. There exist an ample amount of literature
documenting the relationship of political instability with growth, saving rate, investment, land
inequality, crime rate, d ...
THE CHALLENGE OF INFLATION AND ITS CONSUMPTION RELATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: Indian economy is a developing economy and it faces many challenges from all directions. It also faces some extra challenges not only economic but also from other sectors of society. In this paper the challenge of inflation and its consumption relation is explained. Many economic experts and political world leaders accused Indian consumers for the world inflation rise. Indian particularly middle and lower income families feet the heat of the inflation more intensively than higher income group peoples. Inflation is basically problem of demand and supply equation, but many other factors also involved in it. Some dilemma of the inflation is presented in this paper. Not only people of India but also the central and states governments are also afraid of inflation. Many economists we well as politicians assumed that inflation is affecting the consumption or the consumer is the cause of inflation.
inflation-causes types and control methodsIMS GHAZIABAD
PPT on inflationary trends in INDIA, which consists of all the information about inflation begning from types of inflation to causes and trends of inflation in INDIA.
Tutor O-rama claims that their services will raise student SAT mat.docxwillcoxjanay
Tutor O-rama claims that their services will raise student SAT math scores at least 50 points. The average score on the math portion of the SAT is μ = 350 and σ = 35. The 100 students who completed the tutoring program had an average score of 385 points. Is the average score of 385 points significant at the 5% level? Is it significant at the 1% level? Explain why or why not.
PLEASE REWORD THESE PARAGRAPHS IN YOUR OWN WORDS. PLEASE DO NOT USE THE SAME WORDS AS IN THE PARAGRAPHS. THANKS.
· 1-According to Lisa Huddlestun, "Macroeconomics is the study of behaviors and activities of the economy as a whole, looks at such areas as the Federal Reserve System, unemployment, gross domestic product (GDP), and business cycles" (Huddlestun 2015.) The Federal Reserve System's most important attribute is the regulation of the supply of money in circulation. This is important to the economy because it influences interest rates, money available for loans, and the overall price level of the economy. Unemployment could mean a loss of income for individuals and lost production for the economy. There are three type of unemployment; frictional unemployment, cyclical unemployment, and structural unemployment. Frictional includes people that have quit their jobs or have been fired causing them to be unemployed. Cyclical is related to the economy, such as being laid off during a recession. Structural unemployment is when someone hasn't been hired because they do not have the required skills or do not live in a high employment area. The gross domestic product (GDP) is determined by total economic spending. Economic spending includes consumer, business, and government spending. Lisa states, GDP is "the market value of all final products produced in a year's time" (Huddlestun 2015.) Economic performance is measured by GDP. An increase in GDP means the economy is growing. GDP also determines if there will be inflation or not. Policy makers look at past and present GDP to formulate policies to help economic growth. If we have economic growth then we could have an increase in production of goods and services. Microeconomics according to Lisa is, "the individual components of the economy, such as costs of production, maximizing profits, and the different market structures" (Huddlestun 2015.) Businesses are the suppliers of goods and services the individual wants. Most businesses want to make a profit, or maximize their profits. The level of output must be determined to help result in the greatest profit. Cost of production has a huge part in this. There are two types of cost production; variable and fixed costs. Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of output, for example a rent payment. Variable costs are cost that change with level of output, like wages and raw material.
· 2-This was a great video for the theory of supply and demand. I was able to relate particularly about the housing market as someone who was a real estate investor in 2005. I ...
Comparative Longitudinal Analysis on Global Inflation with a special emphasis...Ram Sharma
https://zenodo.org/record/7939068#.ZGQTS_dX6Ef
This is the presentation for the research “Comparative Longitudinal Analysis on Global Inflation with a special emphasis on Indian Economy” presented at the Second International Conference at the Daly College of Business Management, DAVV Indore.
The research was further published in its peer to peer reviewed conference journal.
The economic fluctuations in Indian housing markets have been time and again proved to be led by inflation (Granger Cause) (Richa Pandey & V. Mary Jessica, 2020).
The purpose of this study is to perform a comparative longitudinal analysis on Global Inflation with a special emphasis on Indian Economy.
The study aims to observe the positive cause-effect relationship between the rise of money supply and circulation in the economy and the succeeding rise in housing prices.
As Gregory Wolfe theorised, “The inflation of our time is intimately connected with some of its most obdurate ideas, forces, postulates, and institutions and can be overcome only by influencing these profound causes and conditions. It is not just a disorder of the monetary system which can be left to financial experts to redress, it is a moral disease, a disorder of society. This inflation, too, belongs to the things which can be understood and remedied only in the area beyond supply and demand.”
Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis suggests that people would change their desired consumption if changes in housing prices affect their expected lifetime wealth. Moreover, an inflationary housing market can be termed essentially, as one of the most major contributors to a nation’s overall inflation (Jared Bernstein, Ernie Tedeschi, and Sarah Robinson, 2021).
A comparative longitudinal analysis on inflation can provide significant insights into the evolution of prices over time. By comparing inflation rates across different countries, researchers can identify patterns and commonalities that can help explain the underlying causes of inflation.
Additionally, by looking at inflation over a long period of time, this research can help economists, administrators and businesses in identifying periods of high and low inflation to investigate the factors that may have contributed to these changes. In general, inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the price level of goods and services in an economy.
Over time, inflation can erode the purchasing power of a currency, as prices for goods and services rise faster than the currency’s value. There are a variety of factors that can contribute to inflation, including increases in the cost of production, changes in monetary policy, and demand-side pressures.
https://zenodo.org/record/7942937#.ZGQQyPdX6Ed
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Economics is the study of how societies use their resources to produce goods and services. It is a social science that examines the production, distribution, .... Essays in economic development ... and obstacles faced by the poorer nations of the global economy on the path to development are extremely diverse.. Free Essay: Many people think that economics is about money. Well, to some extent this is true. Economics has a lot to do with money: with how much money.... Analysis of the Tourism & Airline Industry in the UAE. Example essay. Last modified: 4th Jun 2023.. Up: Economics Network > Writing for Economics. Essay writing. The idea of setting essays is to offer you the chance to make a longer, more complex argument.. Economics essays often examine how governments can manage resources to promote economic growth. In addition, economics essays may also analyze the impact of .... evidence on three issues within the field of economic development: the effect of social networks on immigrants' labor market outcomes (first essay), .... Lionel Robbins, biography, from the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Robbins' most famous book was An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science .... This thesis was written while I worked at the Research Unit on Economic ... Lilja examined an earlier version of the first essay and provided useful .... The list of economic essay topics is endless – the field focuses on multiple areas of human interactions on different scales. Choosing one of the economics ...
What can we learn from consumer confidence (case of Ukraine)Maksym Mashliakivsky
Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is one of the leading indicators reflecting how people feel themselves in a particular period of time.
The CCI clearly translates into general attitudes and behavior of people towards societal processes and consumer behavior in majority of markets.
We tried to look deeper into consumer confidence and analyze factors affecting consumer optimism or pessimism. These might help us to see how the consumer evolves and what can be expected for the future in terms of consumer behavior.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
4. INTRODUCTION
According to the MARSHALL principle of the economics, economist
have been trained to believe that market competition maximize the
welfare of the consumer in here us monopoly and market power
create economic result that market produce better off ; some
economist try to apply this notion on political market and
techniques which use is benchmark to evaluate the performance of
political equilibrium. the little activities is conducting in ITLY city
the people gives the right to those the policy of the market and work
under their choice but the policy did not works. The people did not
measure exact benchmarking and data to work properly.
5. Our main purpose is to measure the politically
instability impact on economic growth and
dictatorship is main key element of poverty the
money is not revolves and the poor people did not
get the job and money is not rotate.
In current situation Pakistan still did not stable
political and economically because all the
departments are not works properly.
INTRODUCTION
6. LITERATURE REVIEW
In 1988 (Soh) study how the political instability will
affect the economic fluctuations of country.
There they will use Gross National Product Model to
conclude result that dependent upon the created
political data set .Future research must evolve
obtaining and analyzing more objective political data.
In 1995 (Brunetti) studied that political instability
will affect the Democracy of the country.
7. In 2001(Ali) this article the effect of independent variable
on dependent variable. Here political instability effect the
economic growth of the country. They use regression model
that the result show that policy has a more dramatic and
signification impact on growth than political instability.
In 2014 (Zubair) The good Governance of any country will
effect there economic Growth. In this Article they use
regression analysis Model to conclude that the political
stability contributes high toward economic growth. this will
fall between 1981 to 2014.
LITERATURE REVIEW
8. Theoretical Framework
Impact Of Politically Instability On Economic Growth
STEP – 1 Inventory Variables
Independent Variable :
Political Instability
Dependent Variable :
Economic Growth
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross National Product(GNP)
Standard of Living
9. Change in Political Instability Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in Gross National Product
Change in Standards of Living
Change in Economic Growth
STEP – 2
DIRECTION
10. Logic – 1
When a country did not have stability in his political environment in a country.
then they did not boost up his economic growth according to there willing.
Logic – 2
Whenever there is instability in political environment of a country. It will effect
directly towards stock market of that country which result in stop running project of that
country. Investors are not willing to invest there in such instable environment.
Logic – 3
During the period of instability of political environment of a country. The standard
of living of people are decreases. That’s indicate that the growth of the country is going
backward.
LOGICS
STEP – 3
11. Step – 4
PROPOSITION OF INVENTORY
Change in Political stability result in change in Economic Growth.
If the GDP & GNP is increasing. There will be more employment
opportunities available for the people of that country. People earning
increase that will enhance there living standard. That will result that country
will on way to start progressing by leap and bounds.
By stabling the Political environment the employment , GDP & GNP are
increase.
12. Change in Political stability result in change in Economic Growth.
By stabling the Political environment the employment , GDP & GNP are
increase.
If the GDP & GNP is increasing. There will be more employment
opportunities available for the people of that country. People earning increase
that will enhance there living standard. That will result that country will on way
to start progressing by leap and bounds.
SEQUENCE OF PROPOSITION
STEP – 5
14. HYPOTHESIS
H1= If political instability increases then economics growth will be decreases.
H2= If political instability decreases then economics growth will be increases.