1. Factors effecting Lay out of a
building
Sri kala. kamieddy
Assistant professor
Nirmala college of pharmacy
2.
3. Layout of a building or a structure:
Layout of a building or a structure shows the plan
of its foundation on the ground surface according
to its drawings,
so that excavation can be carried out exactly
where required position and orientation of the
building is exactly specified.
It is set out according to foundation plan
drawings and specifications provided by the
engineer or an architect.
6. The following factors should be considered while
planning a factory building:
-1. Nature of Manufacturing Process
-2. Flexibility
-3. Expandability or Future Expansion
-4. Service Facilities
-5. Employee Facilities
-6. Lighting
-7. Heating
-8. Ventilating
-9. Air-Conditioning
-10. Other Consideration.
7. 1. Nature of Manufacturing Process:
Building design varies with the type of
product to be manufactured and the
equipment utilised.
Buildings manufacturing rubber tyres,
clothes, machine tools, glass bottles,
presses or steel plates possess designs
which differ as regards floor loading, height
of the ceiling, bay size, ventilation and
humidity requirements, etc.
8.
9. 2. Flexibility:
Suppose a factory
owner is interested to
leave his original
product and decides to
manufacture another
product which he feels
is probably more
profitable.
He cannot construct
another building and
thinks of using the same
old factory building for
making the new
product.
10.
11. The flexibility of a factory building
can be increased by:
(i) Providing a large floor area
unobstructed by pillars, columns,
etc.,
so that processes and layouts can be
changed easily;
(ii) Keeping adequate roof truss strength
and ceiling height so that
newer material handling equipment can
be installed
and inside building temperatures may be
controlled;
(iii) Erecting no permanent obstruction
such as walls and partitions on the
production floor;
12. iv) Providing individual
motor drives for the
machines;
(v) Making heavy duty
floors to accommodate
even heavier machines;
(vi) Making machine
installations such that the
machines can be moved
easily when layout
changes are required.
14. •Consideration is being given to future
expansions while designing a new
building; but before that a plant site
size large enough for current needs and
for future expansion requirements
should be purchased.
• While designing the factory building,
it is thought of carefully that in future,
whether the building will expand
length or breadth-wise or more
number of floors will be constructed.
15.
16. •If it is decided to
expand length- and
breadth-wise, false and
non-load bearing end
walls are constructed to
make expansion easier.
•If more floors are to be
added in the building
above the ground floor,
adequate foundations,
supports, etc., should be
provided in the original
structure to carry the
weight of added floors
17. •Where processes are
housed in separate
buildings, certain
plan shapes have
become popular due
to their ease of
extension(expansion)
•They are in the form
of the letters F, E, H,
L, U, T, etc.; (refer
Fig. 4.19) original
building is in full
lines and extensions
are shown dotted.
18. 4. Service Facilities:
Service facilities such as
fire fighting equipment,
sewage-treating
systems, emergency
and standby power
equipment,
compressed-air
equipment, heating,
lighting, ventilating and
air-conditioning
equipment, etc., should
be housed separately
and suitably.
19. 5. Employee Facilities:
•Good employee facilities
provide encouragement to
the employees of an
organization .
•Adequate provision should
be kept such as washroom
and toilet facilities,
dispensaries, cafeterias,
recreation rooms, parking
areas etc.
20. 6. Lighting:
One of the most
important
environmental factor is
Lighting which
increases productivity,
reduces accidents and
adds to employee
satisfaction.
21. Advantages of Good Lighting:
(i) Increased output, therefore decreased cost
(ii) Reduced accidents,
(iii) Improved product quality,
(iv) Better visibility, therefore less strain on the eyes,
(v) Less spoilage and consequent rework,
(vi) Better floor space utilization and improved house-
keeping,
(vii) Plant neatness and cleanliness can be better
maintained.
(viii) Easier and better supervision of materials in
process and finished products.
23. 7. Heating:
In a factory, heating is required for
following purposes:
(i) Processing:
Heating is required for melting
metals and alloys, making forging,
etc.
(ii) Work-place heating:
Work-place is heated for improving
the efficiency of the workers in the
winter season.
The temperature maintained is
within the comfort zone of about
60-65° F.
(iii) Cooking and preparation of
factory meals.
.
24. Heat sources for:
(i) Processing:
Electric, coke or oil fired
furnaces, boilers etc.
(ii) Workplace Heating:
Electric heaters, coal stoves etc.
(iii) Cooking:
Gas or electric stoves.
Fuel is generally burnt centrally
and heat is transmitted to
different work places, etc., with
the help of pipes containing
hot water, steam or hot air
25. 8. Ventilating:
It is basically replacing
stale air (of the factory
building) by fresh air.
If the stale air is not
removed, it will smell bad
and the concentration of
carbon-dioxide, humidity
and temperature will rise.
Inadequate ventilation
results in discomfort and
fatigue. Modern plants
provide ample ventilation
by increasing the number
of air changes per hour.
26. Methods to provide
ventilation:
(i) Natural ventilation
through windows and roof
or wall ventilators.
(ii) Mechanical ventilation,
employing exhaust fans to
extract stale air from the
factory building. Fresh air
enters from doors and
windows.
(iii) Mechanical ventilation
employing fans which
draw fresh air into the
factory building; the stale
air escapes naturally.
27. 9. Air-Conditioning:
Air-conditioning is the control
of air temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and distribution of
air.
Temperature control involves
heating the air in winter and
cooling it in summer.
Self-contained air-conditioners
may be installed directly in the
rooms to be cooled.
Humidity of the air is adjusted
by adding moisture to it in
winter and by removing
moisture from the moist
summer air.
28. Air is cleaned of foreign
materials such as dust,
etc., by:(i) Forcing air
through a spray of water,
(ii) Passing air through
filters, and
(iii) Electrostatic
precipitation.
Air motion is achieved
by proper positioning of
incoming air ducts and
exhaust outlets.
Odours and Bacteria in
air are removed by
passing air over
chemicals. Industrial dust controller
30. Air-conditioning of buildings is
done for the following purposes:
1. To avoid the precision
measurement errors due to
expansion of instrument parts.
2. To increase workability as in
tobacco and textile industries.
3. To promote quality of
workmanship.
4. To minimize deterioration as in
meats, fruits, vegetables, certain
oils and chemicals.
5. To increase employee efficiency,
to reduce fatigue, to maintain
morale and to create good public
relations.
31. 6. To increase output and improve
product quality.
7. To reduce corrosion and
deterioration of certain materials in
process.
8. To protect workers against harmful
dust (silica dust), smoke and
poisonous gases.
9. To promote plant cleanliness and
better psychological atmosphere.
32. 10. Other Consideration:
1. Good Appearance:
Good appearance can be
achieved by making use of
appealing colours, more glass
and metal sections. The style of
architecture and building
materials are responsible for
the good appearance of factory
building.
2. Strong, Durable, Economical
and Safe Construction: Make
use of steel structures for
roofing and supports. Use
prefabricated doors and
windows . Precast concrete
construction may be
advantageous.
33. 3. Security Measures:
It include providing fencing wires,
laying broken pieces of glass on the
boundary walls, keeping explosive and
inflammable materials outside the
factory building in separate enclosures,
etc.
CHEMICALPLANTSECURITY
34. 4. Noise Control:
Noise control i.e.,
minimizing
undesirable noises
to reduce mental
fatigue of the
workers (resulting in)
accidents and
industrial deafness.
Noise Affects:
i. Job performance,
ii. Health of
employees, and
iii. Employees
morale
35. Noise can be reduced
by:
(i) Proper maintenance
and lubrication of
machines.
(ii) Isolating noise sources
from other machinery.
(iii) Mounting machines on
spring rubber or felt, etc.
(iv) Redesigning the plant
for better acoustical
properties
