George W. Bush claimed the U.S. presidency during a time when it was a global hegemon. In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Bush combined his religious beliefs with democratic liberalism to continue spreading democracy through unilateral force, disregarding international law. Bush's coercive diplomacy and promotion of democracy in the Middle East increased Muslim extremism and terrorism. While the U.S. became a dominant superpower, Bush's reliance on force over diplomacy damaged relations with allies and may have exacerbated security issues in the long run.

1. CoerciveCoercive diplomacydiplomacy
andand the’moc’racythe’moc’racy
The advent of the comingThe advent of the coming
hegemonic empire-kingdomhegemonic empire-kingdom

2. THESISTHESIS
►George Bush claimed the presidency duringGeorge Bush claimed the presidency during
a time when the U.S. was a globala time when the U.S. was a global
hegemon. Due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks,hegemon. Due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks,
he combined his religious theology,he combined his religious theology,
democratic liberalism to continue to spreaddemocratic liberalism to continue to spread
democracy and unilateral force to imposedemocracy and unilateral force to impose
his will on second/third world, disregardinghis will on second/third world, disregarding
international law and traditional diplomacy.international law and traditional diplomacy.

3. Coercive diplomacyCoercive diplomacy
►Coercive diplomacy is forceful persuasion.Coercive diplomacy is forceful persuasion.
(Alexander George)(Alexander George)
►It is an attempt to get a target – a state, aIt is an attempt to get a target – a state, a
group, or groups within a state or non-stategroup, or groups within a state or non-state
actor to change its objectionable behavioractor to change its objectionable behavior
through either the threat to use force or thethrough either the threat to use force or the
actual use of force in limitation.actual use of force in limitation.
►Compellence or deterrence.Compellence or deterrence.

4. Deterrence and CompellenceDeterrence and Compellence
► Compellence – to keep enemy from starting somethingCompellence – to keep enemy from starting something
► Deterrence – intended to make adversary do somethingDeterrence – intended to make adversary do something
► As two sides challenge status quo, the deterred defendsAs two sides challenge status quo, the deterred defends
status quo and target tries to ovethrow the status quo.status quo and target tries to ovethrow the status quo.
► Initially, Osama Bin Laden was the deterrer. He wasInitially, Osama Bin Laden was the deterrer. He was
beckoning the U.S. to become pure, abide by Muslimbeckoning the U.S. to become pure, abide by Muslim
religious principles, and forsake Western values. Bothreligious principles, and forsake Western values. Both
Bush and Bin Laden were seeking ways to get other side toBush and Bin Laden were seeking ways to get other side to
change their behavior. As U.S. became the aggressor andchange their behavior. As U.S. became the aggressor and
the Muslim extremists became the targets, the U.S. wasthe Muslim extremists became the targets, the U.S. was
trying to compel Muslim strongholds from acting in randomtrying to compel Muslim strongholds from acting in random
violence toward Western nations but they wereviolence toward Western nations but they were enforcingenforcing
their demands through violence and not diplomacy.their demands through violence and not diplomacy.
►

5. OutcomesOutcomes
► It is difficult to predict the outcome of any coerciveIt is difficult to predict the outcome of any coercive
diplomatic or forceful gesture.diplomatic or forceful gesture.
► Possession of military superiority does not guaranteePossession of military superiority does not guarantee
success of coercive diplomacy.success of coercive diplomacy.
► Terrorism has spread, especially as we are situated in theTerrorism has spread, especially as we are situated in the
Middle East in adversary territory. It has increased muslimMiddle East in adversary territory. It has increased muslim
extremism to give a more, unified forceful response whichextremism to give a more, unified forceful response which
has been created through Islamic factions.has been created through Islamic factions.
► Coercive diplomacy should not be used unless one is fullyCoercive diplomacy should not be used unless one is fully
prepared for war and if it fails, there is a desirable way outprepared for war and if it fails, there is a desirable way out
of it. (Robert Art)of it. (Robert Art)

6. Huntington's responseHuntington's response
Clash of CivilizationsClash of Civilizations
► The Muslim world lacks the core politicalThe Muslim world lacks the core political
values that gave birth to representativevalues that gave birth to representative
democracy in Western civilization:democracy in Western civilization:
separation of religious and secularseparation of religious and secular
authority, rule of law and social pluralism,authority, rule of law and social pluralism,
parliamentary institutions of representativeparliamentary institutions of representative
government, and protection of individualgovernment, and protection of individual
► rights and civil liberties as the bufferrights and civil liberties as the buffer
between citizens and the power of thebetween citizens and the power of the
state.state.
►

7. Similarities between BushSimilarities between Bush
doctrine and Muslim extremismdoctrine and Muslim extremism
► ““Not only do the Muslims disapprove of our way of life, they seekNot only do the Muslims disapprove of our way of life, they seek
to destroy it.” Lach K. Johnson “The Seven Sins of Americanto destroy it.” Lach K. Johnson “The Seven Sins of American
Foreign Policy.”Foreign Policy.”
► Bush sees Muslim extremists as evil doers that must be wipedBush sees Muslim extremists as evil doers that must be wiped
out.out.
► Both Bush and Muslim Extremists believe in God’s providence inBoth Bush and Muslim Extremists believe in God’s providence in
their decision making and dominance.their decision making and dominance.
► Bush believes the U.S. conquering of terrorism is a divineBush believes the U.S. conquering of terrorism is a divine
mission and he is appointed for this purpose. (Sojournersmission and he is appointed for this purpose. (Sojourners
magazine but stated publically)magazine but stated publically)
► ““The call of history has come to the right country.” – Bush, StateThe call of history has come to the right country.” – Bush, State
of Union address 2004of Union address 2004
► ““There isThere is wonder working powerwonder working power (from hymn) in the goodness(from hymn) in the goodness
and idealism and faith of American people.” State of Unionand idealism and faith of American people.” State of Union 20032003

8. ContinuedContinued
► ““I’ve heard the call, I believe God wants me to run forI’ve heard the call, I believe God wants me to run for
presidentpresident.” – G. Bush Tv Show “Life Today” with James.” – G. Bush Tv Show “Life Today” with James
RobisonRobison
► Kristol: Project for New American Century –Kristol: Project for New American Century –
► ““America’s grand strategy should aim to preserve andAmerica’s grand strategy should aim to preserve and
extend this advantageous position as far into the future asextend this advantageous position as far into the future as
► possible.”possible.”
► ““Our responsibility to history is already clear; to answerOur responsibility to history is already clear; to answer
these attacks and rid the world of evil.”these attacks and rid the world of evil.” – George Bush,– George Bush,
National Cathedral Service for 9/11 attacksNational Cathedral Service for 9/11 attacks

9. International structure & domestic objectivesInternational structure & domestic objectives
► Bush has a liberal point of view in the belief that there areBush has a liberal point of view in the belief that there are
good states and bad states. States that are cooperativegood states and bad states. States that are cooperative
and propel democratic principles and those who don’t.and propel democratic principles and those who don’t.
► Bush has taken the war on terror with non state actors andBush has taken the war on terror with non state actors and
invaded two middle eastern countries, attempting to imposeinvaded two middle eastern countries, attempting to impose
our Western view of law, government, economic pursuitsour Western view of law, government, economic pursuits
and military occupation to a country which was neverand military occupation to a country which was never
conducive for Western occupation/transferrence of culture.conducive for Western occupation/transferrence of culture.
► ““The new approach to the use of international force beneath theThe new approach to the use of international force beneath the
banner of counterterrorism and in the domestic climate of ferventbanner of counterterrorism and in the domestic climate of fervent
nationalism that has existed since September 11. This new approachnationalism that has existed since September 11. This new approach
repudiates the core idea of the United Nations Charter (reinforced byrepudiates the core idea of the United Nations Charter (reinforced by
decisions of the World Court in The Hague), which prohibits any use ofdecisions of the World Court in The Hague), which prohibits any use of
international force that is not undertaken in self-defense after theinternational force that is not undertaken in self-defense after the
occurrence of an armed attack across an international boundary oroccurrence of an armed attack across an international boundary or
pursuant to a decision by the UN Security Council.” The Nation bypursuant to a decision by the UN Security Council.” The Nation by

10. ConclusionConclusion
U.S. now uni-polar superpower and can impose their objectives on theU.S. now uni-polar superpower and can impose their objectives on the
world. Even if other states disagree, who will stop them? “We areworld. Even if other states disagree, who will stop them? “We are
empire status like the Romans.” (Wallis, Sojournerempire status like the Romans.” (Wallis, Sojourner))
If choice of military force continues, shrinks chances of future diplomaticIf choice of military force continues, shrinks chances of future diplomatic
relations with our own allies, international bodies and actual enemies.relations with our own allies, international bodies and actual enemies.
““America’s foreign policy is more than pre-emptive. It is theologicallAmerica’s foreign policy is more than pre-emptive. It is theologicall
presumptiious.” - Jim Wallis, Sojourner Magazinepresumptiious.” - Jim Wallis, Sojourner Magazine
We are not only making power calculations, we are making moralWe are not only making power calculations, we are making moral
calculations on non state actors and conquered nations with only acalculations on non state actors and conquered nations with only a
single minded approach to resolving issues.single minded approach to resolving issues.
Distinction between diplomacy and force…..not just words orDistinction between diplomacy and force…..not just words or
bullets…..but in RELATION OF ADVERSARIES – the interplay ofbullets…..but in RELATION OF ADVERSARIES – the interplay of
motives and role of communication, understandings, compromisemotives and role of communication, understandings, compromise
and restraint. – Thomas C. Schelling, “The Diplomacy ofand restraint. – Thomas C. Schelling, “The Diplomacy of
Violence”Violence”

11. Conclusion cont’dConclusion cont’d..
► Bush has not tried diplomatic route nor tried to even obtainBush has not tried diplomatic route nor tried to even obtain
advice from allies. (German Chancellor Gerhard Schmidadvice from allies. (German Chancellor Gerhard Schmid
read that the U.S. would engage in war in Iraq in aread that the U.S. would engage in war in Iraq in a
newspaper – no courtesy call.)newspaper – no courtesy call.)
► Foreign policy goals can not be tenure of religion. Use ofForeign policy goals can not be tenure of religion. Use of
religion should be justice and reconciliation (Slaves-religion should be justice and reconciliation (Slaves-
Lincoln) not ordering free will democratic nation to fulfillLincoln) not ordering free will democratic nation to fulfill
individual presidential objectives that don’t even solve theindividual presidential objectives that don’t even solve the
problem of growing terrorism.problem of growing terrorism.
► Bush’s thrust in the Middle East was also a measure toBush’s thrust in the Middle East was also a measure to
impose Western hegemony and increase security of Israel.impose Western hegemony and increase security of Israel.

12. …………..
► According to Jervis Offensive/Defensive theory andAccording to Jervis Offensive/Defensive theory and
Security Dilemma, nation states will build up their defenseSecurity Dilemma, nation states will build up their defense
in anticipation of a war. If European nations do not believein anticipation of a war. If European nations do not believe
they stand a chance against the US or other countries,they stand a chance against the US or other countries,
they will remain dormant or will possible bandwagon.they will remain dormant or will possible bandwagon.
► Bush doctrine of pre-emption goes much further,Bush doctrine of pre-emption goes much further,
encroaching on highly dangerous terrain. It claims a right toencroaching on highly dangerous terrain. It claims a right to
abandon rules of restraint and of law patiently developedabandon rules of restraint and of law patiently developed
over the course of centuries, rules governing the use ofover the course of centuries, rules governing the use of
force in relation to territorial states, not networks (Re: toforce in relation to territorial states, not networks (Re: to
combat non state terrorismcombat non state terrorism) – the Nation) – the Nation