This document provides an overview of an upcoming course on CMOS analog circuits to be taught in Portuguese. The course will cover topics such as CMOS subcircuits, amplifiers, operational amplifiers, comparators, switched-capacitor circuits, and data converters over 15 weeks. It will include both theoretical lectures and laboratory experiments applying the concepts. The goal is for students to understand the key concepts needed to meet the course objectives. Office hours will be offered on Fridays for student assistance. Bureaucracy is an inevitable management system that is different from but not necessarily worse than market-based institutions, especially where economic calculation is impossible due to legal constraints.
Book review on The Public Sector: Concepts, Models and Approaches By Jan-Erik...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
In the book “The Public Sector”, Jan-Erik Lane discussed entirely about various aspect of Public administration. He traced back the root of Public Administration and illustrated the long of it to come till Public Choice phase. He entirely gave glance at the organograms of the government, reform initiatives to cope with politico-economic global stance as well as suggestions about the acceptance of the is and the tough meaning the normative and theoretical part of administration . Besides, introduction and conclusion parts, the book fourteen distinct chapters containing fourteen different issues.
As a part of my regular academic activities, I was assigned by Dr. Ferdous Arfina Osman, my honourable course teacher , to review the book “The Public Sector ” written by Jan-Erik Lane .
Hope, this review with will give a compact and clear notion about the book.
Palestra sobre como o impacto econômico da Inteligência Artificial vai tornar o pensamento crítico, a comunicação e criatividade em recursos escassos no mercado de trabalho
Second ARC(Fourth Report) Ethics in Governance(Government of India)Consultant
Second Administrative Reforms Commission(Fourth Report)-Ethics In Governance.
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,Ministry of Personnel,PG and Pensions,Government of India.
Book review on The Public Sector: Concepts, Models and Approaches By Jan-Erik...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
In the book “The Public Sector”, Jan-Erik Lane discussed entirely about various aspect of Public administration. He traced back the root of Public Administration and illustrated the long of it to come till Public Choice phase. He entirely gave glance at the organograms of the government, reform initiatives to cope with politico-economic global stance as well as suggestions about the acceptance of the is and the tough meaning the normative and theoretical part of administration . Besides, introduction and conclusion parts, the book fourteen distinct chapters containing fourteen different issues.
As a part of my regular academic activities, I was assigned by Dr. Ferdous Arfina Osman, my honourable course teacher , to review the book “The Public Sector ” written by Jan-Erik Lane .
Hope, this review with will give a compact and clear notion about the book.
Palestra sobre como o impacto econômico da Inteligência Artificial vai tornar o pensamento crítico, a comunicação e criatividade em recursos escassos no mercado de trabalho
Second ARC(Fourth Report) Ethics in Governance(Government of India)Consultant
Second Administrative Reforms Commission(Fourth Report)-Ethics In Governance.
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,Ministry of Personnel,PG and Pensions,Government of India.
This presentation provides an overview of several perspectives on corporate social responsibility, including a review of the famous Berle-Dodd debate of the 1930s and Milton Friedman's very famous NY Times article.
Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and C...YogeshIJTSRD
This article describes the origins, forms, types, causes and consequences of corruption, as well as the fact that it covers all areas as a negative evil in society. Raximova Dilshoda Baxritdinovna Samarqand | Xidirov Khoshim Ibodullaevich "Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and Consequences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38736.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38736/origin-forms-of-corruption-that-negatively-affects-public-life-causes-and-consequences/raximova-dilshoda-baxritdinovna-samarqand
Bachelor Degree Program (Bachelor in Commerce) Solved Question papers (sharing my solved question papers for easy learning experience, simple, easy, shortened and straight forward answers) If any error or mistake found please correct
One way of breaking the ice at a social gathering is to ask, “So, what do you
study?” When you mention physics, psychology, history, dance, or theology,
people nod in understanding, since these are common subjects in high
school or elsewhere. But when you answer, “Public administration,” eyes
glaze over, because it is not a common subject. Civics has not been a mandatory
course for the past 30 or 40 years. But once you have made clear that
public administration is about government, you are not the only expert in
the room. Everyone has opinions about government: Government cannot
be trusted. Government is bureaucratic, riddled with red tape, slow
and unresponsive. Government collects too much in taxes and should leave
people alone. Government is too big.
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
It does not seem strange, well, that's about to keep talking for a long time, sometimes with great emphasis to emphasize the decisive importance for the future of the country, but has failed to any concrete results: quite simply, it's about warning because the recruitment and promotion of the most capable introduce an intolerable element of unpredictability in the system and it is an attack on the right of co-optation. Well, that system - recalling Paolo Mancini in "In Praise of the subdivision" - which is like a twin sister, but much more palatable, the proverbial "sora camilla" nobody wants, but if everyone seize, still in the dark and silence, with the exception that denounce the subdivision of others, looking good from admitting that if they purloin some even their place of power but would not have been parcelling exercise of pluralism.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation provides an overview of several perspectives on corporate social responsibility, including a review of the famous Berle-Dodd debate of the 1930s and Milton Friedman's very famous NY Times article.
Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and C...YogeshIJTSRD
This article describes the origins, forms, types, causes and consequences of corruption, as well as the fact that it covers all areas as a negative evil in society. Raximova Dilshoda Baxritdinovna Samarqand | Xidirov Khoshim Ibodullaevich "Origin, Forms of Corruption that Negatively Affects Public Life, Causes and Consequences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38736.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38736/origin-forms-of-corruption-that-negatively-affects-public-life-causes-and-consequences/raximova-dilshoda-baxritdinovna-samarqand
Bachelor Degree Program (Bachelor in Commerce) Solved Question papers (sharing my solved question papers for easy learning experience, simple, easy, shortened and straight forward answers) If any error or mistake found please correct
One way of breaking the ice at a social gathering is to ask, “So, what do you
study?” When you mention physics, psychology, history, dance, or theology,
people nod in understanding, since these are common subjects in high
school or elsewhere. But when you answer, “Public administration,” eyes
glaze over, because it is not a common subject. Civics has not been a mandatory
course for the past 30 or 40 years. But once you have made clear that
public administration is about government, you are not the only expert in
the room. Everyone has opinions about government: Government cannot
be trusted. Government is bureaucratic, riddled with red tape, slow
and unresponsive. Government collects too much in taxes and should leave
people alone. Government is too big.
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
It does not seem strange, well, that's about to keep talking for a long time, sometimes with great emphasis to emphasize the decisive importance for the future of the country, but has failed to any concrete results: quite simply, it's about warning because the recruitment and promotion of the most capable introduce an intolerable element of unpredictability in the system and it is an attack on the right of co-optation. Well, that system - recalling Paolo Mancini in "In Praise of the subdivision" - which is like a twin sister, but much more palatable, the proverbial "sora camilla" nobody wants, but if everyone seize, still in the dark and silence, with the exception that denounce the subdivision of others, looking good from admitting that if they purloin some even their place of power but would not have been parcelling exercise of pluralism.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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3. Ludwig von
Mises
Áustria,1881 - New York,1973.
Filósofo, economista e
sociólogo.
Um dos grandes nomes da
escola austríaca de
pensamento.
Maior contribuição para a
área foi a aplicação da
praxeologia em detrimento
de observações empíricas.
12. Profit Management
Bureaucratic management
Burocracia
Bureaucratic management of
publicly owned enterprises
Bureaucratic management
of private enterprises
The social and political implications
of bureaucratization
The phychological consequences of
bureaucratization
Is there any remedy available?
14. “Bureaucracy is but a consequence and a
symptom of things and changes much more
deeply rooted.”
15. “It is therefore not correct to say that the
bureaucratic system carried its victory by
unconstitutional and undemocratic methods.”
16. “Congress has in many instances surrended the
function of legislation to government agencies
and commissions...”
17. “Those who criticize bureaucracy make the
mistake of directing their attacks against a
symptom only and not against the seat of the
evil.”
18. “Capitalism means free enterprise, sovereignty
of the consumers in economic matters, and
sovereignty of the voters in pollitical matters.”
“Socialism means full government control of
every sphere of the individual's life and the
unrestricted supremacy of the government in its
capacity as central board of production
management.”
19. “Contrary to a popular fallacy there is no middle
way, no third system possible as a pattern of a
permanent social order.”
20. “Totalitarism is much more than mere
bureaucracy. It is the subordination of every
individual's whole life, work, and leisure, to the
orders of those in power and office.”
!
"Bureaucracy is instrumental in the execution of
these plans."
35. “There are countless kinds of material factors of
production, and within each class they differ
from one another both with regard to their
physical properties and to the places at which
they are available.”
36. “Which of these potential procedures and plans
are the most advantageous? Which should be
carried out because they are apt to contribute
most to the satisfaction of the most urgent
needs?"
37. “In the capitalist system all designing and
planning is based on the market prices.”
38. “It has been frequently objected that this
orientation of economic activity according to the
profit motive (...) leaves out of consideration the
interests of the nation as a whole and takes
account only the selfish interests of individuals,
different from and often contrary to the national
interests.”
39. “But it is not the task of the government to
improve the behavior of its 'subjects'. Neither is
it the task of businessmen.”
!
"If the public prefers hard to soft drinks, the
entrepreneurs have to yield to these wishes."
41. “The elaborate methods of modern
bookkeeping, accountancy, and business
statistics provide the enterpriser with a faithful
image of all his operations.”
!
"The books and the balance sheets are the
conscience of business. They are also the
businessman's compass."
42. “Thus within the framework of a profit-seeking
enterprise responsibility can be divided. Every
submanager is responsible for the for the
working of his department. It is to his credit if
the accounts show a profit, and it is to his
disadvantage if they show a loss.”
43. “The only instruction required is self-understood
and does not need to be especially mentioned:
seek profit. Moreover, most of the details can
and must be left to the head of every
department.”
44.
45. Diferenças salariais entre
homens e mulheres
“He simply cannot pay anybody more than he
can realize in selling the product.”
Salário mínimo
46. “One of the qualifications required for any
higher position is precisely the ability to judge
people correctly.”
!
“There is no need to look for special protection
for the employees against the arbitrariness on
the part of their employers or their employer’s
mandatories."
47.
48. “The very fact that labor is, under capitalism, a
commodity and is bought and sold as a
commodity makes the wage earner free from
any personal dependence.”
!
“Like the capitalists, (…) the wage earner
depends on the arbitrariness of the consumers."
52. “As he lacks ubiquity, he must delegate a part
of his power to subordinates. They are, in their
districts, his deputies, acting in his name and
under his auspices”
53. “In fact they become local despots only
nominally subject to the mighty overlord who
has appointed them.”
54. “(…) if the despot, for whom his own arbitrary
decision in the only principle of government,
appoints a governor and says to him: ‘Be my
deputy in this province,’ he makes the deputy’s
arbitrariness supreme in this province.”
55. “(…) the king tries to limit the governor’s powers
by issuing directives and instructions.”
!
“Their free discretion in now limited; their first
duty is now to comply with the regulations.”
59. “Primacy of the law means that no judge of
officeholder has the right to interfere with any
individual’s affairs or conditions unless a valid
law requires or empowers him to do so.”
62. “It is not for the personnel of the administration
and for the judges to inquire what should be
done for the public welfare and how the public
funds should be spent. This is a task of the
sovereign, the people, and their
representatives.”
65. “From their point of view the main function of
the law is to limit power of the authorities and
the courts to inflict evils upon individual citizen
and to restrict its freedom.”
66. “This book looks upon the rules and regulations
(…) as measures for the execution of the will of
the supreme authority.”
67. “The objectives of public administration cannot
be measured in money terms and cannot be
checked by accountancy methods.”
68. “In spending more money he can, very often at
least, improve the result of his conduct of
affairs. Thrift must be imposed on him by
regimentation.”
69. “In public administration there is no market
price for achievements. This makes it
indispensable to operate public offices
according to principles entirely different from
those applied under the profit motive.”
70. “Bureaucratic management is the method
applied in the conduct of administrative affairs
the result of which has no cash values on the
market.”
!
“Bureaucratic management is management of
affairs which cannot be checked by economic
calculation.”
71. “We do not say that a successful handling of
public affairs has no value, but that it has no
price on the market, that its value cannot be
realized in a market transaction and
consequently cannot be expressed in terms of
money.”
73. “The plain citizen compares the operation of the
bureaus with the working of the profit system,
which is more familiar to him. Then he discovers
that bureaucratic management is wasteful,
inefficient, slow, and rolled up in red tape.”
!
“Why not adopt the well-tried methods of
private business?"
74.
75. “What they call deficiencies and faults of the
management of administrative agencies are
necessary properties. A bureau is not a profit
seeking enterprise; it cannot make use of any
economic calculation…”
76. “Like any kind of engineering, management
engineering too is conditioned by the
availability of a method of calculation. Such a
method exists in profit-seeking business. Here
the profit-and-loss statement is supreme. The
problem of bureaucratic management is
precisely the absence of such a method of
calculation.”
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82. “(…)quando falta polícia, todos reclamam.
Quando a polícia está no local para garantir a
ordem pública, conforme prevê a Constituição,
é acusada de atrapalhar. Afinal, qual a atitude
que a Polícia deve tomar? Deixar de cumprir a
lei e permitir que a segurança do cidadão seja
comprometida? (…)”
83. “Minha resposta à citação é bem curta: o papel
da polícia é fazer-se cumprir a lei estando
dentro da lei. De que adianta usar força tantas
vezes quando não se precisa?.”
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89. DCE UnB Honestino Guimarães
Boa noite, pessoal.
!
Compartilhamos hoje na página o texto do J.C., estudante da graduação em Estatística, sobre um problema que todo aluno da
Universidade vivenciou em alguma etapa da sua graduação: a demora por parte do corpo docente em divulgar as notas de testes
e avaliações.
!
O DCE concorda com as queixas e apóia esse debate, de modo que iremos fomentar a discussão que o estudante nos propôs
!
"[UnB] DEMORA NA ENTREGA DE NOTAS
!
Um caso meramente acadêmico, porém pertinente na construção de processos mais eficazes:
!
Caro Diretório Central dos Estudantes da UnB,
!
No último semestre fiquei muito frustrado com a posição de alguns professores ao demorarem para divulgar as notas de provas,
testes ou outras atividades que compunham a nota final das disciplinas.
!
A demora na divulgação dos resultados, sem justificativa plausível, além de aumentar a ansiedade nos alunos, atrapalha o
planejamento dos estudos. Pois, muitas vezes fazemos a 2º ou 3º prova sem sabermos o resultado da 1ª por exemplo. Já recebi
as 3 notas de provas do semestre todo na última semana de aula. Acredito que nenhum professor tenha motivos para demorar
tanto na entrega dos resultados.
!
Por essa motivação pessoal, que acredito ser queixa dos demais alunos da universidade, gostaria de sugerir essa pauta ao DCE:
um diálogo com a administração superior da universidade para tentarmos chegar a um acordo entre docentes e discentes, no
qual ambas as partes saiam beneficiadas. Estes saberiam, em um prazo determinado por acordo, como se saíram nas avaliações,
e aqueles continuariam a ter o respeito dos alunos pela entrega dos resultados em tempo hábil.
!
Acho que a questão deve ser levantada como ética profissional dos docentes da universidade. Da qual não precisaria emanar,
necessariamente, uma norma para tal prazo de divulgação dos resultados, mas sim um prazo ideal baseado num pressuposto
ético ensinado pelos nossos pais: realizar qualquer atividade da melhor forma possível. E nesse ponto, muitos professores estão
falhando.
!
Caso não seja possível administrativamente, acredito que um acordo informal entre docentes e discentes já seria suficiente para
resolver a questão.
!
Está aí minha pauta para a atual gestão do DCE, que me fez voltar a acreditar na mobilização estudantil voltada para questões
práticas e relevantes, e não apenas em interesses políticos/ideológicos.
!
Um abraço,
!
J.C., estudante da graduação em Estatística."
90. Responsável
Semestre
2013/01
Pré-Requisitos
ENE 167053 — Eletrônica 1
ENE 167029 — Circuitos Elétricos 2
Horário de aulas
Terças, Quartas e Quintas — 10:00 às 11:50
Local
Engenharia Elétrica
Atendimento aos
alunos
Sextas — 14:00 às 15:30
Programa
1. Subcircuitos CMOS analógicos: chave, carga ativa, espelhos de corrente,
referências de tensão e corrente, referências bandgap.
SG-11 — LDCI
2. Amplificadores CMOS: amplificador diferencial, amplificador cascode.
3. Projeto de amplificadores operacionais CMOS.
4. Comparadores CMOS.
5. Circuitos a capacitor chaveado: amplificador, integrador.
6. Conversores de dados: ADC e DAC.
7. Outros tópicos relevantes.
Metodologia de Ensino
O curso é composto por aulas teóricas e de experimentos em laboratório de
uma hora e cinquenta minutos. As aulas teóricas expositivas irão abranger os
principais conceitos que os alunos devem compreender para cumprir os objetivos da disciplina. Sempre que possível, os conceitos serão ilustrados por meio
de exemplos significativos. É esperado que os alunos preparem-se antes das
aulas realizando as leituras recomendadas pelo professor e solucionando os
exercícios propostos. As aulas de laboratório serão utilizadas para desenvolvimento de um projeto utilizando os conceitos aprendidos.
91.
92. Burocracia é um sistema de gestão
inevitável, não necessariamente ruim ou
composto por pessoas ruins, mas
diferente daquele utilizado nas
instituições de mercado.
!
É difícil comparar as gestões
burocráticas e de mercado, exceto
quando a ausência de cálculo
econômico é imposto por lei.