Farhanah would not be able to purchase the motorcycle at the stated price of $1000 after JJ's death. JJ's initial request to Farhanah was an invitation to treat, not an offer, so no contract was formed. When Farhanah expressed interest via email, that constituted her offer. However, before JJ could accept, he died. His wife is entitled to make a counteroffer as the new owner, increasing the price since she felt the original $1000 price was too low. Even if JJ had accepted Farhanah's offer verbally before dying, his wife could still invalidate the agreement, as the contract was not fully formed in writing. Therefore, the wife increasing the price means Farhanah cannot purchase
This document contains an individual journal submission from a student named Ong Chia Hong. The journal discusses several topics related to social psychology, including detecting deception, counterfactual thinking, the power of persuasion, social learning, and prosocial behavior. For each topic, the student provides two entries describing personal experiences related to that topic.
Low En Huey is a student taking Social Psychology in their second semester. In their journal entries, they discuss several concepts from class including social facilitation, social loafing, motivation, self-serving biases, optimistic bias, counterfactual thinking, halo effect, confirmation bias, and operant conditioning. They provide examples from their own experiences working part-time, participating in group assignments, playing netball, and interactions with family to illustrate how these psychological concepts have influenced them or people they know.
This document contains 6 journal entries written by a student named Muhammad Hasif Bin Alias for his Foundation in Natural and Built Environment (FNBE) course. The entries discuss various topics related to social psychology such as extrinsic motivation, false consensus effect, discrimination, Cialdini's principles of influence, observational learning, and the bystander effect. Each entry provides context and an example or experience to illustrate the topic being discussed.
Teoh Sze Ming wrote journal entries for a social psychology course covering various concepts discussed in lecture. The concepts included confirmation bias, social learning perspective, motivation, Mead's self, counterfactual thinking, stereotypes, and self-serving bias. Sze Ming provided personal examples and experiences to illustrate how each concept applied to her own life and behaviors. She reflected on past friendships, academic performance, and interactions with others to demonstrate insights gained from applying the social psychology concepts.
This document contains journal entries from a student discussing various concepts in social psychology. In the first entry, the student describes how they completed an accounting exercise faster when doing it alongside a friend, demonstrating the concept of social facilitation. The second entry discusses a friend who prefers individual work over group work due to differing opinions, showing social loafing. The third entry describes building confidence and viewing challenges positively, relating to the concept of self-efficacy.
25 my experience of getting cheated -mazi phasavnukspandane
The author shares four experiences of being cheated over 35 years. In each case, a small amount of money was involved, ranging from Rs. 2 to Rs. 1000. People took advantage of the author's sympathetic nature. While the financial losses were minor, being cheated was still painful. The author analyzes why they were targeted - their willingness to help others due to mixing with all classes and offering assistance. The experiences raise questions on maintaining trust and faith in others versus protecting oneself from being cheated again financially. The author seeks friends' perspectives on getting cheated and how to handle such situations going forward.
- XYZ Photographers would be committing copyright infringement by using John Legend's song "All of Me" as background music in a wedding video without permission, as the music is protected by copyright. John Legend's record label has the right to sue for damages and lost profits.
- Uploading the video to YouTube could also allow others to illegally rip and share the audio, depriving John Legend of revenue.
- XYZ can legally use the song if they obtain permission and a license from John Legend's music publisher, which grants them rights and protects them from legal issues. They may need multiple licenses depending on the copyright protections.
- Alternatively, XYZ could ask an artist to create a cover version of the song and include dis
Ameena has successfully run her antique business as a sole trader for two years. However, she verbally agreed to form a partnership called ARJ Partnership with her friends Rashid and Jasmine without having a written partnership agreement. This has led to issues as Ameena purchased a rare Picasso painting for $50,000 during a trip to Italy without consulting her partners, which was against their previous agreement. As a sole trader, Ameena had full control over her business decisions but by forming the verbal partnership without a proper agreement in place, it has introduced uncertainty over things like authority levels and dispute resolution.
This document contains an individual journal submission from a student named Ong Chia Hong. The journal discusses several topics related to social psychology, including detecting deception, counterfactual thinking, the power of persuasion, social learning, and prosocial behavior. For each topic, the student provides two entries describing personal experiences related to that topic.
Low En Huey is a student taking Social Psychology in their second semester. In their journal entries, they discuss several concepts from class including social facilitation, social loafing, motivation, self-serving biases, optimistic bias, counterfactual thinking, halo effect, confirmation bias, and operant conditioning. They provide examples from their own experiences working part-time, participating in group assignments, playing netball, and interactions with family to illustrate how these psychological concepts have influenced them or people they know.
This document contains 6 journal entries written by a student named Muhammad Hasif Bin Alias for his Foundation in Natural and Built Environment (FNBE) course. The entries discuss various topics related to social psychology such as extrinsic motivation, false consensus effect, discrimination, Cialdini's principles of influence, observational learning, and the bystander effect. Each entry provides context and an example or experience to illustrate the topic being discussed.
Teoh Sze Ming wrote journal entries for a social psychology course covering various concepts discussed in lecture. The concepts included confirmation bias, social learning perspective, motivation, Mead's self, counterfactual thinking, stereotypes, and self-serving bias. Sze Ming provided personal examples and experiences to illustrate how each concept applied to her own life and behaviors. She reflected on past friendships, academic performance, and interactions with others to demonstrate insights gained from applying the social psychology concepts.
This document contains journal entries from a student discussing various concepts in social psychology. In the first entry, the student describes how they completed an accounting exercise faster when doing it alongside a friend, demonstrating the concept of social facilitation. The second entry discusses a friend who prefers individual work over group work due to differing opinions, showing social loafing. The third entry describes building confidence and viewing challenges positively, relating to the concept of self-efficacy.
25 my experience of getting cheated -mazi phasavnukspandane
The author shares four experiences of being cheated over 35 years. In each case, a small amount of money was involved, ranging from Rs. 2 to Rs. 1000. People took advantage of the author's sympathetic nature. While the financial losses were minor, being cheated was still painful. The author analyzes why they were targeted - their willingness to help others due to mixing with all classes and offering assistance. The experiences raise questions on maintaining trust and faith in others versus protecting oneself from being cheated again financially. The author seeks friends' perspectives on getting cheated and how to handle such situations going forward.
- XYZ Photographers would be committing copyright infringement by using John Legend's song "All of Me" as background music in a wedding video without permission, as the music is protected by copyright. John Legend's record label has the right to sue for damages and lost profits.
- Uploading the video to YouTube could also allow others to illegally rip and share the audio, depriving John Legend of revenue.
- XYZ can legally use the song if they obtain permission and a license from John Legend's music publisher, which grants them rights and protects them from legal issues. They may need multiple licenses depending on the copyright protections.
- Alternatively, XYZ could ask an artist to create a cover version of the song and include dis
Ameena has successfully run her antique business as a sole trader for two years. However, she verbally agreed to form a partnership called ARJ Partnership with her friends Rashid and Jasmine without having a written partnership agreement. This has led to issues as Ameena purchased a rare Picasso painting for $50,000 during a trip to Italy without consulting her partners, which was against their previous agreement. As a sole trader, Ameena had full control over her business decisions but by forming the verbal partnership without a proper agreement in place, it has introduced uncertainty over things like authority levels and dispute resolution.
Southwest Airlines uses an integrated marketing approach including promotions, engaging flight crews, and simple advertising messages like "We Love Your Bags" and "Grab Your Bag, It's On!". Their promotions incorporate various elements and their flight crews contribute to promotion activities through entertaining performances. They have positioned their advertising by focusing on easy to understand concepts centered around baggage handling.
Fresh and Easy is a supermarket that offers a wide range of food and non-food products to customers in a large self-service store format. As an underserved market segment retailer, Fresh and Easy utilizes targeted internet marketing including YouTube, Flickr, blogs, and social media to reach customers. Going forward, Fresh and Easy should seek out locations in community shopping centers to fill a void between smaller and larger store formats. The company should also offer online shopping to take advantage of customer demand and their existing online presence.
Stereotypes about men and women by dave barry Syaff Hk
This document discusses stereotyping and provides examples of common stereotypes about gender. It describes how stereotyping can categorize groups of people and potentially lead to discrimination if misunderstood. The document then examines stereotypes about men and women, suggesting men are less emotional and concerned with special dates while women are more emotional and think about the future of relationships. It analyzes a story about a couple to illustrate differences in how men and women think and feel.
The Scenario:
Alex : The person with the higher Authority, The Supervisor.
Chen Ling : The Employee/ The person who do the work.
Monday : Due date of the report.
Tuesday : Board meeting occur.
Discuss : Are Chen Ning and Alex both right in their own places? Would Chen Ning feel better if Alex had told them about the board meeting and the way she feels?
MISCOMUNICATION
SENDER – Correct message sent
MESSAGE – Message sent was unclear
CHANNEL – used verbal and also non- verbal expression
RECEIVER – message received but perceived differently
FEEDBACK – feedback was given
NOISE – language barriers
Group Debate using Six Thinking Hats ApproachSyaff Hk
The Six Thinking Hats was created by Edward de Bono to promote Parallel Thinking, where everyone has different kinds of thinking. This model helps us to focus on different aspect of thinking skills instead of jumble around the ideas at the same time. Different color have different criteria, therefore we can focus on a particular topic so that everyone can contribute accordingly.
Our work plan was to understand fully the six thinking hats. Each of us was trying to understand all the six colors before choosing the right one that suits with our personality. There was no conflict or argument during our discussions. Everyone agrees with the roles that are assigned to them.
We used the internet to search and understand the six thinking hats model. Not only that, we also watched the link that are given in our textbook.
This document provides information about a partnership business called Tropical Seafood Restaurant located in Brunei-Muara District. It is owned by five individuals and offers a variety of seafood. The document also outlines the legal requirements and processes for starting a business and obtaining necessary licenses in Brunei Darussalam. This includes registering the business name, applying for licenses under the Miscellaneous License Act, and ensuring food safety and hygiene standards are met.
The document discusses the key stages in building a computerized information system:
1) Initiation where senior management identifies a problem and requests a new system.
2) Analysis to study the feasibility and requirements.
3) Design of the system interface, modules, security and database.
4) Building the system by writing code, testing, and documenting.
5) Implementation where the system is deployed and users are trained.
6) Review and feedback from users to improve the system over time.
The document discusses Tropicana Exoland, a resort located in Borneo Island, Brunei. It aims to provide a multi-day international vacation destination spanning 489.7 acres near Belait District. The resort seeks to transform the existing beach area into a unified resort environment integrating theme parks, cafes, and visitor facilities. It also mentions 10 individuals but provides no context about them.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brunei Darussalam. It defines FDI and describes the different types, including greenfield investment, horizontal FDI, and backward/forward vertical FDI. It also outlines the main motivations for FDI, such as being resource-seeking, market-seeking, or strategic-asset seeking. The document discusses the importance of FDI for economic growth and development as well as some barriers. It then provides examples of how Brunei is working to attract more FDI through improving infrastructure, providing incentives, and developing special economic zones. Finally, it summarizes recent news articles about land zones and incentives that could further boost FDI in Brunei.
The document discusses role conflict experienced by employees at Maggie's, a telephone service company. The employees felt torn between prioritizing customer service by spending unlimited time solving problems, versus meeting manager expectations to handle high call volumes. This role conflict led to issues like increased turnover and lower job satisfaction. While team members in other jobs also face balancing boss and peer expectations, Maggie's employees experience greater internal conflict due to the challenge of satisfying both customers and management without compromising service quality.
Po report 6 - A lot of bosses are accused of being poor communicator. what do...Syaff Hk
Caruso, a boss, is accused of being a poor communicator by his employees. Specifically, he does not listen to his employees' input, focuses only on business metrics without explaining directions clearly, and has a hierarchical communication style where employees must approach him rather than the other way around. This damages motivation and creates tensions.
To improve, the document recommends that Caruso learn communication fundamentals like listening, choosing words carefully, understanding why communication fails, and being positive. It also suggests developing interpersonal skills like making personal connections, maintaining a network, compromising, and showing interest in others. Regular self-review would help Caruso recognize effective and ineffective communications to continuously enhance his skills.
The manager will use the three-stage attribution process to form judgments about the employee's unsatisfactory work. This involves observing the behavior, determining if it was intentional, and attributing it to either internal or external causes. Specifically, the manager will consider the distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency of the employee's behavior to determine if the causes were internal or external. Overall, the manager's judgments will be influenced by perceptual biases and the need to make self-serving attributions.
This document discusses employee recognition and motivation. It argues that while recognition can motivate employees in the short term, it is not a sustainable form of motivation on its own. Recognition does not have intrinsic value like money, and employees need tangible rewards and compensation to feel truly valued and motivated in their roles over the long run. While non-financial rewards have their place, cash remains the most effective way to motivate employees and compensate them for their work.
It is generally easier to be promoted internally into a leadership position than as an outsider for several reasons:
- Internally promoted leaders are already familiar with the company culture, people, and challenges of the role.
- Their skills and performance are known, reducing orientation costs.
- It promotes employee commitment and retention by offering advancement opportunities.
However, external hires can bring new ideas and expertise not available internally. The choice depends on each situation's unique factors.
E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods or services over electronic networks. It includes various types of online business activities like B2B, B2C, B2G, and C2C. Traditional retail involves operating a physical store, while modern retail combines both online and physical store operations through a website and physical location. The differences between online and traditional retail include aspects like display, location, expenses, communication, and technology requirements. Both retail models have advantages and disadvantages related to aspects like product viewing, returns, assistance, and costs. An optimal approach combines traditional and e-commerce retailing to provide comfort to both consumers and producers.
This document compares traditional in-person shopping to online shopping. Traditional shopping allows customers to see, touch, and evaluate products in person before purchasing. It also enables immediate acquisition of needed items. However, traditional stores may not accept all payment methods or have desired items in stock. Online shopping offers conveniences like variety, price comparisons, and gift sending, but customers cannot see products physically and must wait for delivery. The document concludes both methods have advantages and a personal preference is needed depending on what is most comfortable for each shopper.
This document provides an assignment for a marketing course that asks students to write an essay on factors that affect consumer buying decisions. It discusses the 5 steps in the consumer decision making process: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. It then examines how cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors can influence each step by disrupting the normal decision process. Cultural factors include values and lifestyle, social factors include reference groups like friends and family, individual factors include demographics, and psychological factors include perceptions, motivations, and beliefs. An example is provided of how these different factors may influence a person's decisions to purchase certain brands of clothing or equipment.
bucking the trend - Is “Family” The Next Theme Restaurant? Syaff Hk
Stephen Waite and Eric Shilling plan to open a new family-oriented restaurant and entertainment complex that will include miniature golf, ice skating, and performers to attract families and buck the trend of locating chains near other chains. Their restaurant will aim to stand out from national chains by focusing on locally-inspired dishes and providing higher quality food and experiences for consumers who are tiring of the same themes at other restaurants. While family dining is not new, Waite and Shilling believe their combination of food and entertainment could launch a new trend in theme restaurants if their concept proves successful.
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Southwest Airlines uses an integrated marketing approach including promotions, engaging flight crews, and simple advertising messages like "We Love Your Bags" and "Grab Your Bag, It's On!". Their promotions incorporate various elements and their flight crews contribute to promotion activities through entertaining performances. They have positioned their advertising by focusing on easy to understand concepts centered around baggage handling.
Fresh and Easy is a supermarket that offers a wide range of food and non-food products to customers in a large self-service store format. As an underserved market segment retailer, Fresh and Easy utilizes targeted internet marketing including YouTube, Flickr, blogs, and social media to reach customers. Going forward, Fresh and Easy should seek out locations in community shopping centers to fill a void between smaller and larger store formats. The company should also offer online shopping to take advantage of customer demand and their existing online presence.
Stereotypes about men and women by dave barry Syaff Hk
This document discusses stereotyping and provides examples of common stereotypes about gender. It describes how stereotyping can categorize groups of people and potentially lead to discrimination if misunderstood. The document then examines stereotypes about men and women, suggesting men are less emotional and concerned with special dates while women are more emotional and think about the future of relationships. It analyzes a story about a couple to illustrate differences in how men and women think and feel.
The Scenario:
Alex : The person with the higher Authority, The Supervisor.
Chen Ling : The Employee/ The person who do the work.
Monday : Due date of the report.
Tuesday : Board meeting occur.
Discuss : Are Chen Ning and Alex both right in their own places? Would Chen Ning feel better if Alex had told them about the board meeting and the way she feels?
MISCOMUNICATION
SENDER – Correct message sent
MESSAGE – Message sent was unclear
CHANNEL – used verbal and also non- verbal expression
RECEIVER – message received but perceived differently
FEEDBACK – feedback was given
NOISE – language barriers
Group Debate using Six Thinking Hats ApproachSyaff Hk
The Six Thinking Hats was created by Edward de Bono to promote Parallel Thinking, where everyone has different kinds of thinking. This model helps us to focus on different aspect of thinking skills instead of jumble around the ideas at the same time. Different color have different criteria, therefore we can focus on a particular topic so that everyone can contribute accordingly.
Our work plan was to understand fully the six thinking hats. Each of us was trying to understand all the six colors before choosing the right one that suits with our personality. There was no conflict or argument during our discussions. Everyone agrees with the roles that are assigned to them.
We used the internet to search and understand the six thinking hats model. Not only that, we also watched the link that are given in our textbook.
This document provides information about a partnership business called Tropical Seafood Restaurant located in Brunei-Muara District. It is owned by five individuals and offers a variety of seafood. The document also outlines the legal requirements and processes for starting a business and obtaining necessary licenses in Brunei Darussalam. This includes registering the business name, applying for licenses under the Miscellaneous License Act, and ensuring food safety and hygiene standards are met.
The document discusses the key stages in building a computerized information system:
1) Initiation where senior management identifies a problem and requests a new system.
2) Analysis to study the feasibility and requirements.
3) Design of the system interface, modules, security and database.
4) Building the system by writing code, testing, and documenting.
5) Implementation where the system is deployed and users are trained.
6) Review and feedback from users to improve the system over time.
The document discusses Tropicana Exoland, a resort located in Borneo Island, Brunei. It aims to provide a multi-day international vacation destination spanning 489.7 acres near Belait District. The resort seeks to transform the existing beach area into a unified resort environment integrating theme parks, cafes, and visitor facilities. It also mentions 10 individuals but provides no context about them.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brunei Darussalam. It defines FDI and describes the different types, including greenfield investment, horizontal FDI, and backward/forward vertical FDI. It also outlines the main motivations for FDI, such as being resource-seeking, market-seeking, or strategic-asset seeking. The document discusses the importance of FDI for economic growth and development as well as some barriers. It then provides examples of how Brunei is working to attract more FDI through improving infrastructure, providing incentives, and developing special economic zones. Finally, it summarizes recent news articles about land zones and incentives that could further boost FDI in Brunei.
The document discusses role conflict experienced by employees at Maggie's, a telephone service company. The employees felt torn between prioritizing customer service by spending unlimited time solving problems, versus meeting manager expectations to handle high call volumes. This role conflict led to issues like increased turnover and lower job satisfaction. While team members in other jobs also face balancing boss and peer expectations, Maggie's employees experience greater internal conflict due to the challenge of satisfying both customers and management without compromising service quality.
Po report 6 - A lot of bosses are accused of being poor communicator. what do...Syaff Hk
Caruso, a boss, is accused of being a poor communicator by his employees. Specifically, he does not listen to his employees' input, focuses only on business metrics without explaining directions clearly, and has a hierarchical communication style where employees must approach him rather than the other way around. This damages motivation and creates tensions.
To improve, the document recommends that Caruso learn communication fundamentals like listening, choosing words carefully, understanding why communication fails, and being positive. It also suggests developing interpersonal skills like making personal connections, maintaining a network, compromising, and showing interest in others. Regular self-review would help Caruso recognize effective and ineffective communications to continuously enhance his skills.
The manager will use the three-stage attribution process to form judgments about the employee's unsatisfactory work. This involves observing the behavior, determining if it was intentional, and attributing it to either internal or external causes. Specifically, the manager will consider the distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency of the employee's behavior to determine if the causes were internal or external. Overall, the manager's judgments will be influenced by perceptual biases and the need to make self-serving attributions.
This document discusses employee recognition and motivation. It argues that while recognition can motivate employees in the short term, it is not a sustainable form of motivation on its own. Recognition does not have intrinsic value like money, and employees need tangible rewards and compensation to feel truly valued and motivated in their roles over the long run. While non-financial rewards have their place, cash remains the most effective way to motivate employees and compensate them for their work.
It is generally easier to be promoted internally into a leadership position than as an outsider for several reasons:
- Internally promoted leaders are already familiar with the company culture, people, and challenges of the role.
- Their skills and performance are known, reducing orientation costs.
- It promotes employee commitment and retention by offering advancement opportunities.
However, external hires can bring new ideas and expertise not available internally. The choice depends on each situation's unique factors.
E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods or services over electronic networks. It includes various types of online business activities like B2B, B2C, B2G, and C2C. Traditional retail involves operating a physical store, while modern retail combines both online and physical store operations through a website and physical location. The differences between online and traditional retail include aspects like display, location, expenses, communication, and technology requirements. Both retail models have advantages and disadvantages related to aspects like product viewing, returns, assistance, and costs. An optimal approach combines traditional and e-commerce retailing to provide comfort to both consumers and producers.
This document compares traditional in-person shopping to online shopping. Traditional shopping allows customers to see, touch, and evaluate products in person before purchasing. It also enables immediate acquisition of needed items. However, traditional stores may not accept all payment methods or have desired items in stock. Online shopping offers conveniences like variety, price comparisons, and gift sending, but customers cannot see products physically and must wait for delivery. The document concludes both methods have advantages and a personal preference is needed depending on what is most comfortable for each shopper.
This document provides an assignment for a marketing course that asks students to write an essay on factors that affect consumer buying decisions. It discusses the 5 steps in the consumer decision making process: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. It then examines how cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors can influence each step by disrupting the normal decision process. Cultural factors include values and lifestyle, social factors include reference groups like friends and family, individual factors include demographics, and psychological factors include perceptions, motivations, and beliefs. An example is provided of how these different factors may influence a person's decisions to purchase certain brands of clothing or equipment.
bucking the trend - Is “Family” The Next Theme Restaurant? Syaff Hk
Stephen Waite and Eric Shilling plan to open a new family-oriented restaurant and entertainment complex that will include miniature golf, ice skating, and performers to attract families and buck the trend of locating chains near other chains. Their restaurant will aim to stand out from national chains by focusing on locally-inspired dishes and providing higher quality food and experiences for consumers who are tiring of the same themes at other restaurants. While family dining is not new, Waite and Shilling believe their combination of food and entertainment could launch a new trend in theme restaurants if their concept proves successful.
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts Prof. Oyedokun.pptx
Business Law tutorial
1. 1
N. Syafiqah Husin
1. a) Explain whether Farhanah can be successful in claiming her job from
Kayangan Sdn Bhd?
b) What happens if she had posted a letter on 17th May 2015 about 8am?
Farhanah was offered a job at Kayangan Sdn Bhd after she attended the interview. She
also indicated that she will accept the offer. However for her to accept the offer she must reply
Kayangan’s letter dated 12th May 2015 but she received on 14th May 2015. In order for her to
bind a contract with Kayangan Sdn Bhd and be successful in claiming her job is to follow
Kayangan’s requirement. The requirement stats that she must send a letter of reply indicated
that she accept Kayangan’s offer and also it must be via postal services. Not only that she must
also send the reply letter in writing and it should reach the office on Friday or within five days
from the date of offer. This is because Kayangan Sdn Bhd business hour are from Monday to
Friday starting 8.30 am till 4.30 pm and Saturday 8.30 am till 12.30pm.
When Kayangan asked Farhanah for the job is an indication of an offer. The intention
that it will become binding upon acceptance by Farhanah. Theoretically, a contract is already
binding because it already has an offer and acceptance. However Kayangan also indicates that
in order for Farhanah to accept their offer they will send a formal offer letter to her on the
outcome of the interview. So in order for Farhanah to accept the offer she must send an
acceptance letter. However upon reply she was ill and ask her friend to notify Kayangan. To
her knowledge, her friend telephoned Kayangan to tell them that Farhanah accept the offer.
Unfortunately Kayangan was closed and the call was sent to voicemail.
Farhanah was not satisfied when she heard that the job was not given to her because
she felt so unfair. The formal offer letter only reach to her on 14th May 2015 and she was told
that she was given 5 days to reply the offer letter. So the duration of offer should be from 14th
– 19th May 2015. Kayangan should accept her acceptance because her friend already called
Kayangan via telephone on 17th May 2015. Kayangan Personel should check the voicemail
first thing in the morning that Monday. If Kayangan doesn’t accept the method of
communication as it was already stated in Kayanagan requirement, Kayangan should also state
the only method of communication was through postal only. This is because Farhanah felt
cheated when Kayangan Personnel checked all the mail and immediately telephoned another
interviewee. It is not fair for Farhanah because she can be crossed by the person who is using
faster method of communication. Not only that, other interviewee could bypass Farhanah in
term of sending the letter. Meaning to say, if the other interviewee send out the letter before
Farhanah, he/she will be the one for the job.
Another reason in which Farhanah felt so unfair is because she was instructed to send
the letter and it should reach Kayangan office on Friday. With the limited time, the letter should
reach on Friday assuming that she send the letter right after she received it which is on
Wednesday, 14th May 2015. This is because it took 2 days for the letter to be processed and
send out respectively, so Farhanah’s letter will be delivered and should reach the Kayangan
office by Friday and maybe in the afternoon assuming that there is nothing happened in the
postal services.
2. 2
N. Syafiqah Husin
Kayangan have the rights to revoke the offer. This is because during the interview they
clearly indicates that the offer are made as soon as they sent out the letter and Farhanah safely
receive the letter. Postal rule states that the letter must be correctly addressed stamped and
posted and therefore as soon as the letter are sent out, an offer will be formed on 12th May
2015. In that offer letter, Farhanah was clearly instructed to reply the offer within 5 days in
writing. But Farhanah did not follow the instructions because she was ill and instruct her friend
to tell Kayangan Personnel Department. It was Farhanah’s fault not to tell her friend that she
should reply Farhanah’s acceptance in writing not through phone. This is because the postal
rule only applies to telegrams but no other method i.e. telephone, fax or telex [Entores V Miles
Far East Corp (1995)]
In Farhanah’s defend, she was so ill to write a letter and she immediately ask her friend
to telephone Kayangan Personnel. Even though Kayangan clearly states the method of
acceptance but she can reply by return post which means that phone call should be acceptable
since she has a valid reason [Yates Building Co Ltd v RJ Pulleyen & Sons (York) Ltd (1975)].
If Farhanah had posted a letter on 17th May 2015 at 8am, the job should be hers. In her
defend, she meet the requirement of postal rule. Assuming that she clearly addressed, stamp
and posted correctly she still have the rights for the job due to the offer is still valid. In
Farhanah’s point of view the duration of offer was made on 14th May up till 17th May.
Kayangan should receive Farhanah’s letter in 2 days after she posted it which will be on
Monday, 19th May 2015 and again assuming there is no delay in the postal services. So the job
should be hers as she meet all the requirement.
But Kayangan has different view. Kayangan made an offer to Farhanah stating 12th May
2015 till 16th May 2015. So even though Farhanah sent out her letter on 17th May 2015, her
acceptance will no longer valid. Meaning to say that the offer lapses. [Ramsgate Victoria Hotel
Co V Montefiore (1866)]. So, the personnel can choose other interviewee instead of Farhanah.
In conclusion, Farhanah only be successful in claiming her job at Kayangan Sdn Bhd
if she send out the letter right after she receive the offer letter. In addition to that, if she had
send out the letter on 17th May, the offer lapses already and she will not get the job.
3. 3
N. Syafiqah Husin
2. Would it be possible for farhanah to purchase the motocyle at the stated price as per
initial request even after JJ's death?
Farhanah receive a request from JJ whether she would buy his motorcycle for $1000.
JJ’s act was an invitation to treat for Farhanah [Fisher v Bell (1960)]. This is because his
request considered an advertisement due to he specifically asked Farhanah whether she would
his motorcycle. Farhanah could easily makes the offer, which may be accepted or rejected.
[Partridge v Crittenden 1968)].
So, Farhanah immediately send an email expressing her interest to purchase the
motorcycle because the market price for that motorcycle is very expensive. In other words
Farhanah was offering JJ and indicate that she would purchase the motorcycle. However, she
still not received a reply from JJ after a week had passed. So she went to see JJ and she found
out that JJ had died shortly after talking to her in Bukit Shahbandar. Moreover JJ’s wife change
the price of the motorcycle as the quoted price was too cheap.
Farhanah felt so unfair because she already send an email to JJ expressing her interest
to purchase the motorcycle for $1000. The acceptance is valid if it is implied, expressed or
written. So the contract between JJ and Farhanah considered a valid contract. Assuming that
she had talk to JJ about Farhanah’s offer during his hike at Bukit Shahbandar, the contract will
be bind already because not only Farhanah send an email of offer, she also talk about it on the
phone with JJ. She was using an instantaneous method of acceptance for the offer and JJ
receives the acceptance. So there will be no case for his wife to counter offer after JJ’s death.
And therefore, she could purchase the motorcycle at $1000 as per initial request.
Another assumption will be when Farhanah didn’t talk about the sale of JJ’s motorcycle
but only casual talk before he died. This indicates that Farhanah was not notified about the
death of JJ. The offer still standing and acceptance can be carried out by JJ’s next of kin which
this case will be his wife. But JJ’s wife made counter offer by increasing the price due to the
quoted price was too cheap. So the Farhanah’s offer is no longer valid [Hyde V Wrench (1840)].
Moreover JJ’s wife has the right to make a counter offer because she is also quite aware of the
sale of her late husband’s motorcycle. Not only that, JJ’s request was only an invitation to treat
and Lilly has the right to refuse to sell at the advertised price.
In Farhanah’s defend, Lilly act to increase the price of the motorcycle was wrong
because if she felt that price was too cheap why not discuss to her husband before make the
request? Farhanah felt cheated as she was already made the offer even though she knew that
the offer may be rejected.
In other situation when JJ’s request was not considered as an invitation to treat but an
offer. If JJ’s request was an offer so Farhanah’s email expressing her interest to purchase the
motorcycle will be an acceptance thus the contract was made between them. One week passed
and she did not receive anything from JJ and she went to his address showed in the notice.
Then she found out that JJ had died after they had small talk during his hike at Bukit
Shahbandar.
4. 4
N. Syafiqah Husin
Assuming that the talk was about the sale of JJ’s motorcycle like when and where to
make the payment. The contract was already sealed tight and his wife, Lilly cannot make a
counter offer by increasing the price of the motorcycle because the contract was valid unless
JJ indicate otherwise.
Another assumption will be when Farhanah didn’t talk about her interest to purchase
JJ’s motorcycle but only casual talk before he died. This indicates that Farhanah was not
notified about the death of JJ. Still, the acceptance was valid. However, the offer also survive
and can be carried out by JJ’s next of kin in this case will be his wife. But JJ’s wife made
counter offer by increasing the price due to the quoted price was too cheap. So the initial offer
is no longer valid and Farhanah’s acceptance will also be terminated [Hyde V Wrench (1840)].
Moreover JJ’s wife has the right to make a counter offer because she is also quite aware of the
sale of her late husband’s motorcycle.
In Farhanah’s defend, Lilly act to increase the price of the motorcycle was wrong
because if she felt that price was too cheap why not discuss to her husband before make the
request? Farhanah felt cheated as she was already accept the offer made by JJ before he died.
But in Lilly’s defend, she has the right to change the price because the offer are no longer valid.
Moreover, Lilly also has the right not to sell the motorcycle. This is because JJ does not state
the condition of the agreement.
In conclusion, it is not possible for Farhanah to purchase the motorcycle as per initial
request because it was an invitation to treat only and it definitely not considered as an offer.
Not only that, Lilly has the right to accept or reject Farhanah’s offer as she acted as the next of
kin. But it the request was an offer and therefore Farhanah can purchase the motorcycle as per
initial request.