1. 54
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්
02 mrspzfPAoh ( 02 Chapter )
fn#oaO idr OrAu moku : fn#oaO ixl,am jsurAYkh
(Criticism/Consideration of Buddhist Concepts:Foundation of Buddhist Values)
fuhg by; m<uq mrspzfPAofhaoS meyeos,s we;s mrsos fn#oaO idr OrAu hkak ixl,amuh
jQjls' boska ta ;;ajh ;`,oS thgo mokuz jQ huz ixl,am fjz kuz tjd w;sYhskau iQCIu foaj,aa jsh
hq;`h'idrOu! hkqo ixl,amuh jQjla nejska tlS ixl,amfhau l`vd wkqfldgia jYfhka my; iZoyka
jk ixl,ammoaO;sh ie,lsh yelsh'wfkla w;g idrOu! ixl,am iudc cSjs;fhaoS m@dfhda.slj l@shd
jg kefZ.kafka flfiao$ hkak fuz uZ.ska ukdj ;yjqre jkq we;.fuys idrOu! ixl,amhkaf.a wkq
fldgia jYfhka olajd we;af;a fufia m@dfhda.sl cSjs;hg kZ.k ,o idrOu! iudcuh jHjydrhkah.
fjk;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a tla tla idrOu! ixl,amhla yojf;a iy fud<fha l@shdldrSFjhg m;ajk
wjia:dj fuz uZ.ska ksEms;hs.idrOu! ms,snZoj fu;ruz ishquz jsYaf,aIKhla lsrSug fm<Uqfka fndfyda
fokdjsiska fkdis;k me;a;la fj; wjOdkh fhduqlrjSu iZoydh'ld,du iQ;@h ms<snZoj rpkhjS
;sfnk Ydia;ShlD;Skays wjOdkh fhduqjS mej;`fka ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjSmej;`kd jQ ckm@sh
@
isoaOdka;h jQ ksoyiapska;kh flfrysh'ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu iZoyd miqnsuzjQ lreKq wkqj tfia
Wml,amkhlsrSu idjoH fkdfj;;a"ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjk tlu foh pska;kksoyi muKla
fkdfjz'fn#oaO idrOu! ms<snZoj b;dmqZM,a js.@yhla o ld,du iQ;@fhys wka;rA.;fjz'
ld,du iQ;@fhys .enzjkakdjQ tlufoh pska;k ksoyi hehs .;fyd;a tujs.@yh taldfoaYsl
js.@yhla muKlajkq we;s'th tfia jkafka ld,du iQ;@fhka js.@y flfrkakdjQ ixl,am nqoaOsuh yd
prAhduh hk fldgia folla hgf;a bosrsm;ajk ksid;a"pska;k ksoyi hk idrOu! ixl,amh wh;a
jkafka bka nqoaOsuh(wdl,am)fldgi hg;g jk ksid;a wdfjzok(l`Y,;d)yd prAhduh(ufkda pd<l)
fldgig wh;a idrOu! ixl,am ms<snZoj tuZ.ska jsjrKh fkdjk ksid;ah'fuu miqnsu ie,ls,a,g
f.k fuu mrAfhaIK ldrAhfhysoS W;aidy oefrkqfha ld,du iQ;@fhka jsjrKh flfrkakdjQ
iuzmQrAK idrOu! ixl,am moaO;sh jsYaf,aIK ldrAhh iZoyd fhdod.ekSugh'
idrOu! ixialD;sh yd olajk inZo;djfhys iajrEmh ms<snZoj oek.ekSu idrOrAuj, l@shd
ldrSFjh wjfndOlsrSu iZoyd uy;afiaWmldrSfjz'1ta ta ixialD;shg idrOu! jHdma; jkafka flfiao$
ixialD;Ska w;r idrOu! yqjudrejkafka flfiao$ hk fuz lreKq flfrAwjfndaOhlska hq;`j lghq;`
lsrSu idrOu! wOHhfhysoS uy;afia jeo.;afjz'tla w;lska ld,du iQ;@h fn#oaO ixialD;sh;a" bka|=
ksuzk ixialD;sh;a hdflfrk yqhla f,i l@shd;auljQ Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ udkj jgskdluz
1 wOHdmk orAYk m@fjzYh"fykars jSrisxy"ksmqK tkagm@hsiia"kqf.af.dv"1993"117-132msgq'

2. 55
ksrEmkh flfrkakdjQ wdlD;shla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ ksoyia pska;kh;a"
m@cd;ka;@jdoSNdjh;a"wjsysxid;aul iajrEmh;a"i;rn@yau jsyrKhkays .enzjkakdjQ jsYajSh us;@;aj
h ms<snZo oelau;a ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fudkjg ksrEmKh flfrA'th pska;k wOsldrsh flaJ|@lr.;a
n@dyauKiuzm@odhi;` lDr;ajh;a"hd.h hZ{h n,sns,s mQcduZ.ska fmkakquz lrk iFj>d;k wdrAh
ixialD;shg jsreoaOjQ jHdmdrhlaf,i idrA:lj fm<.eiajQ whqre ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfohs'1
ld,du iQ;@fhkaa js.@yflfrkakdjQ nqoaOsmrsmdl.; fn#oaO idrOrAuf,i yeZoskafjkafka hglS
ixl,am iuQyhlgh' fuu ixl,am iuQyh m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh hk mqZM,a lafIa;@ ;`kla
lrd jsyso hhs' fuu m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd prAhduh hk lafIa;@ ;`k mqrd jsysohkakdjQ fn#oaO
idrOrAu my; oelafjk whqrska y|=kajd osh yelsh'2
1 mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am3 (Adipose & Clever Conceptions)
2 oi mqKH l@shd4 (Ten Adipose Actions)
1w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h"uyd j.a. ld,duiq;a; nq'c'uq"337-343 msg, fLd fid i ld,dud wrshidjfld tjx
q
wfjr ps;af;d"tjx wnHdmcAACOps;af;d"tjx wixls,sgzG ps;af;d"tjx jsiqoaOps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu
wnHdmc
j;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydks;s'
2 w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, ld,du iq;a;, nq.c.uq.338 msgqj,
3 tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh
dh
iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd:
4 tu ifpz fLd mk w;a:s mfrd f,dfld w;a:s iqlg |+lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld Gdkuyx ldhiai
fNaod mruzurKd iq.;sx i.a.x f,dlx WmamcAcsiaiduS;s whuiai mGfud wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyd;s ifpz fLd
mk k;a:s mfrd f,dfld k;a:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld bodyx osgzfGj Ouzfu wfjzrx
wnHdmcACOx wkS>x iqLx w;adkx mrsyrduS;s whuiai |=;sfhd wiaidfid wOs.f;d fyda;s ifpz fLd mk
lfrdf;d k lrshah;s mdmdx bodyx WNfhafkaj jsiqoaOx w;a;dkx iukqmiaiduS;s whuiai p;`;f:d wiaidfid
af:d

3. 56
1
3 wjsysxid (Non Violence)
4 wmamspzP;d2 Moderate / Ascctisism)
5 ika;`gzGs;d3 (Acceptance)
6 fi#kaorAhh m@sh;dj4 (Beauty Inclinution)
7 iqkuH nj5 (Sanatorium)
8 iajpzPkao;djh6 (Freedom of the Will / Free Will)
9 Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh7 ( Meditation & Moral)
10 iykYS,s;ajh8 (Toleration) hkqfjks.
idr Ou!hkays iudcuh Ndjs;dj
m@cdkk wdfjzok yd prAhduh l`i,;d idrOu! ixl,am
1 mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y, ixl,am wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla;jSu l`i,uQ<
2 oi mqZ[aZ[ l@shd wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu l`i,uQ<
3 wjsysxid i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
4 wmamspzp;d i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
5 ika;`gzGs;d i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS,h
6 fi#kaorAhh ms@h;dj wOsldrS pska;k jshqla;sh i;rn@yau jsyrK
7 iqkuHnj i;r n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS, m@;smodj
8 iajpzPkao;dj lu!jsmdlh ms<snZo isjqjeoEreuz kHdh
9 Ndjkdj yd iodpdrh i;r n@yau jsyrK l`i, uQ< mxpYS,h
10 iykYS,SFjh wOsldrS pska;kfhka jshqla; jSu
by; iZoykal< ixl,am oyhu ld,du iQ;@fhys oel.;yel'tfukau jvd;a mqZM,a js.@yhla
f,i th bosrsm;aj;sfnz'fuzksidu fuu iQ;@fhys idrOrAuSh jYfhka .eUqre orAYkhla wkdjrKh
flfrA'kQ;k odrAYksljs.@yhkag wkqj huzlsis pska;khla orAYkhlaf,i yeZoskajshyelafla thg
wOs.f;d fyd;s I fLd fid Nkaf; wrshidjfld tajx wfpzrps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;d tajx wixls,sgzG
ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.;d fydka;S;s
1 tu i fpz fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx js.;ps.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfod wiuzuQ<afyd iuzmcdfkd
m;siaif;d fu;a;d iy.f;k fpz;id fpz;id fm-lreKd iy.f;k fpz;id-uqos;d iy.f;k fpz;id-
fm- id- id-
WfmlaLdiy.f;k fpz;id talx osix Mrs;ajd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOd
;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmlaLd i.f;k fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;k wmamudfkak
wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk Mrs;ajd jsyr;s
2 tu wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk wkNsN~f;d wmrshdoskakps;af;d fkj mdKxNka;s k
woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a:dh iudofma;s hx I fyd;s oS>x r;a;x ys;dh
fyd;s
iqLdh;s
3 tu iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s$fkd jd$l:x jd fy;a: fyda;S;s$iu;a;d Nkaf;
iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s tajx fkd fy;a: fyda;Ss;s
4w. ks. 1, ;sl ksmd;h, uydj.a., nq.c.uq. 337-343 msgq.
5 tu w,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d f,dfNk-w|+gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fodafik-
ld,dud f,dfNk- ik-
wuQ<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk fuys w,qoaO hkq fr#|@ fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs w|=gzG hkq kmqre
fkdjQ hk wrA:hhs wuQ<ay hkq uq<dfkdjk iajNdjh we;s hkqhs isf;ys iqLkuHYS,S iajNdjhg ndOdldrS
jkakdjQ uq<sl ffp;isl ix>gl ;`kl wjsoHudk;ajhu isf;ys meyenr iajNdjhg fya;`jknj fuhskafmfka
6 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud
khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
nrEm;dh
7 tu hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud
jsZ[aZ|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:
8 tu w,x ys fjd ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jsplspzPs;`x lxLkSfha p mk fjd Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd
s ls

4. 57
iqjsfYaISjk lreKqldr Kd iuzmQrAKjSfuka wk;`rejh'm<uqfldgu wod< pska;kh;`< huzlsis
oelaula wvx.`jsh hq;`fiau wdpdr jsoHd;aul mCIfhka idrj;a miqnsula ta;`<jshhq;`uh'm@Odk
jYfhka fulS lreKqfol wksjdrAhfhkau iuzmQrAKjsh hq;`uh'1
fndfydafofkla is;d isgskafka kQ;kfha b;d iS>@fhka m@p,s;jk huzhuz is;sjs,s u;su;dka;r
fndfyduhla orAYkh keue;s jsIhg wh;ah lshdh'fldmuK nqoaOsf.daprjqj;a fuzjd fndfyduhla
yq|= is;sjs,s yd u;s u;dka;r j,g muKla iSudjkafka tajfha fulS orAYkhla jSuiZoyd wjYH
lrkakdjQ uQ<sl iq|=iqluzj,ska tlla jQ wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIh tajd;`< uojYfhkaj;a olakg
fkd,efnk nejsks'2
taw;ska ld,duiQ;@h fnfyjska nqoaOsuh yd wdpdrjsoHd;aul mCIfhka irAjiuzmQrAKh'uqZM
nq|=oyfuysu yrh .enzjS we;a;dfia ie<lsh yelsh'b;du;a mqZM,a jsIh m:hka;`<oS ld,duiQ;@fhka
bosrsm;aflfrkakdjQ pska;kh by;olajk,o ishZM fldkafoaisj,g wkq.;ju mrsmQrAK odrAYksl
miq;,hla uZ.ska ksrEmKh fldg oelajSfuz yelshdj we;'3
wfkla w;g ld,duiQ;@fhys idrOu! jsjrKhflfrkafka odrAYksl fukau ixialD;sl jgdmsgdj
lska hq;` jh'fuys oelafjkakdjQ ld,du jeishka jdihlf<a b;djsjD; ixialD;sl rgdjla;snQ iudc
mrsirhlh' tnejska Tjqka;`< fndfydafoa ms<snZo ksjeros jsksYaphlg t<eUsfha b;djsjD; udkislFj
hlska hq;`j tafoams<sn Zoj lreKq ldrKd fidhdne,Sfuka wk;`rejh'4
fudjqkaf.a .u flaimq;a;h kuzjsh'fuho l`vd.ulafkdj f,dl`.ula fyj;a ks.uhlajsh'fmr
ld,j, ks.uhla fmdvsmfya gjqula ;rug f,dl`jg mej;sks'ta tfiajQfha fjfiiskau .xbjqre jeks
c,myiqj yd .ukamyiqj ;snqKq;ekaj,h'funZ|=jQ .ulg .Z.fomi isgskafkda /iafj;s'Tjqyq tnZ|=
.ula fj<odugo uOHia:dkh lr.ks;s'5
uq,a ld,j,oS koSka weiqrefldg msysgqjk,o fujeks .uz koS.@du hkqfjka yZ|=kajk,oehso we;euzyq
jsYajdi lr;s'fuzwkqj koS.@du kS.ujS thska ks.u hkjpkh iEfokakg we;ehs Tjqkaf.a woyihs'
uq,oS fufia koSka whsfkau jdf.a we;sjQ fuz.uz jsfYaIh miqj koSka ke;s;ekaj, we;sjqK;a takuskau
fyj;a ks.u yegshgu yeZoskajqknj fmfka'flaimq;;ho fuz whqrska m@lgjQ ks.uhls'6
1 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh, ta vS mS l,xiQrsh, Ydia;@Sh w;sfrAlh, isZMusK brsod tlai;a
m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj
fld<U, 19. 12. 2004, 57 msgqj.
2 mYapd;akQ;kjdoh orAYk jsIfhka mrsndysr ixialD;sl m@mxphls, ta. vS. mS. l,xiQrsh Ydia;@Sh w;sfrAlh,
isZMusK brsod, tlai;am@jD;a;m;@ iud.u, fld<U, 26 12 2004, 41 msgqj
3 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,,
2001, 21 msgqj
4 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi,ik;a fla. kdkdhlaldr,fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh,keosud,,foysj,,
2001, 2 msgqj
5 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961 32 msgqj.
6 tu

5. 58
flaimq;a;h msysgd ;snqfka fndfydafokd ks;r .ukd.ukfhys fhfok m@Odk
udrA.hkaish,a, yuqjka kdjQ ia:dkhlh'tnejska fuz ia:dkh miqlr hkakdjQ fndfydafokdf.a jsjsO
wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;su;dka ;r flaimq;a;fha jeishkag b;d iqmqre|= foanjg m;ajS
;snsKs'fuzksidu tayeu u;jdohlau ms<s.kafka;ake;s"neyerlrkafka;a ke;s uOHia: pska;khla
flaimq;a;jeishka;`< iajNdjfhkau msysgd ;snqKs'1
flaimq;a; .uzjeishkajQ ld,duhka laI;@sh jxYslhkanj ufkdar:mQrKS(wx.`;a;r)wgzGl:dfjz
iZoykafjz' lafI;@h fyj;a fL;a; hg wOsm;sj jsiQjka laI;@Sh jxYslfhdah'N~ush iuznJOfhka
wOsm;sNdjh biQ,Qfjda laI;@sh jxYlfhdah'tfukau lDIslu!h yd rdcHmd,kh iuznJOfhka mrsmd,
klghq;`j, ksr;jSfuz j.lSu laI;@shhkayg mejrS;snsKs'2 Tjqyq wdoSl,ams; uyd iuzu; rcqf.a
mgka mejf;kafkda fj;s'fuz uyd iuzu; rdcHFjh jkdyS m@cd;ka;@dka;@jdofha uq,au wjia:dj f,i
ie<lshyelsh'uyd iuzu; rcq m;alr.kafka uyck;dj nejsks'tao Tyqf.a .`KOu! yd iq|=iqluz
i<ldf.kh'3
nq|=kajykafia;a ld,duhkaf.a jxYhg"tkuz laI;@shjxYhg wh;afjz'laI;@shjxYslfhda fnfyjska
pska;k ksoyi yd m@cd;ka;@jdoh .rel< whfj;s'4fuzksid nq|=kajykafia ld,du jeishkaf.a
udkislmiqnsu ms<snZo ukdwjfndaOhlska hq;`jisgSnjfmfka'tfukau fuz jxYiuznJOh ksid ld,du
jeishkq;a nq|=kajykafia flfrys jevs f.#rjhlska yd wdorhlska hq;`j isgshdg ielhlake;'
iajNdjfhkau ;uka;`< huzlsis wvqmdvqjla ;sfnk;eke;a;d;`< tafya;`fjka jkySkudkh is;;`,
ieZ.jS mj;shs'tfia wvqmdvqkuz ke;a;d;`, taySkudkh ke;snejska jsjD;ukilska lghq;` lsrSfuz
yelshdj mj;S'ld,duiQ;@fhys jxYfhka yd mruzmrdfjka wdksidu jspdrmQrAjl fkdjS hula
ms,sfkd.kak hhs oelafjk ioyka uZ.skao meyeos,sjkafka nq|=r|=kqf.a fulS wvqmdvq jsrys;Ndjh
;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ jsjD;Ndjhhs'5
ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh ;`< ls@hd;auljkakls.ixialD;sh hkak m@isoaO udkj
jsoHd{fhl` jQ tvzjvz ghs,rA jsiska fufia ksrAjpkh lrkq,ensk.“Culture is that complex whole
s
which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of society “ ghs,rAf.a fuz bx.@Sis mdGfhka ixialD;sh .ek
lshfjk foa f;areuz .kakg th jsNd. lrn,uq.6
1 tu 32-33 msg. q
2 tu 31 msgqj.
3 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h,n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk
s
fmd;ay,,fld<U,1986, 1 msgqj.
4 ld,du Ou!h, nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus, iuhjO!k fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1961, 31-32 msgq.
5 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h, n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysu,iuhjrAOk
s
fmd;ay,, fld<U, 1986, 1-3 msg. q
6 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u, fld<U,
13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj.

6. 59
1
ghs,rA lshk yegshg ixialD;sh hkq “ixlSrAK tallhls. ”th lE,sj,g lvd jgyd .;
fkdfya.2 TzkEu cd;shl ixialD;sh jsjsO wxYj,ska hq;` ksid ta wx. tlg tlajQjsg ixlSrAK jQjla
njg m;afjhs.3 ghs,rA B <Z.g ixialD;shg huz huz jsjsO fldgia we;`,;a jQnj lshhs.4oekSu
jsYajdi weoys,s l,dYs,am iodpdrh kS;sh pdrs;@ jdrs;@ uska iuyr tajdh.5B <Z.g ghs,rA
ixialD;shg wh;a wjfYaI wx. w;r ukqIHhdf.a fjk;a olaI;d fyda we;slr.;a mqre|= tla lrhs.
by; lS oekSu wdoS wx.j,g wu;rj usksid ;ukajsiska we;slr.;a mqre|= yd oCI;d we;akuz tajdo
ixialD;shg we;`,;a fjz.fuz ishZM wx. usksid jsiska my< lr.kq ,enqfjz ukqIH iudcfha
idudcslfhl` jYfhks.6
fn#oaO ixialD;sh .;fyd;a thg huzhuz wx. Wmdx. tlajQfha fn#oaO pska;kfha wdNdIh
ksidh'fn#oaO pska;kh;`< Y@uK iuzm@odhi;` huzhuz .`Kdx. we;'jsfYaIfhka lemS fmfkku
,CIKhkajQfha lsis|= wOsldrsuhn,hla fuz;`< olakg fkdjSu;a"iudkd;au;djh yd m@cd;ka;@jdoh
.relsrSu;a"udkjflaJ|@Sh yd ukqIH;ajh uQ<slfldgf.k lghq;`lsrSu;a"hk lreKqh'ld,duiQ;@fh
ys js.@yjkakdjQ b.ekajSuz ishquzj mrSCId lrne,SfuzoS uqZM ld,du iQ;@hu fn#oaO ixialD;sfhys
levm;la f,i .;yelsnj fmfkkq we;'7
ghs,rA ixialD;shjs.@y l< wkaouksid ixialD;sl js.@yfha m@Odk wx. ;`kla biau;`fjkq wmg
oel.; yelsh.bka m<uqjekak ld,h ms<snZo yeZ.Suhs.ixialD;sh tljru my<jk fohla fkdfjz.
ld,dka;rhla ;siafia yev.eiafjuska tl;`fjuska h:d ;;ajhg m;a fjkakls.8fojkqj ixialD;sh
hkq usksid jsiska bf.k.kq ,nkakls.;ukaf.a mrsirfha cSj;ajk l`vd orejd wjg ixialD;sh
Wf.k.kshs.Wmam;a;sh ksidu ixialD;sh ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g fkd,efnhs.fya th mrsirfh
kau W.; hq;`h.B <Z.g jeo.;au ,CIKh kuz ixialD;sh wmf.a prAhdjka j,g u. fmkajSuhs.wm
ljqre;a yeisfrkafka fuz prAhdjka wkqjh.ta prAhdjka nsys lrkqfha ixialD;shhs.wd.usl idr OrAu
l@shd;aul lsrSfuzoS fufiayeisrsh hq;` hehs iuzu; prAhd rgdjla we;.wm fuh Wf.k .;af;a
flfiao$wfma ixialD;sh ;`,sks'9
1 tu
2 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd
;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64 msgqj.
3 uqyqo f.dv .,kafka N~;fhla ksido$ Wmd,s iurisxy, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u, fld<U,
13. 02. 2005, 10 mssgqj.
4 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd
;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 64-65 msgq.
5 weoys,s yd j;a ms<sfj;a, whs. fla. fcAuzia ;rx. wxl 9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@xZ{djxi ysus yd ;siai ldrshjiuz
wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 80-81 msg. q
6 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd
;siai ldrshjiuz,wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 70-71 msg. q
7 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi, ik;a fla. kdkhlaldr. fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh, keosud,,foysj,
2001, 3 msgqj.
8 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx., lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus, ;rx. wxl-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd
;siai ldrshjiuz, wkq, uq|@Kd,h, fld<U, 1964, 68-69 msg. q
9 Religious,Values and Peak Experience,H.Abraham Maslow,Penguine,1970.

7. 60
ixialD;sh ms,snZoj flgsfhka fyda hula mejiSu fuysoS jeo.;ajkqfha thl`ulaoehs
jsoHd;au lj wrA:l:kh fkdfldg idudkH ckjHjydrfha we;s f;areuu.ska tayd ne|=kq
Ydia;@ShjsIh lreKla meyeos,s lsrSu wiSre lreKla nejsks'idrOrAuhkq l`ulaoehs ksishdldrfhka
jgyd.ekSug kuz ixialD;shla hkqfjka yeZoskafjka fka l`ulaoehs ksishdldrj f;areuz.ekSu
jeo.;ah'1ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzjkakdjQ idrOrAu ixl,amhkaf.a uQ,druzNh Ndr;fha bka|=ksuzk
ixialD;sfha uq,a olajdu wE;g jsysfokakla nejz fmkajd fokafka fuu jsoHd;aul wrA:l:kh ;`<
isgf.k lrkakdjQ Ydia;@Sh mrAfhaIKh ksis whqrska fufyhjSfuz yelshdj tuZ.ska ,efnk nejsks'2
ixialD;sh .ek jsjsO ksrAjpk we;;a" myiqj ;ld ghs,rA iemhq ksorAYkhla is; ;ndf.k
ixialD;sh hkak fufia fldgiaj,g fnod f;areuz .;yelsh'3
1 ixialD;sh hkak ta ta wx. tlg tlajS tlg neZoS mj;akd ixlSrAK tallhls'
2 ixialD;sh bf.kSfuka jgyd.; hq;` fohls.ta ms<snZo wjfndaOh flfkl`g Wm;skau fkd,efnhs.
tfia fyhska ixialD;sh “W.;ukd” fohls'
3 ixialD;sh ld,h ;`,ska jO!khg m;a fjhs'(fn#oaO ixialD;sh wjqre|= 2500lg jvd merKsh)
4 th mrsKduhg m;ajSfuzoS we;euz wx. yef,hs.fjk;a wx. iuyrjsg fjk;a ixialD;Ska ;`,ska
Bg tla fjhs'
5 ixfla;j;a wrA: uZ.ska ixialD;sh m@cdj;`, iuQy cSjs;fhaoS jHx.drA:j;a fjhs.thska woyia
jkafkaa Tjqka tys wrA: ixfla; uZ.ska jgyd .kakd njhs' flfkla u,a w;ska f.k nq|= ms<suhla fj;
.ukalsrSu .;fyd;a w;ska f.khk u,a Tyq yeZo me<Zo isgsk wkaou hk .uk Tyqf.a wNsm@dh wmg
wZ.jk ixfla;hkah' wfma ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk TzkEu wfhl`g Tyqf.a .ufka wrA:h jegfyhs'
wrA:h ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk iEu fokd jsiskau fnod yod .ekSug mqZMjkalu f;areuz .ekSug
mqZMjka lu fuys,d .efka'
6 ixialD;sh lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk wj-lD;Huh jkakg;a mqZMjk' ta lshkafka ixialD;sfha
wx.hka l@shdjg kef.k jsg bka iudcuh rgdj Yla;su;ajkakg;a bv we;'iudc rgdjg ydks
jkakg;a bv we;' wms ishZM fokdu tl ;ekl ysZo Ndjkd lruq' fuz Ndjkdfjka wfma lKavdhu
w;r iuznkaO;dj ;j ;j;a ;yjqre jkq we;' lD;Huh jYfhka th jev odhlh wfma lKavdh
fuz yeZ.Suz iuyrjsg uska ;yjqre jqj;a u;ameka mdkh lsrSu ksid iudchg b;d ydkslr ;;ajhla
u;`jkq fkdwkqudkh'th wjlD;Huh tlla yegshg wms yZ|=kajuq'
mqZM,a wre;lska .;fyd;a iudchl ukqIHhd ms<snZo Tjqkaf.a prAhdrgdj ( yeisrSfuz
ms,sfj<) yd iuznkaO ,sLs;^w,sLs; iEu fohlau ixialD;shg wh;a fjz'rgl ,sLs;^w,sLs; idys;Hh
1 ,, Do ,, .
2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ{aZ{df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"1-
8 msgq'
3 Primitive Culture,E.B.Tylor,John Murry,1871.ghs,r Ata ta iudcj, olakg ;snQ jsoHd;aul oshqKqjg
wkql~,j mrsKduSh pska;kh yev.efiknj jsYajdi lf<ah. TzkEu ixialD;shl wjsoHd;aul ,CIKj,ska tu
ixialD;shg .efkk cj;djf.a isl`uzme;`uzj, uq.aOnjo m@lgjkafka hehs olajhs. huz ixialD;shla oshqKq
hehs ms<s.ekSug n,mdkqfha ck;djf.a ;rAldkQl~, nqoaOshhs.w;drAlsl wjsoHd;aul is;`uz me;`uz;`,ska nsys
jkqfhao fkdoshqKq ;dCIKsl Ys,aml@uhs.kj mrsKdujdoS pska;kh js.@ylsrSu iZoyd ghs,rA jsiska
yZ|=kajdfokq ,enQ ixl,am folls.tkuz ixikaokd;aul l@uh(Comparative method) yd ixialD;sl meje;au
(Cultural Survival).

8. 61
(ck Y@e;s) l,dYs,am uQrA;s jsYajdi weoys,s wd.uz pdrs;@ jdrs;@ wNspdrjsOs yd hd;`lrAu we|=uz
me<|=uz wdNrK yd |@jHd;aul ixialD;sl ;;ajh iudc ixia:d yd wdh;k wdoS iEu fohlau
ixialD;sfha fldgia f,i .; yelsh'1
ixialD;sh lshkafka rcjrekaf.a cSjkrgdj muKla fkdjknj uska f;areuz.; yelsh' ck;dj
f.au cSj;ajk rgdj fyda fudaia;rh ixialD;sh jkafkah' iuyr jsg wfma rfgz ixialD;sh .ek
l:dlrkjsg iS.srs ps;@ nq|= ms<su wkqrdOmqr fmdf<dkakre kgnqka fmryerj,a wdoshmuKla
ixialD;sh hehs weZ.fjhs' “ixialD;sl ;@sfldaKh” hk jpkfhka fldgq lrk ,o wfma merKs
|@jHd;aul ixialD;sfha ksrAudK yd kgnqka ;ju;a olakg ,efnk m@foaYhhs' ixialD;sh lshkafka
merKs iudcfhka b;srsjQ ksrAudK yd kgnqka hk wrA:h fu;ekoS biau;` fjhs' kuq;a we;a;
jYfhkau ixialD;sfha cSjudk me;a; usksiqka cSj;ajk rgdj uSg jvd jeo.;a ixialD;sl wx.hls'2
merKs |@jHd;aul ixialD;sh merKs usksiqkaf.a Wkqkqka w;r mej;s iuznkaO;d fudkjdoehs
wmg lshd fohs' ta b;srs jQ ixialD;sl odhdofhka merKs usksiqka .ek bf.k .ksuq' wo cSj;ajk wm
yd merKs usksiqka w;r iuznkaO;dj we;s lrkafka Tjqka b;srs fldg .sh ta |@jHuh ixialD;shhs'
tajd ixialD;sfha fldgia nj ienEh' kuq;a ixialD;sh Bg jvd m<,a wrA:hla we;a;ls' iudchl
usksid cSj;ajk iuzmQrAK rgdju ixialD;sh jYfhka .efka'3
ixialD;sh jgyd .ekSug ;j;a fydZo udrA.hla kuz ixialD;shg wh;a fkdjkafka l`ulaoehs
jgyd .ekSuhs' ixialD;sh .ek mj;akd m@Odk jeros u; folla fuysoS oelajSu b;d jeo.;a fjz' bka
m<uqjekak kuz ixialD;sh hkq Wiia iudcfha lSm fofkl`g wh;a fyda nqoaOsu;`ka fyda ishquz l,d
ridiajdoh yd iuznkaO fohla hehs l,amkd lsrSuh' ixialD;sh f,dl` usksiqkag fyda ;shqKq risl
yeZ.Suz we;s usksiqkag muKla wh;a fohla fkdfjz' fuz iuZ.u ixialD;sh hkq iudchla i;` iEu
fohlau wvx.` fohlehs is;Suo jerosh' we;a; jYfhkau ixialD;sh tla;rd wkaoul oekSu yd
jsYajdi moaO;shls'4
ixialD;sh fuz wkaoug n,kjsg fldgia ;`klg fnod f;areuz .; yelsh'tkuz
1 w;aoelSuz yd idrOu! u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Values)
2 l,d risl;ajh u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh(Culture of Arts)
3 m@;sudkl ixialD;sh(Culture of Norms) hkqfjks'
uska m<uqjekak jk w;aoelSuz u; nsysjQ ixialD;sh wmg wfma mrsirh ydiliajk l@u we;`,;a
keK kqjK f.kjs;a fohs'fu;a;d ixl,amh Bg fydZo ksorAYkhls.wkdrAh ixialD;sh ;`, ishZM
1 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx. lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysu,;rx.-9, ixia. n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai
s
ldrshjiuz,wkq, uQ|@Kd,h,fld<U,1964, 65 msgqj.
2 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a,smsj,ska fy<sjk iudc f;dr;`re, wdrA. nS. Tosrsisxy,nodod w;sfrAlh osjhsk,Wmd,s
m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 17.03 .1999, 17 msgqj.
3 rsgs., jk wrK,iqiSud m@fndaOsk,fmfrArd nodod w;sfrAlh,osjhsk Wmd,s m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,26.
S
02. 2003, 1 msgqj.
4 Ydia;@Sh jsjsO;ajhg wdjvuq, laf,davz @en@sisfhda (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls),isZMusK brsod,tlai;a
m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U, 20. 02 .2005, 60 msgqj.

9. 62
iFj j.!hd jsIfhys i;r n@yujsyrKh mokuz lrf.k fu;a;d iy.;j l@shdl< iudc
hka;@K hla mej;sks'iudcfhys jsiQ iEu ;rd;srlu ck;dj b;d iuZ.s iuzmkakj l@shdl< nejska
Tjqka w;r wNHka;r wdrjq,a fkdjsh'fuz ;Fjh wdrAhhkag wkdrAh ixialD;sh wdl@uKh lsrSug
f,dl` myiqjla yd jdishla jQ w;r wjidkfhys wkdrAh ixialD;sh mSvdjg m;afldg ish n@yauK
pska;k h Ndr;h mqrd m;``rjd yerSugo th rel`,la jsks'Y@uK iuzm@odhg miqnsuz jQfha wkdrAh
ixialD;sh jQ fyhska wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys .enzjQ fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdIh Y@uK iuzm@odhhg
fkduZoj ,ensks'
tu iuzm@odh i;` huz huz wx. ndysr wkqldrlhka jYfhka miql,l wdrAh ixialD;sh mokuz
lr.;a n@yauK iuzm@odh jsiskao wkq.ukh lrkq ,enqj;a tajdfhys ienE wka;rA.;h lsisosfkl
n@yauK iuzm@odhg Wlyd.k fkdyels jQfha wdrAh ixialD;sh uqZM ukskau ffjrh >d;kh mokuz
lr.;a;la nejsks'wdrAhhka hqoaOh wdl@uKh uxfld,a,lEu m@pKav yd ieyeisl@shd Ndjs;hg
.ksuska wkdrAhhka uZvskq,enQ nejsks'n@dysuK iuzm@odh;`,o ms<snsUqjQfha wdrAhhkaf.a fuu ldhsl yd
udkisl jYfhka wkHhka fm<Sfuz ;;ajhhs'ldhsl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz l@shdj,sh wd.usl uqyqKqj
rska hd.h f,io udkisl mCIfhka fuu fm<Sfuz l@shdj,sh wd.usl uqyqKqjrska wOsldrSuh pska;k
h f,io wrA: oelajsK'jrA;udk f.d,ShlrK l@shdj,sh;`,o ksrAudKjdoh mokuzlr.;a pska;k
wOsldrsh yd fya;`M,Ou!h mokuzlr.;a ksoyia pska;kh w;r we;s jsjsO fjkialuz th ukdj
wOHhkh lsrSu uZ.ska wmg jgyd .; yelsh'1
tys idrOu! jYfhka oelafjkafka ixialD;sh;`< wvx.` mdruzmrsl jsYajdi yd l`i,;d f.dkak
la mrmqfrka mrmqrg fkdkeiS yd fjkiafjuska meusKSuhs'2fn#oaO ixialD;sh;`< wvx.` oekqu yd
l`i,;djhka f.dkak yqfola mdruzmrsl muKlajQjlafkdjknejskatyshuz jsYajjSh njlaolakg
,efnz'ksoiqkla jYfhka ld,du iQ;@fhys wvx.` b.ekajSuz flfrka jsYo flfrkakdjQ idrOu!hkays
cd;s wd.uz l`, wdoS lsis|= iSudjlg fldgqfkdjkakdjQ iEufokdgu fmd|=fjz l@shd;aul lr hym;a
M, fk,d.;yels wdldrfha b.ekajSula wka;rA.;h'3
risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh ksid wfma l,d lD;s ljs isx|= kdgH idys;H leghuz uQrA;s wdoS
jsjsO l,djka nsys fjz' Y@S rdyq, ysushkaf.a ljS;ajh .ek l:dlrkjsg ck ljs .ek lshkjsg
risl;ajh ms<snZo ixialD;sh wmg isysfjhs'4
;`kafjkqj m@;sudk ixialD;sh kuz wmg‘fydZo’‘krl’.ek ta ms<snZo kS;srS;s prAhdjsOs lshd fok
ixialD;shhs'TzkEu ixialD;shl funZ|= fydZo krl lshdoSfuz l@u we; OrAu;d .ek Tng l,ska
lSfjuq' wm tla;rd wjia:djloS yeisrsh hq;` ms<sfj< OrAu;dj,ska ( m@;sudk; Norms ) meyeos,s fjz'
fuz iudcSh OrAu;d (m@;sudk).ek m@lg udkj jsoHdZ{fhlajk f.@yeuz iuzkrA“Folk Ways”
1 ikaksfjzok f.da,ShlrKh, iuka; fyar;a, Ydia;@Sh, isZMusK brsod, tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27
02. 2005, 57 msgqj.
2 cela,df.a jsixfhdackh, k,Ska iajdrsi, l;sld ixjdo irKsh,oskusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U
a
26. 02. 2005, 17 msgqj.
3 ld,duiQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a fla'kdkdhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"keosud,"foysj,"
2001" 4 msgqj'
4 .srd ixfoaY jsjrKh"ixZ{dmkh"l`ur;`Z.` uqksoiqka"fla' ta'wdrshodi iy iud.u"fld<U"2506"2-22 msgq'

10. 63
(ck prAhd)hkkuska .@J:hla rpkd lf<ah' “MORES” hk kuska yZ|=kajkq ,enQ fuz ckprAhd
iudcfha OrAu;d (m@;sudk) wmg fufia yeisrSu hym;ah fufia yeisrSu whym;a hehs lshd fohs'
OrAu;d (m@;sudk) yereKqjsg wmg wfma cSjs;fhaoS‘fydZo’ ‘krl’lshd wfma prAhdrgdj iudchg
wjYHlrk uZ.g fhduq lrk ;j;a wx. we;' tajd .ek wmg miqj W.;yel fuysoS wjYHjkafka
by; lS wx. ;`fkka ixialD;shla iukajs; jk nejz jgyd .ekSuh'1
;ukaf.a Yla;sh wkH ixialD;Skag jvd Wiia hehs ie,lSu iuyrekaf.a isrs;ls' funZ|=
;elSulg iudc jsoHdj fyda udkj jsoHdj bv fkdfohs'ta ta ixialD;s jsjOFjfhka tlsfkld
fjkiaj mj;shs' ;ukaf.a ixialD;sh muKla Wiiah is;d lghq;` lsrSu udkjflaJ|@Kjdoh
(ETHNIOCENTRISM) jYfhka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' ;j;a ixialD;shla fyda tys wx.foi n,k wm ta
ixialD;sh fyda hglSwx. my;a tajd f,i i,lkafka kuz wm udkj flaJ|@KjdoSka njg m;afjhs'
uska W.ekafjkafka lsishuz ixialD;shla ;j;a tllg l`ukdldr fhka fyda fjkiajSu usi Wiia fyda
my;a f,i uqZMukskau ms<s.ekSu lsisfia;a l< fkdyels njhs'2
ixialD;sh ks;r fjkia fjhs.wkqrdOmqr ld,fha wmg ;snQ ixialD;sh fmdf<dkakrehq.h jk
jsg iEfyk f,i fjkiajsh'3wo mj;akd ixialD;sh 19jk ishjfia wmg ;snQ ixialD;sfha m@Odk
,CIKhhs.4th ljodj;a tlu ;ekl tlu wdldrhlska rZod fkdmj;shs' f,dalfha iEu ixialD;shla
u fufia fjkilg Ndckh jQ Ndckhfjuska mj;sk wkd.;fhaoSo fjkia jkakdjQ foa fj;s' fufia
fjkia jSfuzoS wkH ixialD;s j,ska huz huz foa Wlyd .ekSu yd tajd wfma ixialD;shg m@fjzYlr
.ekSu idudkH ,CIKhhs'5
wkqrdOmqr ixialD;sfha iuyrjsg m@lgj fkdfmfkk yska|= fojsfoaj;djka ms<snZo jsYajdi
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha olakg ,efnhs' yska|= fojs foaj;djka ms<snZo fuz weoys,s jsYajdi fldagzfgz
hq.fhaoS o fld;ruz m@n,jSo hkak ta weoys,s jsYajdij,g m@n, f,i myr fouzka rps; nq|=.`Kd
,xldrh jeks .@ka:hlska fmfka'fuz weoys,s jsYajdi wmg wdfjzz fld;kskao$ yska|= ixialD;sfha we;s
jsIaKq BYajr ld,s jeks fojsfoaj;djqka wo wfmau fojsjrekanjg m;ajSwe;' wfma mkai,aj, fuz fojs
jrekaf.a foajd, we;' yska|= ixialD;sfha wx. wfma ixialD;shg tl;`jQ yegs uska jgyd .; yelsh'6
jsjsO ixialD;Skaf.ka meusfKk huzhuzwx. ;j;a ixialD;Ska;`,g we;`ZMjS ta ixialD;Skays uq,a nei
.;a wx. njg m;ajSu idudkH OrAu;djls'7
1 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"fld<U"1982" 3-8 msgq'
2 Sociology and Religion,Max Waber,London,1976,p.4
3 isxy, idys;Hfha iuzNjhg ;`vq|=ka we;euz fya;`"yqkaosrdfmd, r;kfcda;s ysus";rx."ixia' f;rsmeye
fidaudkkao ysus"jrosfj, foajtlaLs; ysus yd vnz,shq mS fiakdkdhl"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1962"26 msgqj'
4 jsoHdfjz yd ixialD;sfh jsfhda.h"ng@kavz ri,a (l`rshrA iZ.rdfjka Wmqgd .ekqkls)"Ydia;@Sh"brsod isZMusK"
tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@iud.u"fld<U"06' 02' 2005" 57 msgqj'
5 nq|= ms<sufha wisrsh,vnz,sjz.tuz.mS.nS jsfcAfldak,Ydia;@Sh,brsod isZMusK,tlai;a m@jD;a;m;@ iud.u,fld<U,06.
a
02. 2005, 57 msgqj.
6 ,xld b;sydih,cS. iS. Uekaosia, iSudiys; fld<U wefmd;slrSia iud.u,fld<U,1959,82-85 msg. q
7 ixialD;sl .egSu yd uOHu mka;sl nqoaOsh,wurodi jSrisxy,;rx.,ixia.f;rsmeye fidaudkkao ysu,jrosfj, s
foajrlaLs; ysus yd vnz,shq.mS.fiakdkdhl,wkq, uq|@Kd,h,fld<U,62-84 msgq.

11. 64
iudc jsoHdj ixialD;Ska;`< mj;akd iqjsfYaIdx. ;`kla .ek iZoyka lrhs'wdjD; jsjD; yd
|@jHd;aul wx. yegshg y|=kajk fuz ;`k .ekoek.ekSu wmg jeo.;ah' wdjD;(COVERT)ixialD;sh
hkq ixialD;shl mj;akd woyia jsYajdi mqreIdrA:(idr Ou!)wdl,am hkdosh yd iuznJO jQ prAhdj
kah'1fuz prAhdjkawkqj lghq;` lrk wdldrh wmg jsjD;j fkdfmfka'huzlsis wiykhg m;ajQfjl`
foajrEmhla ,Z. ksYaYnzoj hosk whqre is;uq' ta ixialD;sh .ek fkdo;a wfhl`g fudyq fmfkkafka
flfiao$ Tyqf.a isf;a we;s |=l ta |=l ke;slr.kak Tyq lrk wdhdpkh fojshka ms<snZo Tyqf.a
yeZ.Su fuz ish,a, wdjD; ixialD;s hl ,CIKh' Tyqf.a yeisrSuz rgdfjz wrA:h Tyq lshk fohska
Tyqf.a l@shdj,ska fyda Tyq i;` fuj,uzj,ska jgyd .ekSu wiSreh'2
ixialD;sfha fuz wdjD; iajNdjh f;areuz .ekSug kuz wm l,ska lSjdfia ta ixialD;sfha
mj;akd
1 woyia (Conceptions)
2 jsYajdi(Cocksure) weoys,s(Belief)
3 idr OrAu(Values)
4 wdl,am (Attitudes)
5 iodpdrd;aul Ndjh(Morality)
6 m@;sudk (OrAu;d;Norms) ukdj wjfndaO lr.; hq;`h'3
fuzjd jgyd.;a jsg ta ixialD;sfha cSj;ajk whf.a prAhdj ms<snZo wdjD; iajNdjh fmfkakg
mgka .kshs'idrOrAu ms<snZoj is|=flfrka kdjQ wOHhkhkaysoS ixialD;sfhys jsjsO me;slv ms<snZoj
ukdj wjfndaOfldg ;snsh hq;`h.tjsg huz lsis idrOrAu ixl,amhl fyda ixl,amhka lSmhl
n,mEu ixialD;sl fCIa;@fhys flfia jHdma;j mj;skafkaoehs mqZM,a jYfhka huzlsis ks.ukhlg
meusKSug th jsYd, myiqjla fjhs.jsfYaIfhka ld,duiQ;@.; idrOrAu ms<snZoj fuysoS wOHhkh
flfrk ksid thska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu uZ.ska Y@uK ixialD;sfhys l`uk wkHkH;dj hla
ms<snsUq flfrkafkaoehs jgyd .ekSug fuuZ.ska jsYd, myiqjla ie,fihs.
ld,duiQ;@h hkq Y@uK ixialD;sh ms<snsUq flfrk Y@uK ixialD;sfhysu lsishuz wlD;shla jeks
h.tys .enzjQ ishZMu idrOrAu ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.k bosrsm;a fldg ;snSu uZ.ska Y@uK
iuzm@odfhys flaJ|@Sh mrudorAYh n@dyauK pska;k wOsldrfhka usoSu uQrA;su;a lr olajhs. n@dyauK
iuzm@odh pska;k wOsldrh mrudorAYh lrf.k mej;s w;r Y@uK iuzm@odh mrudorAYh lrf.k
;snqfka psska;k ksoyi nejsks tnejska n@dyauK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idr
OrAu Tjqka jsiska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqfjz fuu pska;k wOsldrh mdol lrf.kh.thg iudka;rj
Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqjdjQ ishZMu idrOrAu Tjqka jsiska bosrs.ka lrkq ,enqfjz
ksoyia pska;kh mdol lrf.kh.
1 idulduS cSjs;hlg wjYH uqo,ao$ iqks,a udOj,isZMusK brsod,t;ai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02.
2005, 14 msgqj.
2 .@yfhda iy usksiai,c.;a udrisxy,isZMusK brsod,tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u,fld<U,27.02.2005,11 msgqj.
3 Sociological Perspective,Elychinoy,New York,1968,p 7.

12. 65
fuu wOHhkh uZ.ska W;aiy .efkkafka Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enQ idrOrAu
pska;k ksoyi mdol lrf.k ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a jS we;s wdldrh ms<snZo mqZM,a js.@yhla is|=
lsrSuhs.ta iZoyd ixialD;sfhys jsjsO me;slv ms<snZo idlpzPd lsrSu w;HjYH fohls ixialD;sfhys
jsjsO jQ me;slv ms<snZoj idlpzPd lsrSu uZ.ska Y@uK ixialD;sh;a ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a
flfrkakdjQ idrOrAu;a tlsfkl flfia ;`,kh jkafkaoehs wjfndaOlr.ekSu myiq jkafkah.Y@uK
ixialD;sh ;`< .enzj we;a;djQ idrOrAuhkays uQ<sl wdlD;shla ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjk nj fmkajd
oSu fuys wruqKhs.Y@uK iuzm@odh;`< .enzjk idrOrAu ;a ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ
idrOrAu;a tlla jk muKg iudc jsoHd;aul ixorANfhka fuys we;s jgskdlu f;reuz .ekSug
funZ|= ;`,kd;aul wOHhkhla is|=lsrSu w;HjYH jQjls.
‘jsjD; ixialD;sh’ f;areuz .ekSu t;ruz wudre ke;'iudc iuznJO;dj, oDYHudk wx. foi
ne,Sfuka fuh jgyd .; yelsh' iudc jsoHdkQl~,kuz ;Fjh ldrAhh Ndrh OrAu;d yd ixia:d foi
ne,Sfuka jsjD; prAhdjka wjfndaOlr .ekSug mqZMjka fjhs'1
usksiqka tlsfkld yuqjkjsg ta whf.a ;Jjhka iuznJO;d ms<snZoj n,mdhs'‘;;a;ajh’ fyda
‘;rd;sru’ ta weZo me<Zo we;s iegsfhka lrk jevj,ska yeisfrk iegsfhka jgyd.;yelsh';;a;ajh
fyda ;rd;sru ta whg iudcfha ysus;ek ,nk f.#rjh lSrA;s m@idoh lshdfoh's ta ta ;;a;ajhkag
iudcfha jsjsOmdrsf;daIK ,efnz'mdrsf;daIK (Reward) hkako fuu ;;ajh yd ;rd;sru ms<snZo
ju jQjls'usksiqkaf.a ishZM yeisrSuz yd iuzm@odhka wkHhkaf.aa ;;a;ajh yd iuznJO fjhs' ussksiqka
wkHhka flfrys olajk iuznJO;djka ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka fuz ;;a;ajh fyda ;rd;sru uZ.sks'
|@jHuh yd |@jHuh fkdjk jrm@ido lsishuz flfkl`g ,efnkafka fuz ;;a;ajh ksidh'
fuz ;;a;ajh <Z.g ixialD;sfha ldrAh Ndrh (Role) jeo.;afjz'.`rejrfhla fyda ,smslrefjla
fyda uka;@Sjrfhla .;fyd;a tlS .`rejrhd ,smslrejd uka;@Sjrhd i;` tla;rd ldrAhNdrhla
fjhs'ljqreka ,smslrejd .`rejrhd uka;@sjrhdjQj;a fuz ldrAhNdrh ta .`rejrhdg ,smslrejdg
uka;@Sjrhdg tl yd iudkh'f.orl jqjo fuu iajNdjh oel.; yelsh' tys iajdusmqreIhd nsrsZo
orejd i;` ldrAh Ndrhla fjhs'2
nq|=kajykafiaf.a foaYkd w;r iajdusmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh jsfYaI wx.lSmhlska jsia;r
lrkq,efnz' iajdusmqreIhd nsrsog lreKdjka; jshhq;`h'wjZ{dfkdl< hq;`h'wehg wjxljsh hq;`h'
fjk;a ia;@Ska fkdme;sh hq;`h'f.or fodr iajduS;ajh wehg ,ndosh hq;`h'wehg wjYH weZ|=uz me<Z|=uz
wdNrK wdosh iemhsh hq;`h' fuz ish,a, iajduzmqreIhdf.a ldrAhNdrh wmg fmkajdfok w;r nsrsZol
f.a ldrAhNdrh fufia jsia;r fjz' nsrsZo ksjfia lghq;` ukdj ixjsOdkh l< hq;`h'iajdusmqreIhdf.a
1 Iudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,4 msgqj.
2 iudc jsoHdj,iqjskS;d .`Kfialr,fld<U,1994,7 msgqj.

13. 66
Z{d;Skag fydZoska ie,lshhq;`hs' iajdusmqreIhdg wjxljshhq;`hs'(fjk;a iajdusmqreIfhla
fkdme;Su) iajdusmqreIhdf.a Okh wdrCIdl< hq;`hs'l@shdYS,Sj wk,iaj lghq;` l,hq;`hs'1
iajdusmqreIhdf.a yd nsrsZof.a ‘ldrAhNdrh’ ukdj Tng uska jegfyhs' orefjl`f.a ldrAhNdrh
o foudmshka yd orejka w;r iuznJO;d .ek ie,lSfuzoS fufia f;areuz .kq ,efnhs' orejd ;u
foudmshka fmdaIKhl< hq;`hs'foudmshka fjkqfjka bgql< hq;` j;dj;a bgql< hq;`h' mruzmrdj
f.k hdug ;udf.ao orejka we;sl< hq;`h' foudmshka i;` foam< kv;a;` whs;slr .ekSfuzoS hym;a
udrA.hla wkq.ukh l< hq;`h' foudmsh wdoSka ush.shdg miq l<hq;` j;ams<sfj;a bIaGl< hq;`h'2
nq|=iufha n,mEu ksid iudc iuznJO;d ;`< mj;akd ‘ldrAhNdrhka’b;d meyeos,sj yd ir,j
wE; w;S;fha isgu js.@ylrk ,oS'wfma iudch hym;a iudchla jQfha iudcfhaa cSj;ajk usksiqka
fuzjsjsO ldrAh Ndrhka yrsyegs yZ|=kdf.k cSj;ajSug jEhuz lsrSu ksidh' ldrAhNdrhka yrsyegs
bIaGlf<d;a bka ,efnk mdrsf;daIK w;r fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO |@jHuh yd |@jHuh fkdjk
mdrsf;daIKo urKskau;` hym;a cSjs;hla ,enSu ms<snZo mdrsf;daIKo fjhs'3
jsjD; prAhdj jsoydmdk B<Z. ,CIKh OrAu;dhs'(NORMS) hkq wfmaCIs; yeisrSuz rgd OrAu;d
j,shhs' mkai,lg hkjsg mdjyka .,jhs.Wps;f,i ierfihs'yeisfrhs'fufia tla;rd wfmaCIs;
wkaouska yeisrSu ‘OrAu;d’ wkq.ukh lsrSuls' funZ|= ta ta wjia:djkaysoS wfma yeisrSuz rgdj
wfmaCIdlrK OrAu;d ke;sj wmg iudchla f.khd fkdyel'
iudc ixia:dhkq B <Z.g iudcfha jsjD; prAhdjka wmg fmkajdfok wx.hls' iudcfha jsjsO
mrudrA: bIaGlr .ekSug usksiqka jsiska fuz iudc ixia:d f.dvk.kq ,efnz'ukqIHhd ;`< uQ<sl
wjYH;d /ila we;' tajd bIaG lr.ekSfuz mrudrA:fhka iudc ixia:d f.dv kefZ.a' mjq, wOHdmk
ixia:dj wdrA:sl ixia:dj wd.usl ixia:dj yd foaYmd,k ixia:dj ukqIHhd jsiska f.dv kZ.k
iudc ixia:d myhs'ld,duiQ;@h ;`, fmkajdfokq ,nkafka b;d udkqIsl mokula u; msysgd isg fuu
iudc ixia:d my iuZ. jsOsu;aj fukau ksjerosj wka;rAl@shd lrkdldrh fjz ukqIH iuznJO;d fuz
iudc ixia:d ;`<ska m@lg jkafkah'mjq,a ixia:dj ksoiqkla fldg .;yelsh'th ;`<ska msrsushd
.eyeKsh w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj nsrsZo yd ieushd w;r iuznJO;dj
orejka yd foudmshka w;r iuznJO;dj Z{d;Ska yd mjq, w;r iuznJO;d j jrA.h l`,h cd;sh yd
mjq, w;r iuznJO;dj wdoS ixlSrAK iuznJO;d rdYshla f.dvkefZ.a'4
|@jHuh ixialD;sh hkq ixialD;sh yd iuznJO jQ |@jHuh foaj,a ms<snZo tl;` lr.;a oekquhs'
ukqIHhd f.a weZ|=uz me<|=uz fuj,uz WmlrK f.a fodr .DyNdKav ;dCIKsl WmlrK l,dYs,am
1 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq.,308 msgqj.ud;d ms;d osid mqnznd wdprshd olaLsKd osid mq;a;odrd osid mpzPd
ola
us;a;dupzpd p W;a;rd odi luzuldrd fhgzGd WoaIx iuKn@dyauKd t;d osid kuiafihH w,u;af;d l`f,
.syS
2 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;,nq.c.uq, 302 msgqj.l:Z{ap .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjfld Poaosid mgspzPdoS fyd;s
3 oS. ks. 3 isZ.d,l iq;a;, nq.c.uq,290 msgqj.hf;d fLd .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjliai p;a;dfrd luzu lsf,id
mySKd fydka;s pl~ys Gfkys mdmx luzux k lfrd;s P p fYd.dkx wmdh uqLdks k fij;s fid tjx
pqoaoimdmldm.f;d Poaosid mgspzPdos WNh f,dl jschdh mgsmkafkd fyd;s
4 oS. ks. 3 is.d,l iq;a;, nq. c. uq, 302-308 msgq

14. 67
idys;Hh hka;@iQ;@ wdoS yeu fohlau ms<snZo oekSu |@jHuh ixialD;shg wh;a jkafkah' hf:dala;
oekSfuka f;drjQ ta |@jHuh NdKavh muKla ixialD;sh f,i fkd.efka'wE; w;S;fha cSj;ajQ wo
olakg fkd,efnk usksia fldgif.a Yla;sh wm jsiska f.dv kZ.kq ,nkafka ta ixialD;sfhka wo wmg
b;srsjQ |@jHuh fldgia wdY@fhks'iuyrjsg tawh .,a.`ydj, wekao ps;@hla folla wmg yuqjkqwe;' ta
whf.a wdydrmdk msikakg fhdod.;a Ndckj, kIaGdjfYaI tlla folla mqrdjsoHd leKSuzj,oS
fidhd.kakg mqZMjk'fuz wdldrfhka ta w;S; ixialD;sh tn|= ixialD;shla Wreu lr.;a mqoa.,hka
mrsyrKh l< |@jHuh ixialD;sl fuj,uz NdKav ;`<ska f.dv kZ.d .;yelsh' ta |@jHuh fuj,uz
NdKav wdoS ish,a, |@jHuh ixialD;sfha fldgia yegshg i,lkq ,efnz'1
|@jHuh ixialD;sh .ek l;d lrkjsg huz huz fidhd .ekSuz(DISCOVERY).ek wu;l l<
fkdfya' m<uqfjkau .skaor fidhd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fidhd .ekSuls' |@jHuh ixialD;sh (oekSu)
.skaor fidhd .ekSu ksid mshjr lSmhla bosrshg .sfhah' iudcfha mj;akd fohla h<s u;` fldg
w,q;a jsosyg wrA:j;a lr.ekSu fun|= fidhd.ekSuz jYfhka i,lkq ,efnz'ksmojSuz (Inventions) hkq
mj;akd fohla fufia my< lr .ekSug jvd w,q;ska hula ksrAudKh lr .ekSuh'ksmojSuz yd
fidhd .ekSuz ksid usksia ixialD;ska n,j;a fjkialuzj,g Ndckh fjuska bosrshg hk wdldrh
ukdj jgyd .kakg mqZMjk'2
ixialD;sh fmd|=jYfhka .;ajsg ;@sjsO ldrAhdj,shla bIaGlrhs' m<uq fjkau ixialD;sh
ukqIHhdg ;udf.a mrsirhg wkqj iliajkakg bv,ndfohs' jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha c,h ,nd
.kakg wfma me/kafkda jsYd, jejz ;ekQy' ta jejz j,ska ,enqk c,fhka jrAIdj fkdue;s ld,fha
lDIslrAudka;fhys fh|=ky' Tjqka mrsirhg wkqj iliajQ yegs jejz j,ska msrS.sh wE; w;S;fha
ixialD;sh n,kjsg fmfka'3
ixialD;sfha fofjks ldrAhh ukqIHhdg wkH ukqIHhka yd iqjfia cSj;ajSug WmdhudrA. yd
l@u ilialroSuhs' usksyd .eyeksh jsjdyh yd mjq, jeks ixialD;sl Wml@u uZ.ska tl;`jSu .ek
is;d n,kak' m@ckk wdYdj h:dldrfhka l@uj;aj l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a bka nsysjk orejka ksis
whqreka fmdaIKhfldg jevs oshqKqlsrSug;a wdrCIdj fyda iqrCIs;nj mjq, yd jsjdy Wml@u uZ.ska
ukqIHhdg ,efnz'4fuz ldrAhh jvd;a jsOsu;a whqrska bgqlr .ekSu msKsi mjq, keue;s l`vdu iudc
ixia:dj ilialrf.k ;sfnz.
ixialD;sfha ;`kafjks ldrAhh ;udfkdokakd f,dalhla .ek ukqIHhd jsYajdi yd weoys,s uZ.ska
ms<sfh, lsrSuhs' cSj;aj isgshoS;a uereKdg miq;a ush.sh wh yd iuznJOjk ukqIHhd fkdokakd
f,dalhla we;' iqj lrkakg ners wikSmhla ye|=Kqjsg wm lrkafka l`ulao$huzlsis weoys,s jsYajdi
1 ixialD;sfhys jsfYaI wx.,lUqremsgsfha wrshfiak ysus,;rx.,ixia.n,xf.dv m@Z{djxi ysus yd ;siai
ldrshjiuz"wkq, uq|@Kd,h"fld<U'1964 67 msgqj
2 fuz m@;sixialrKj,g ienE lrA;D flfkla TzkE"YIS m@Nd;a rKisxy"l;sld ixjdo irKsh"oskusK
tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"26' 02' 2005" 17 msgqj'
3 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fi,a ,smsj,ska fy,sjk iudc f;dr;`re"wdr'A nS' tosrsisxy"nodod w;sfrAlh"osjhsk"Wmd,s
m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"17' 03' 1999"17 msgqj'
4 oS. ks. 3"w.a.Z{aZ{ iq;a;"nq' c' uq"158-160 msgq' fu:qkx Ouzux iudodh jsiqx luzukaf; mfhdfck;S;s fLd
Ouz
jdfigzGd fjiaid fjiaidfFjj wlaLrx Wmksnzn;a;x

15. 68
u; msysgd lghq;` lsrSuh' uska wmg ,efnk iekiSu yd ;Dma;sh b;d jsYd,h' urKh hkq
l`ulaoehs okakd lsisfjla wmw;r ke;' i;ajhdg urKnsh yd iudk ;j;a nshlakuz ke;af;ah'kuq;a
wd.u yd iuznJOjQ fuz weoys,s jsYajdi ;`<ska urKhg we;s nsh iEfyk |=rlg ;`rkajS cSjs;hg
uqyK fokakg wmg bv,efnz'‘wd.u’ixialD;sh jsiska we;slrkq tla;rd ixia:djls'1
fn#oaOixialD;sh.ek mfhH!IKfhys fhfok jsoHdrA:Ska jsiska jsjsOixialD;s (Counter Culture)
ms,snZo ;`<kd;aulj yeoErSu w.hlrkq,efnz' huzlsis ixialD;shl cSj;ajkakdjQ msrsila m@Odk
ixialD;shg wkql~,;dj fkdolajuska tla;rd wiykhla ksid ta ixialD;shg m@;sjsreoaO ixialD;sh
la wkqu; lrkqfka kuz ta msrsi jsfrdaO ixialD;shla we;a;ka njg m;afjkafkah'fuySoS m@Odk
ixialD;sfha yrh Tjqkajsiska m@;slafIam lrkakg mqZMjk'wefursldfjz‘ysms ixialD;sh’fujeks jsfrdaOS
ixialD;shla nj lshfjz'Tjqka cSj;ajk iudcfha ishZMu yrhka m@;slafIaml< ysmsfhda w,q;aiudch
la w,q;a yrhlawe;sj nsyslrkakg udkne,Qy'ta ksidu TjQyq jsfrdaO ixialD;shlg wh;ajQy'
‘ixialD;sh’ hk ixl,amh .ek l:dlrkjsg ‘WmixialD;sh’(Sub-Culture) .eko hula
oek.ekSu jeo.;ah' jsYd, fyda m<,a ixialD;shl cSj;ajk fjkia jQ udos,shl cSjk rgdjla we;s
fldgi Wm ixialD;shla we;swh jYfhka yZ|=kaj;s'iEu ixialD;shlgu wNHka;rsl jYfhka jsjsOd
ldr prAhdjka we;s wfkaljsO iuQy wkaa;rA.;jwe;'taiuQyj,cSj;ajk wh tlsfkldg fnfyjska
fjkia kjSk woyia yd prAhd we;a;kah'uy ixialD;sh;`< jsjsOdldrfhka mj;akd fujeks Wm
ixialD;Ska /ila olakg ,efnz'huz ixialD;shla;`< olakg ,efnk Wm ixialD;sl ,CIK iEfyk
m@udKhla uy ixialD;sfha tjka ,CIK yd ieifZoa kuz uy ixialD;sh;a Wm ixialD;sh;a w;r
lsis|= .egSula yg fkd.kshs'
iuyrjsgl Wm ixialD;Ska f.ka uyixialD;shg lsisu ;rAckhla fyda wNsfhda.hla ke;s
wjia:d olakg we;' Wm ixialD;shla f.dv kefZ.kjsg ;ukagu jsfYaI NdId js,dYhla OrAu;d
(m@;sudk) fyda idrOrAu yd cSjkrgdjla(iodpdrphH!d) f.dvkZ.d.ekSug bv we;.wdrAh ixialD;sh
;`< fyda wkdrAh ixialD;sh;`< ;j;a Wm ixialD;s lSmhla olakg we;' jsfrdaOS ixialD;sho Wm
ixialD;s j.!fhau tlafldgils' fjkilg we;af;a jsfrdaOSixialD;sh m@Odk ixialD;sh iuZ. tlg
cSj;a fkdjSuhs'th uy ixialD;sh iuZ. W.@f,i .efghs'iuyrjsg tnZ|= jsfrdaOS ixialD;shl
jHjydr jkni wkHhkag f;areuz.; fkdyelsh' taidudcslfhda muKla ta ni jgyd .ks;s'Tjqyq
1 Magic Science Religion and Other Essays,Bronislaw Malinowsi,London,Oxford Press,1948.fuu
.@J:fhys wd.u wNspdr iy mqrdjD;a; ms<snZo udkj jsoHd;aul woyia wka;rA.;h'Coral Garden and their
Magic : A Study of the methods billing the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobiand
Island,Bronislaw Malinowsi,New York,American book Co.,1935.wd.u ue,sfkdjqialsf.a js.@yhg
fhduqjQfha wd.fuz cSjs;h yd iuznJO iqjsfYaIs wjia:djka wkqidrfhks'fuu iqjsfYaIS wxY wd.usl cSjs;fhaoS
b;d jeo.;a ;ekla orhs'tu iqjsfYaIS wxYkuz iudc taldnoaO;djhg ndOd muqKqjkakdjQ wNsfhda.d;aul
jkakdjQ ps;a;fjz.Sh jYfhka mSvdldrS ;;ajhkah' iudch;`< we;sfjkakdjQ wd;;sh ffp;isl l,ne.Eksh
ldkaidj wdoS ;;ajhka iudc cSjs;h jHdl~,;djhg m;alrkq ,nhs' fuu ;;ajhka tkuz jHdl~, ;;ajhka
we;sjkakdjQ jsjsO wjia:d we; Wm; jevsjsh meusKSu jsjdyh urKh wdoS wjia:dj, yg.kakd cSjs;h
ms<snZo wrAnqo fuysoS jsfYaI ;ekla .kS'ue,sfkdjqials ksrSCIKhl< wdldrhg iEu iudchlu fuz wkaoug
vSjs;fha wrAnqoldrS wjia:djka jsjsO wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a jsiska jglrf.k mj;S' Tyqg wkqj urKh mqoa.,sl
cSjs;fha nrm;, foordhdula we;slrkq,nhs' mqoa.,hka w;r mj;akd oevsiuznJOh ksid flfkl` ushhdfuka
miqj uy;a ffp;isl luzmkhla we;sfjhs urKh iuznJOfhka we;sjk fujeks jHdl~, l,lsreKq ;Fjhka
wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a uZ.ska iukh lr.ka kd nj ue,sfkdjqialsg fmkSf.dia we;'

16. 69
YdrSrsl ydks is|=lsrSuz w.hlr;s'wmrdOlsrSug nshla fkdolajk w;r th ;u ixialD;sfha
wx.hla njg m;alr .ks;s'1
ixialD;sl ,e.au (Cultural Lag) hk ixl,amh fuysoS jeo.;afjz'ixialD;shliuyr wx.
bj;aj fjkiajS jrAOkhjk w;r ;j;a wx.fjkiafkdjS ta wdldrfhkau mj;Skuz t;ek we;af;a
ixialD;sl,e.auls' ixialD;sl ,e.au mj;skafka fuz wxY flfrysh'ixialD;shl ,e.au ms<snZo
isoaOdka;h bosrsm;alf,a js,shuz wea T.anrAka (Wilium F. Ogburn) keue;s iudc jsoHdZ{hdh'fuz
wkqj T.anrA.a fuys ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksoiqkla fn#oaO ixialD;sh weiqrska js.@y lrhs'
ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<snZo ksorAYkhla T.anrA.a jsiska fmkajdoS we;af;a wdrAh ixialD;sh fyj;a
ffjosl ixialD;sh uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ n@yauK iuzm@odh;a wkdrAh fyj;a m@;sffjosl iuzm@odh
uZ.ska fufyhjkq ,enQ Y@uK iuzm@odh;a weiqrsks'wdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ia:dms; jkafka
wkdrAh ixialD;sh Ndr;fhys ld,hla ;siafia mej;shdg miqjh tuksid wdrAhhkag wkdrAh
ixialD;sfhys huz huz ixialD;sldx. hgm;a lr ;u ixialD;sh Ndrlfhys ia:dms; lrkakg
iEfyk igkla lrkakg is|=jsh
fuz hgf;a fN#;slj yd wOHd;ausl jYfhka wkdrAhhka mrhd Tjqka uevmj;ajdf.k lghq;`
lrkakg wdrAhhka W;aiy l<;a wdrAhhkag wkdrAhhkaj uqZMukskau uev meje;ajsh fkdyels jsh
iajNdjfhkau idulduS iduh b;d w.hl< wkdrAhhka f,day Ndjs;fhka wdhqO yd WmlrK
wdosfhka wdrAhhkag jvd ;dCIKh w;ska bosrsfhka isgS ixialD;shla jqj;a rgj,a wdl@uKh lruska
>d;kh ffjrh msrS tfy;a f,day Ndjs;h wdhqO yd WmlrK Ndjs;h w;ska wkdrAhhkag jvd
b;du;a fkdoshqKq ;dCIKh Ndjs;h w;ska my< ugzgul issgs wkdrAhhkag wdrAhh ixialD;sh
fN#;sl jYfhka wdl@uKh fldg uy;a jskdYhla is|=lsrSu wiSre lreKla fkdjSh 2
wfkla w;g wkdrAh ixialD;sh oshqKq k.r ie,iquzl@u jdrsudrA. l@u .ukd.uk myiqluz
jdhqiukh l< ldur iys; uy,a f.dvke.s,s oshqKq c,k, moaO;shlska iukajs; ikSmdrCIl
jeisls,s leisls,s moaO;s iys; b;du;a iqfLdamfNda.S cSjs;hla .;l< kd.rsl ixialD;shla jsh ta
lsis|= myiqlula fkd,;a wdrAh ixialD;sh ;ekska ;ekg huska rgj,a wdl@uKfhys fh|=kq .@duSh
iNH;ajh flaJ|@ lr.kakd,o fkdoshqKq ixialD;shla jsh 3miql,l wdrAhhka wkdrAhh ixialD;sh
md.df.k ish ixialD;sh oshqKq lr.ekSfuz wNs,dIfhka wkdrAh ixilD;sfhys .enzj we;a;djQ huz
huz ixialD;sldx. ish ixialD;shg wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;o wkdrAh ixialD;sfhys tajd yg.ekSug
fya;`j jQ uQ<sl m@Njhka ksjeosj .@yKh lr.kakg wiu;ajSu fya;`fjka tajd ixialD;sl ,e.aula
f,i osiajsks fuz fol w;r tn|= fjkila we;af;a ‘ixialD;sl ,e.au’ksidh'T.anrAka fuysoS |=gqfjz
wdrAh ixialD;sh;`, wkdrAh ixialD;sldx.hkays fkd.e,fmknj jk ixialD;sl,e.au ms<snZo
b;djeo.;a ksorAYkhls'
1 udkj jsoHdfjz ,dxlSh m;`, jsksjsos fofk;"pska;l udrisxy"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@
iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005" 58 msgqj'
2 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964" 5
msgqj'
3 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964
5-7 msgq'

17. 70
fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek wOHhkh lrkakdjQ mrAfhaIlhska ;j;a jeo.;a ixl,amhlajk
ixialD;sl ifudaOdkh (Cultual Intergration).ek oek.; hq;`h'ixialD;shl we;`<;ajk jsjsO
wxf.damdx. jk oCI;d jsYajdi weoys,s pdrs;@ jdrs;@ OrAu;d(m@;sudk) yd mqreIdrA:(idr OrAu)
prAhdjka (iodpdr yeisrSuz) wdoS fuz ish,a, ljodj;a tlsfklg fjkiaj ;ksj mej;sh hq;` fkdfjz'1
tajd ixialD;sfha wjfYaI wx. iuZ. tlajkaj neZoS mj;S'fufia tnZ|= wxf.damdx. tlajkaj neZos
mej;Su ta ixialD;sfha jrAOkhg b;djeo.;ah' m@d.a-lrAudka;uh fyda iduzm@odhsl iudcj, l`vd
iuQyj,ska ta iudc iukajs;jQ ksid ixialD;sfha jsjsO wx. ukdj tlg neZoS ;snsKs'2
ixialD;sl jsirKh (Diffusion) hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ;ukag wd.ka;`l ixialD;sh lska
huz huz wx. ;ukaf.a ixialD;shg meusK thg tldnoaO jkakdjQ wdldrhhs'3 jsirKh iuyrjsg
rglg b;d jdisodhl l@shdj,shla jkq we;.tx.,ka;fha ldrAusl jsma,jh jrAOkh jQfha lrAudka;
jsma,jfha wx. uq,isg w;a oel fhda.HjQ;a wfhda.HjQ;a iEu wxYhlau w;ayod ne,Sfuks' crAuksh
lrAudka; jsma,jfha idrj;a wx. tx.,ka; w;aoelSuz ;`<ska f.k ;u rfgz oshqKqjg fhdod .;af;a
jsirKfha m@;sM,hla f,ih' tx.,ka;h w;ayodn,d idrA:ljqkq wx. muKla ;u rfgz lghq;`
iZoyd fhdod .ekSug crAukshg yelsjsh'/,ama ,skagka keue;s udkjjsoHdZ{hd mjik wkaoug TzkEu
ixialD;shlg ishhg wkQjla wx. jsirKh ksid ,enqKq tajdh' ta ixialD;sfhau Wm; ,nd my<jk
wx. we;af;a ishhg oyhla muKh'
fn#oaO ixialD;sh .ek ys;k TzkEu wfhl`g fuh fld;ruz i;Hhlaoehs jegfykq we;'bkaoshd
kq ixialD;sj,ska wmg fl;ruz wdNdIhla ,ensKso$fn#oaO ixialD;sh fnfyjskau yev.eyqfka
fn#oaO idr OrAu ;`<sks' fn#oaO idr OrAu ,xldjg meusKsfha Ndr; fn#oaO ixialD;sh;`<sks'
miq.sh wjqre|= fooyia mkaiSh;`< wfma fn#oaO ixialD;sh Ndr; fn#oaO ixialD;sfhkq;a fjk
rgj, fn#oaO ixialD;sj,skq;a iY@slf,i fmdfydr,nd jsirKh jQ wkaou ms<snZo l;dka;rh b;d
jsps;@ cklh'4
ixialD;sl iuzmrAlh(Acculturation) kuska y|=kajk ;j;a ixl,amhla we;'5huzlsis |=rAj,
iuQyhla fyda iudchla n,j;aixialD;shl fyda iudchl n,mEu hg;g flfia fyda wdjsg n,j;a
ixialD;sfha wx. ,CIK |=rAj, ixialD;shlg n,md Bg tla fjhs'fuh ixialD;sl iuzmrAlh kuska
1 uyfmdf<dfjz h:drA:h iy fojshkaf.a iuzm@odh".`Kisrs jSriQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a
m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"13' 02' 2005"57 msgqj'
2 Action Theory and Human Conditions,Talcott Parsons,New York,Free Press,1978.ge,afldgz mdikaia
A
wjOdrKh l< wkaoug fm@df;ia;ka;@ l@sia;shdks yd hqfojz hk wd.uzj,ska ,enqKq w.hka yd yrhkaf.ka
wefursldkq iudch talrdYs jS we;'tu tlai;ajSu;`, wd;au jskh yd fm#oa.,slFjh ;oskau olakg we;'
lf;da,sl jqj;a fm@df;ia;ka;@jqj;a hqfouzjqj;a Tjqka wefursklajdoSkah wefursldkqjdoh(Americanism)
f.dvkeZ.Sug wjYH idrOrAu yd yrhka jsjsOdldrjQ wd.uz jsiska imhd oS we;'
3 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhd"fld<U
1997"26 msgqj'
4 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyaf;a mZ[aZ[df,dal ysu"weuz' vS'.~Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"72
msgqj'
5 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka'jS'cS'ta'fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy iud.u"fld<U"1997"28
msgqj'

18. 71
yeZoskafjz'1 jsirKfhaoS ixialD;sh huz huz foa iafjzpzPdfjka b,a,d .kshs'2 fuyssoS th ndysr
n,mEula ksid is|=fjhs' jsirKh fukau ixialD;sl iuzmrAlho is|=jkafka tla;rd wkaoul
prKhla wkqqjh' jsirKhg fyda iuzmrAlhg m;a jkakdjQ ixialD;shla wks;a ixialD;sfhka iEu
fohlau ta iZoyd f;dard fkd.kshs'3
wkdrAh ixialD;sfhka wdrAh ixialD;sh flf;la ixialD;sldx. wjfYdaIKh lr.;a;;a
wkdrAh ixialD;sl i;`jQ pska;k ksoyi yd i;r n@yaujsyrKh u; mokuzjQ wjsysxidj wjfYdaI
Kh lr.;af;a ke;' ixialD;sl iuzmrAlfhaoSo mj;akd iajNdjh fuhuh |=rAj, ixialD;sldx.
iys; iudch m@n, ixialD;sldx. iys; iudcfha oshqKq;u ixialD;sldx. ,nd .kakg WkJ|=jkq
we;'m@n, fkdjk wfkla wx. f;dard.kafka huz huz uQ,OrAu wkqj jrKSh l@uhlgh' ffjosl
ixialD;sh uZ.ska m@;sffjosl ixlD;sfhys ;snqKq iuyr wx. ffjosl ixialD;shg tlalr.;a w;r
iuyr wx. w;ayer oukq ,ensks'i;r n@yau jsyrKh mdollr.;a fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo bka|=
ksuzk jdiSkaf.a wdl,amh fkd;el~ ffjoslfhda hd.fhys fhfouska m@dK>d;fhys ksr;fjuskau
tauZ.skau fudaCIh me;Suo fujeks is|=jSuls'4
m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh i;`jQ iu:OHdk l@u Ndjs;fhka wgiuj;a Wmojd jkfhys fjfik bis
kdu fhka ffjosl iQ;@hkays lshefjk wIaGiudm;a;s ,dNS ;jqia fldgzGdYhla .eko wnqoafOda;amdo
ld,hkays mjd ;ks ;ksju jsoiqka jvd nqoaO;ajhg m;aj yqol,dj jsiQ mfianq|=jre ms<snZojo
lshefjz'5fuu mfiys nq|=jre m@;sffjosl fyj;a bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfha fYa@IaGFjh fudkjg
lshdmdk ms<sUsnq fjz'ffjosl iQ;@hkays fndfyda fihska fujeks nq|=jre yZ|=kajd we;af;a uqks hk
kdufhks'6
fuu uqksjre wyiska .ukalrknj ffjoslhka olajdwe;af;a bjish fkdfyk BrAIHdjlska nj
tlS iZoykays .enzjk fidamdydih wkqj fmfka'wx.Sri hk fh|=u nq|=jre yeZoskajSu iZoyd jHjydr
lrk,o b;dmqrdK jpkhls'nq|=kajykafia yeZoskajSu msKsi mdrsNdIsl mohlaf,i Ndjs;dlrk fuu
jpkh ffjosl iQ;@hka ys uqksjre yeZoskajSu msKsiu jHjydrlr ;sfnz'7fuu uqksjre b;d ksyZvjQ
osjshla .;l< Y@uK fldgilanjo olajd ;sfnz' isoaOdrA: fndai;dkka jykafiaf.a Wm; is|=jk
wjia:dfjys mjd ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrfhla cSjudkju jevisgSnj iZoykaj we;'fndOsiFjhka
1 The Family Among the American Aborigin:A Sociological Study,B Malinowski,London University
Press,London,1913
2 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHdj m@fjzYh"tka' jS'cS' fyauka; l`udr"weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"28
msgqj'
3 Magic,Science Religion and Other Essays,B Malinowski,London Unicersity Press,London, 1965
4 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964" 34
msgqj'
5 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus"iuhjrAOk
uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986" 11 msgqj'
6 iD.afjzoh"flaiS iqla;h"136'uqkfhd jd;rYkd msYx.d jif; u,d
uq
7 The Golden Bouh:A Study Magic and Religion,Sir James George Frazer,Vol 12,London
Press,London,1911-1915
ffjoslhka w:!jka fjzoh yeZoskajSu iZoyd wx.Sri hk moh mjd jHjydrhg f.k we;af;a thg .re lsrSug
jvd th tla;rd whqrlska Wmydid;aulj ie,lSug nejz fmfka'tu fjzofhysu jevodhl uka;@lshkakka
w:!jka hk kdufhkao wjevodhl uka;@ lshkakka wx.Sri hk mofhka yeZoskajSfuka by; olajk,o woyi
;yjqrefjz'

19. 72
jykafia Wmkanj oek.;a Wkajykafia ;ukaf.a wdhqYla;sh wjikanj oekf.k msrsksjs nj
fmd; mf;ys iZoykafjz'1
fu#k j@;h fyj;a uqksj; ffjosl iudchg m@jsYaGjQfha fulS uqksjrekaf.a wNHka;riajrEmh
ndysrska wkqqlrKh lrkakg ffjoslhka W;aiqljSu;a iuZ.h'bka|=ksuzk ixialD;sfhys .enzjkakdjQ
by; olajk ,o wdOHd;ausl oshqKqjg bjy,a jQfha Tjqka w;r m@p,s;j mej;s fu;a;d ixl,amfhys
wdNdIh Tjqka fkduZoj ,nd.;a nejsk.uqksj;2 fyj;a fu#kj@;fhys wNsjDoaOsh msKsi fu;a;d
s
ixl,amfhys Ndjs;dj ms<snZoj fjku yeoErSula l<hq;` ;rugu th mqZM,ah.m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh
;`< uqks ixl,amh jHdma;j mej;ssk. we;af;kau fuh wffjosl ixl,amhls.fuz fya;`j ksidu
s
ffjoslfhda uqks ixl,amhg ffjrl<y.f,#lsl cSjs;hg m@shl< nuqfKda wOHd;au .fjzIKfhys
ksr;jQ uqksjrekag oafjzIl<y.
kQ;k iudch .ek l,amkdlrkjsg jdKscFjh (Commercialization) ksid is|=jk ixialD
;sl fjkiajSu flfrys fndfyda mrAfhaIlhkaf.a WkJ|=j fhduqjS ;sfnz'ngysr lrAudka;uh iudcj,
n,mEu ksid wjfYaI rgj, fuz fjki is|=jkafka h'wfma iudcfha fuz ndysr n,mEu ksid is|=jk
ixialD;sl fjkialuz l,amkdlr ne,Su jeo.;ah'3m@n, ckikaksfjzok udOHjk mqj;am; iskudj
rEmjdysksh yd fmd|= oekajSuz l@u ksid jdKscFjh wfma f.a we;`,gu meusK we;'
jdKscuh yqjudreju; wo iEufohlau rZodmj;S' jdKscuh yqjudrejg uq,a;ek ,efnk jsg
wrA: l@uh iuZ. uqZM uy;a iudc l@uho jsmrAhdihg m;afjhs' w;S;fhaoS tla;rd wkaoulska fuh
is|=jknj wu;l fkd l<hq;`h' pSk mrAishka .@Sl frdau wrdns msksishkajre yd ysJ|=jre jdKscuh
l@shdj,Ska uZ.ska bosrshgwd wdosu cd;Ska jQy'wo fjkilg we;af;a ta jdKscuh l@shdj,shg jvd
ikaksfjzok wdos fhka m@n, njg m;ajQ lrAudka;uh l@shdj,sh iy oshqKqjQ ;dCIKh yd iuznJO
jdKscuh ixialD;shla f,dalfha iEu rglu ixialD;Skag wNsfhda. lsrSuh'
ixialD;sh .ek l:dl< /,ama ,skagka wmg jeo.;a ixl,am;`kla y|=kajd |=kafkah' jsYajuh
(Universals) ixialD;sl pdrs;@ bka m<uqjekakh.fuz pdrs;@ jsYajuhjkafka tajd f,dalfha iEu
cd;shlgu fmd|=jQksidh' B<Z.g ,skagka l:dlf<a jsl,am pdrs;@(Alernatives).ekh Y@uK ixialD
;sfhys yd n@yauK ixialD;sfhys ixialD;sl pdrs;@ i,ldne,sh yelsh'fuz wdldrfhka ixialD;sl
pdrs;@ f;dard .ekSfuka jHjydrhg ths.;`kafjksj jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@ (Specialities) we;'
n@dyauK ixialD;sfhys m@dK>d;h hd.h kuska iudc.; lr;sfnz' fuz ixialD;sl pdrs;@ wxYh
Tjqkag jsfYaI jQjls.Y@uK ixialD;sfhys wkHhka iuZ. iyfhda.fhka iuZ.sfhka cSj;ajSu
wjsysxidj fu;a;d ixl,amh fyda i;rn@yau jsyrKh kuska iudc.; lr;sfnz fuz ixialD;sl
1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1986"11 msgqj'
fuu ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhkajykafia rc.ykqjr bis.s,s mjzfjys jsiQ nj;a ;ukaf.a wdhqld,h
ksujSfuka miq ysuj;f;ys uydm@md; mrAj;hg jev msrsksjs nj;a iZoykafjz'
2 uydksoafoai md,s" nq' c' uq" 82 msgqj'
3 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' jS' cS' ta'fyaul`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"1997"
92 msgqj'

20. 73
pdrs;@h Tjqkag iqjsfYaIS jQjls fuz wdldrfhka huzlsis jsfYaI iuQyhlaiuZ. iuznJOjQ ixialD;sl
pdrs;@hla we;akuz th jsfYaI ixialD;sl pdrs;@j,g wh;ah'1
by; oelafjk wdldrfhka ixialD;sh iuznJOfhka jsia;r lsrSug is|=jQfha idrOrAu ljrdld
rfhka ixialD;sh flfrA n,mdkq ,nkafkaoehs wjfndO jSu iZoydh'fndfydajsg idudkH jHjydrfhaoS
idrOu!o ixialD;shg iuznJOlr idrOu!"iodpdrh yd ixialD;sh hkjpk;`fkka woyiajkafka
tlu wrA:hnj fndfydafokd Wml,amkh lr;s'fuzksidh ukqIHw.hkaf.a is|=jkfjkiajSu
ixialD;sfha is|=jk msrsySulaf,i Tjqkajsiska wF:!l:khlrkq ,nkafka'
fuzksid ixialD;sh yd idrOu!2 hkjpkfol iudkdrA:fhys,d fmd|= ck iudch ;`< Ndjs;d
flfrA'mqrdKfha bkaoshdfjz ;snQ wkdrAh ixialD;sh bka|= ksuzk ixialD;sh f,i yeoskafjz'Tjqka
iajfoaYsl ck;djhs'Y@uK iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wkdrAh ixialD;sh flaJ|@fldgf.khs'
wdl@uKslhska jYfhka neyerska meusKs msrsi jQfha wdrAh ixialD;shg wh;a ck;djhs' n@dyauK
iuzm@odh mejf;kafka fulS wdrAh ixialD;sh flaJ|@fldgf.khs'3
w;S;fhaoS wkdrAh ixialD;sh kuska yeZoskafjk iajfoaYsl ixialD;sh yd wdrAhkdufhka yeZoskafjk
jsfoaYsl ixialD;sh w;r is|=jkakdjQ .egqu ksid wkdrAh ixialD;sh hgm;aj f.dia wdrAh ixialD;sh
m@n,Fjhg m;a jsh'fuu .egqu is|=jk wjia:djjk jsg wkdrAh ixialD;sh l,dYs,am";dCIKh"
cSjkm@;smodj wdoS ixialD;s hlg wh;aiEu wx.hlau mdfya fnfyjska oshqKq;Fjhl mej;sks'4
kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh tys iEu ixialD;sl wx.hlskau wkdrAh ixialD;shg fojkjk ugzgulska
mej;`ks'kuq;a wdrAh ixialD;sh rgj,a wdl@uKh lsrSu ;ukaf.a cSjkm@;smodj lr.;aixialD;shla
jQnejska hqoaO Yla;sh w;ska wkdrAh ixialD;shg jvd bosrsfhka isgSu Tjqkag wkdrAh ixialD;sh ish
.@yKhg k;`lr.ekSug fkduZo msgsjy,lajsh'wkdrAhfhda jkdyS udkqIslFjfhkao iEu .;s.`K
hlskau wdrAhhkag jvd b;d bosrsfhka isgS fnfyjska YsIaG iuzmkak ukqIHfldgzGdYhla jsh'
wkdrAh hkaf.a cSjk m@;smodj f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfKa lDIslu!h flaJ|@ fldg f.k nejska iEfyk ;ruz
jsfjslh o ,enkq nejska l,dYs,am" pska;kh fuz jk jsg f,dalfha YsIagiuzmkak wkalsis|= ixialD;sh
la w;am;a lrf.k fkdisgS ;ruz jsYd, oshqKq;;ajhlg m;ajS;snsks'5
wdrAh ixialD;sh miqnsuz lr.kakd,o n@dyauK pska;kh W;aiqljQfha usksidf.a is;Sfuz Yla;sh
fudgfldg oeuSughs'thg fya;`j pska;k Yla;sh Wiia;,hlg meusKshfyd;a wksjdrAhfhkau
;ukaf.a ixialD;sh m@;sfCIamjk ;;ajhlg m;ajS ;ukaf.a idudcsl ;;ajh yd n,h ke;sjS
hknj fudjqka jgyd f.k isgSnejsks'hd.h"hZ{h yd n,sns,smQcd uZ.ska >d;kixialD;shla;`<
ffjrh"iudch mx;sjYfhka fnod md,khlsrSuuZ.ska l<lsrSujmqrjuska lghq;`lsrSu fudjqkaf.a
l@shdms,sfj; jsh'fuz ;;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSu Wfoid wdjD; udislFjhlska lghq;`lsrSug usksid
1 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1994" 41 msgqj'
2 tu 58 msgqj'
3 ffjosl idys;Hh"fcA' ;s,lisrs"iSudiys; tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"1958"110 msgqj'
4 tu 126 msgqj'
5 ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"10
msgqj'

21. 74
fhduqlrjSu"ndysr wOsldrSuh n,hka1 uZ.ska pska;k ksoyi md,khlsrSu iZoyd wd.usl
b.ekajSuz fhdod.ekSu n@dyauK pska;kfha m@Odk,CIK jsh'
fuu oevs iudc urAOkldrS ;;ajh fkdbjiQ wkdrAh ixialD;sfha ksoyiapska;;hska n@dyauK
b.ekajSuz ksrAoh f,i jspdrhg ,lalrkakg jsh'fuz ld,h jkjsg tnZ|= ksoyia pska;lhska ih
fofkl` Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,ska we;sjS uy;a m@isoaOshg m;ajS ;snsKs'fudjqka IgzYdia;Djre kdufhka
yeZoskajSug wm mqre|=jS isgsuq'tl, iudc ixialD;sl jd;djrKh fuz whqrska mj;soaoSh wkdrAh
ixialD;sh ;`,skau Y@uK iuzm@odh ;`,skau mekkeZ.`kdjQ fYaIaG Ydia;Dkajykafia jk nq|=rcdKka
jykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz iudchmqrd jHdma;jS hkafka'2
wfkl`;a Y@uK iduzm@odhslhskaf.a b.ekajSuzfukau nq|=rcdKkajykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz o flaJ|@.;
jkafka ksoyiapska;kh msnsojSu yrydh'wfk;`;a IgzYdia;Djreka yqfola n@dyauK b.ekajSuzj,g
jsreoaOj hdfuka muKla yd tu b.ekajSuzj, fodia oelajSfuka muKla ish lghq;a; yudrl< w;r
ta fya;`jka tu wd.usl b.ekajSuz wiuzmQrAK tajdjsh'irAjiuzmQrAK cSjk m@;smodjla tauZ.ska
yZ|=kajdfkd|=ks'3
kuq;a nq|=rcdkkajykafif.a b.ekajSuz n@dyauK b.ekajSuz jsfjspkh lruska muKla fkdkej;S"
tajdg ish wrA:l:k bosrsm;a lsrSug;a"ta wrA:l:k jsoHd;aul pska;khla u; msysgdisg bosrsm;a
lsrSug;a"tjd irAj iuzmQrAKf,i yd w;sYh m@dfhda.sl ;;ajhkaf.ka hqla;j l@shdjg keZ.Sug;a"
mrsmQrAK cSjk m@;smodj la bosrsm;alsrSug;a"hk fulS ishZMlghq;` idrA:l lr.ekSug Wps;
udkisl miqnsula fyj;a jsjD; udkisl ugzgula f.dvkeZ.Sug;a fhduqjS ;snsKs'4
fuz uZ.ska wdrAh ixialD;sfha .enzjQ w;sYh wudkqIsl wx.fjkia lr,Sug;a"fmd|=idrOrAuSh pska;
khlg ck;dj fhduqlrjSug;a nq|=r|=kag yelsjsh'ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska moku jefgkqfha tnZ|= idr
OrAu pska;khlghs'5we;a;jYfhkau ld,duiQ;@fhys .enzjkqfha wkdrAh pska;kfha Wiia m@cd;ka;@Sh
m@cd;ka;@Sh ,CIKhs'tfukau Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ woSk pska;k OSrFjh uQrA;su;a lrkakdjQ
udkqIsl ,CIK ld,du iQ;@h;`< .enzfjz' NsCIQkajykafia,dyg iajNdjfhka WreujkakdjQ
pska;kOSrFjh ,enqfka fujeks iQ;@foaYkd Wkajykafia,d jsiska ksrka;rfhkau mrsYS,kh l<
ksidh'6
1 w. ks. iv,w;a;ldr iq;a;"nq' c' uq" 94 msgqj'udyx n@dyauK tjx jdosx tjx osgzGsx woaoixjd wiafid isxjd
l:xys kdu ihx wNslalukaf;d ihx mgslalukaf;d tjx jlaL;s kF:s w;a;ldfr kF:s mrldfr;s
ldfr
2 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq't: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud
mruzm rdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud osgzGs
ksCOdklaL;shd ud NnznrEm;d h ud iufKd fkd .rE;s .rE;s
3 tu ld,duiQ;@h;`< oijsO wOsldrhka m@;sfCIamfhka muKla fkdkej;S mxpYS, m@;smodj ;@sjsO l`Y, yd
wl`Y, uQ,hka I;r n@yau jsyrK lu!M, jsmdl ms<snZo i;rjeoE/uz kh jsNd.hla tf,dj fukau fuf,dj
jYfhka udkisl iykh Wodlr.kafka flfiao"udkisl YsCIKh we;slr.ekSug;a fm#reI jO!kh msKsi
;a bjy,ajkakdjQ WmfoaYkd;aul ufkdjsYaf,aIKSh isoaOdka; yd iudc jsoHd;aul oDIaGsfldaKfhka tajd
Wmfhda.sjk whqre ms<snZoj jsYd, oekquz moaO;shla wka;rA.;h'
4 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq
5 tu
6 tu

22. 75
pska;kfha ldrAhNdrh ixialD;sh osYd.; lrjSuhs'1Bg idr OrAu iodpdr yeisrSuz iudc
m@;sudk (OrAu;d) wjYH m@;H iuzm;a;sfhka Wmldr flfrA' ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh;`< l@shd;au
l jkaklanejz fuz idlpzPdj wdruzNfhaoSu mejiqfjus'fn#oaO ixialD;sho tfiauh'th fn#oaO
hkqfjka jsfYaI fldgolajkafka nq|= oyfuys olajk yr moaO;shg wkqj iliajS we;s ksidh' tnejska
fn#oaO idr OrAu hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hd ;`<;a iudch;`<;a m@dfhda.slnjg m;al<
hq;`hehs nqoaO foaYkdfjka fmkajd ;sfnk yr moaO;shhs'
ta yr moaO;shg wkqj cSjs;h yev.iajd .ekSu fn#oaO iodpdrhhs' tuksid idr OrAu ms<snZo
idlpzPd fjzoS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu iuznJOlr.ekSu wksjdrAhfhkau is|=jsh hq;`fjhs' fn#oaO iodpdr
OrAuhkaf.ka f;drj idrOrAu fyda fn#oaO ixialD;shla .ek l;dl< fkdyelsh'tfukau fn#oaO
idrOu! ms<snZoj idlpzPdfjzoS jsjD; udkisl iajNdjhl wka;rA.; Wmfhda.SNdjh .eko i<ld
ne,Su jeo.;ah'wdjD; ukilska i;Hh oelsh fkdyels nejsks'2
wdpdr jsoHdj fyj;a wdpdrOrAu idudkHfhka i<lkq ,nkafka udkj .;smej;`uz mrudrA:
wNsm@dhhka cSjkl@u iy ixia:d hk fuzjdfhys,d lrkq,nk we.hquz ms<snZo jsurAYkhla jYfhks'
ienjskau lsishuz ck iudchl wdpdrjsoHd;aul we.hquzhkq ljfrAo$ tajd jHjydrhg m;ajwe;af;a
ukao$hklreKq fidhd nef,kqfha iudcSh jsoHdj uZ.sks' tlS jsIhhkays l@ufjzohka wkqj hdfuka
lsishuz jsfYaI ck iudchlg ixialD;sl lKavdhuzj,g wd.usl moaO;shg wh;a wdpdrOrAuh
wdkqN~;sl jYfhkaf.k yeoErsh yelsfjhs' ;j;a w;lska n,kl,ays wdpdrOrAuh hkq iodpdrd;aul
m@Z{ma;sh jYfhka wrA:h yd iodpdrd;aul we.hqu ms<snZo uskquzoZvq iuznJOfhka we;euz fmd|=m@Yakj
,g ms<s;`reiemhSug h;akorK odrAYksl jsurAYk l@uhla f,io yeZoskajsh yelsh'3
odrAYksl wdpdr jsoHdj iuznJOfhka we;s m@fjzY fol w;frys fjkila iuld,Sk orAYkfhys
oelafjz' m<uq m@fjzYfha oelafjkqfha udkj l@shdjkag wh;a iodpdrd;aul we.hquz iuznJO yrs jeros
fydZo krl hq;` whq;` hk fuzjd w;r mj;sk uQ<sl fjkialuz ljfrAoehs yZ|=kd.ekSug h;ak
orkakdjQ m@dudKsl jsurAYk jsOshls'4
fojk m@fjzYh jkqfha wOs wdpdrOu!h kuska yZ|=kajk jsYaf,aYSh yd ;drAlslwOHhk l@uhla
i<ld ne,Sfuks.fuysoS is|=flfrkqfha iodpdrh yd iuznJO mohkays wrA: meyeos,slsrSu iodpdr
ixl,am js.@ylsrSu iy wdpdrd;aul NdIhkaj, wvx.` ;drAlsl ,CIK jsia;r lsrSu iZoyd h;ak
oerSuhs'5
1 iudc jsoHdj"iqjskS;d .`Kfialr"weuz' vS' .`Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1994" 58 msgqj'
2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq
3 ixialD;sh yd iudch"wkqrdO fifkjsr;ak"f,alayjqia bkafjiagzukagz iud.u"fld<U"1971"14-54 msgq'
4 us:Hdj jkaokdudk lrk mYapd;akQ;kjdoh"ta' vS' m'S l,iQrsh"Ydia;@Sh"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;m;@
iud.u"fld<U"19' 12' 2004 "57 msgqj'
5 tu

23. 76
fn#oaO orAYkfhys tk wdpdr jsoHd;aul ixorANh ngysr odrAYkslhska jsiska bosrsm;a
lrk by;lS m@fjzYu; oevsj msysgd js.@yl< fkdyelsjqjo ta yeu oDIaGs fldKhlau wkqj
iodpdrd;aul jYfhka fnfyjska jeo.;ajQ woyia fn#oaO pska;kh;`< we;,`;ajk nj lsj yelshs'1
iodpdrd;aul pska;kh ms<snZo b;sydifhys nq|=oyu psria:dhsfukau w;suy;a jQ jeo.;alulska
hq;` fufyhla bgql<yels pska;khla nj meyeos,sh' nq|=oyfuys wdruzNl jljdkqfjys fukau miq
ld,Sk jO!kfh ysoSo wdpdrjsoHd;aul WkJ|=j tys uq,a;ekla f.k ;sfnz' fnfyjskau fmdaIs; wre;a
nr iodpdrd;aul jpk ud,djlska ie|=uz,oaols' nq|=oyu iodpdrh ms<snZo jsYsIaG m@udKslmokula
tys we;sw;r iodpdrodY!kslhkag yd iodpdrixl,amhkaf.a jO!khflfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrk
whg w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk u;jdohkao tys we;`<;afjz'2
Ndr;Sh pska;k b;sydih jsuiSfuzoS fmfkkafka iodpdrd;aul m@;sixialrKjHdmdrhl iajrEm
fhka nq|= oyu l@shdlr we;snjhs' l@s mQ 6jk ishjfiys Ndr;fhys mej;s Y@uK yd n@dyauKhk
WNh iuzm@odhhkaf.a us:HdjsYajdi j;ams<sfj;a yd hd.fydau lrkakkag tfrysj nq|=iufhys
iodpdruh jsfjzpk iDcqju t,a, jsh'3
pSk yd gsfngz uQ,dY@hkays iqrCIs;j mj;sk fjk;a fn#oaO iuzm@odhhka yd iudka;rjQ f:arjdo
.@J:dj<shg wh;a iq;@ msgldka;rA.; OrAu lreKq foi wjOdkh fhduqlrkjsg nq|=oyfuys wdpdr
jsoHd;auljk m@;sYaGdmkh lsrSu iZoyd we;s jsYajikSh uQ<dY@hla jYfhka tu Ou! lreKq ie<lsh
yelsfjz' fn#oaO wdpdrOrAu moaO;sfhys ms<s.kq ,nk uQ<sl woyia f,dalh ms<snZo fn#oaO oDIaGsh;a
h:diajNdjh ms<snZo fn#oaO kHdh;a iuZ. iuSmj neZoS mj;S'4
nq|=oyfuz ksrAfoaY flfrk cSjk ud.!h jkdyS ukqIH iajNdjh yd jsYajfhys fukau ukqIH
brKfuys iajNdjhka ms<snZojo tys ms<s.ekSu jsYajdi flfrka ygf.k we;' tla;rd wdldrhl
we.hSuzYS,S yd m@dfhda.sl lshuka fn#oaO OrAu .@J:;`< we;`<;afjz' tlS m@ldYk udkj l@shd yd
prAhd Ndjs;hka yd cSjs; .;siajNdjhka ;lafiarelsrSu we;euz udkisl .`KOu! j.dlr .ekSu
iZoyd ksrAfoaYlsrSu iZoyd huz wdldr hl jsYsIaG cSjk ksIaGdjla lrd mqoa.,hka fhduqlsrSu yd
iuznJOh'5
fn#oaO wdpdr OrAufhys idr OrAuhkays ixorANh f.dvkZ.kq ,nkafka fulSm@dfhda.sl lshuka
udrAfhks' nq|=oyfuz we;`,;a mru ksIaGdj m@udK yd wka;rA ksIaGdjlska hq;` wx. lSmhlska iZoyka
jqkq YdlaId;a lrK hlska iukajs;h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'jsuqla;shhkq |=l fyj;a w;Dma;slr
;;ajfhka mqoa.,hd uqojd.ekSuhs'ta jf.au jsuqla;shhkq tla;rd wjfndaOhls m@;sfjzOhls'ksielju
fuz;`< wdpdrjsoHd;aul jgskdluz .enzj mj;S'6
1w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq'
2nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,"1997 51 msgqj'
3 tu 21 msgqj'
4 tu m@ia;djkdj xv-xvii msgq'
5 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 126 msgqj'
6 tu 25 msgqj'

24. 77
fuys fulS m@;sfjzOh iuzudZZ{dK fyj;a ksjeros oekqu m@Z{dj h:dN~;Z{dK oiaikh
fyj;a ixialdr OrAuhkaf.a h:diajNdjh ms<snZo oekqu fyj;a m@;sfjzOhhs.fuz wjia:dj jkjsg
mqoa.,hd iodpdr mrsmQrAK Fjhg m;ajS yudrh'1
ta jkdyS ry;a mqoa.,fhl`f,i yeZoskajsh yels ;;ajhg m;aflfrk mqoa., fm#reIfha
we;sjkakdjQ iodpdr mrsjrA;khla fjz'2 |=laL ksfrdaOh m@drm@dma;sh m@Z{dj ,enSu hk fuz ish,a,
iyNd.S fyj;a tljsg is|=jk isoaOSkah'nq|=oyfuys ksrAjdKdjfndaOh f,iska jsia;rlrkafka fulS
;@sjsOwx.hkaf.ka hqla; mrudrA: uh wOs.uhhs'3
fuz W;alDIaG ;;ajh YdlaId;alsrSu mokuz lrf.k nq|=iufhys ish,qu idr OrAu yd m@;sudk
f.dvkeZ.S we;' iS,"iudOs"m@Z{d"wkspzp"|=laL"wkd;au"lrAuh"fya;`M,jdoh jeks uQ<sl b.ekajSuz
mokuz lrf.k fn#oaO idr OrAu yd m@;sudk f.dvkeZ.S we;snj fmfka'4
nq|=oyu iodpdrd;aul l@shd yd prAhd iZoyd we;euz l@shd udrA. ksrAfoaYlrkjd muKla fkdj
iodpdr jsksYaphka yd meKjSuz tla;rd |=rlg ;rAlkhlsrSfuys,do WkJ|=fjz' iodpdrd;aul m@Yak
iuznJOfhka jQ uQ<sl ;rAlk iajrEmhg WodyrK jYfhka bosrsm;al, yels jeo.;a ksoiqka
lSmhlau merKs iQ;@ OrAu;`< olakg ,efnz fuz w;rska ld,du iQ;@h jeo.;a tlls'5
flaimq;a; .uzjeis ld,du kuska yeZoskafjk ck fldgila fj; nq|=rcdKkajykafia
jevul<jsg Tjqkaf.a m@Odk meusKs,a, jQfha ;ukafj; meusfKk fkdfhl`;a Y@uK n@dyauKhska
tlsfklg yd;amiskau fjkia iodpdrd;aul Wmfoia kHdh bosrsm;a lrkq ,nk njhs' fufia
bosrsm;alrk jsixjdoS Wmfoiaj,ska ;uka ms<s.; hq;af;a ldf.a l`uk WmfoaYhoehs ;SrKhla
lr.; fkdyelsj wkaoukaoj isgsknj Tjqyq lshd isgshy'6
fuz .egZMj weiQ nq|=rcdKkajykafia fun|= jd;djrKhla;`< Tjqkaf.a jspslspzPdj idOdrK
nj mejiQy' nq|=rcdKkajykafia mr;ka;@ jQ iodpdr ix.@yhla bj;,eug Wmfoia |=kaw;r
Tjqkaf.a ;rAl nqoaOsh weiqfrka yrs fyda jeros ;SrKh lsrSug Wmia:uzNlfjz hehs Wkajykafia is;~
iaj;ka;@ jQ iodpdr usKquz oKavla bosrsm;a lr;s'7
fuz wjia:dfjz Wka jykafia tjlg mej;s iodpdr jsksYaphka(ks.ukhka) yd iuznJO
m@;sIaGdjka 10la m@;sfCImlr;s' iodpdrd;aul yd Z{dKjsNd.d;aul oDIaGsfldaKfhka n,kjsgoS
1 u. ks. 111" uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 218 msgqj' iuzud osgzGiai NslaLfjz iuzud ixlmafmd mfyd;s
iuzud ixlmamiai iuzud jdpd mfyd;s iuzud jdpiai iuzud luzukaf;d mfyd;ss iuzud luzuka;iai iuzud
wdcSfjd mfyd;s …iuzud Z[dKiai iuzud jsuq;a;s mfyd;s
2 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh"j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997"60 msgqj'
3 w. ks. 1" ld,duiq;a;" fn#' iuz" ixia' 638 msgqj"" hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfu Ouzud
wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh
ixj;a;ka;S;a w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:
mcfyhHd:
4 nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" j,afmd< rdyq, ysus" fn#oO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1997" 65 msgqj'
5 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq'
6 ld,du Ou!h" nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus" iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h" 1961" 33 msgqj'
7 tu'

25. 78
fuu iQ;@fha f,dl` jeo.;a lula mj;S' fuysoS Wkajykafia m@;sfCIml< m@;sIaGd 10kuz
wkqiaijh fyj;a Y@jKfhka mej;tk woyia"(ud wkqiaifjzk) mdruzmrslj mej;tk woyia"(ud
mruzmrd h) fm<fmd;a iuzm@odfhka mejf;k woyia"(ud msgliuzmodfkak) fufiajS,q hkqfjka
lgskalg mejf;k woyia"(ud b;slsrdh) ;rAlf.dapr jQ lreKq"(ud ;lal fya;`) tla;rd wdldrhl
Y@e;sh fyj;a wOsldrh u; mokuzjQ Y@uKhkajykafia wmf.a .re lghq;a f;ls hkak u; nei.;a
woyia" (iufKda fkd .re) u;`msgska n,dnei.kakd,o kHdhd;aul ks.uk"(ud kh fya;`) fuh fuz
wdldrhhs ixl,amkslj t<eUqkq ks.uk"(ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak) NjH fyj;a is|=jshyels hehs
Wml,ams; woyia"‘iuzNdjs;dj’ hkqfjka jsoHd;aulj t<Ush yels ks.uk mjd fuhg wvxZ.`h'
(ud nnzN rEm;dh) l,a;shd ;uka nei f.k isgsk oDIaGsjdohg .e,fmk woyia"(ud oDIaGskscA
COdklaL;a;shd) hk lreKq 10hs'1fulS lreKq 10 Tiafia t<Ush yelsjkakdjQ ks.uk wod< jsIh
m@ia;`;h ksisf,i jsurAYkh lsrSulska f;drj wiuzmQrAK f,i t<fUk ks.uk nejska"nq|=rcdKka
jykafia by;lS lreKq 10hu if;HCIK l@shdj,sfhys ,d fkdiq|=iq nj mejiQy' ;jo if;HCIK
l@shdj,sfhys,d ;ud jsiskau yrs jeros l`ulaoehs ;ukau oek.;.la we;snj fuysoS nq|=rcdKka
jykafia jod<y'2
ld,dufhks usksfil`;`< f,daNh yg.;a l,ays f;ms l`ula is;jqo$th yg.kqfha Tyqf.a hym;
iZoydo iajduSkS ydksh iZoydh' ;jo ld,dufhks usksfil` f,daN iy.;j f,daNfhka nrs;jQ l,ayS
m@dK>d; fkdlrhso$wkqka oE fkd.kSo$mrodr fiajkfha fkdfhfoao$uqidnia fkdlshdo$ os.`l,la
wkrA:jg yd |=lg m;ajsh yels l@shdjka lrd wkHhka jqjo fkdmuKqjdo$iajduSkS" Nd.Hj;`ka
jykai fyf;fuz ta ish,a, lrhs' fuysoS nq|=rcdKkajykafia oafjzYh yd fudayh iuznJOfhkao fulS
lreKq kej; olaj;s'3
fuu lreKq meyeos,s lsrSu wjidkfhaoS f,daN fodai fuday ffp;isl OrAuhka iodpdrd;aul
jYfhka ifodia .;snjo tajd |=rskau |=r,sh hq;`njo ld,dufhda jgyd .ks;s'tfiau Tjqyq tu
wl`Y,hka kqjKe;s whjsiska jrAcs; nj;a tn|= prs; iajNdjhka f.ka fufyhjkq ,en lghq;`
lsrSu |=lg muqKqjk nj;a wjfndaO lr.ks;s' flfiaj;`|= iaj;ka;@j iodpdrd;aul ks.ukhkag
t<USfuzoS nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wjYHfhkau ie<lsh hq;` m@;sIaGdjla mj;sk nj nq|=rcdKkajykafia
l,amkd l<y'4
fun|= nqoaOsu;`ka jsiska wkq.ukh lsrSug ;SrKh lrkq ,nk l@shdj,sh uZ.ska we;sjkakdjQ i;`g
fyda fkdi;`g flfrys Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;`fjz'ucACOsu ksldfha ndyS;sl iy wuzn,gzGsl
1 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg'q t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud
mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal fya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs
kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
2 w. ks. 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msg' hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj
q
cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfu Ouzud wkjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d
iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
3 tu ,qoafOd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNk wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakpsf;d mdKuzms yka;s woskakuzms
wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruz;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh |=laLdhd;s
4 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 337-343 msgq ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud bfu Ouzud
l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf; idjcAcd jd wkjcAcd jd;s$ idcAcd Njkaf; jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;djd
jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d jd;s$jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d Nkaf;

26. 79
rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@hkag wkqj flfkl` jsiska huzlsis l@shdjla yrs fyda jerosf,i ;SrKh
lsrSfuzoS"tu l@shdfjz jsmdl i;H fyda NjH jYfhka ldrlhdg fiau l@shdjg f.d|=rejk mqoa.,hd
flfryso n,mdk wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;` nj wjOdrKh fldg we;'1
lsishuz l@shdjla lsrSug fmr ;uka lrkakg hk l@shdfjz iajrEmh;a bka huz huz M, jsmdlhka
lrd muqKqjkakdjQ m@jK;d ms<snZoj;a flfkl`g l,a;nd is;sh yelshs'fuysoS ;ukaf.a fukau
uyck;djf.ao w;aoelSuz mokuzlr.; yelsfjz'2
fya;`M, kHhdhg wkqj md,kh jkakdjQ f,dlhl udkj l@shdjkao fya;`M, iuznJO;djg
we;`<;afjz' iajdOSk jqj;a ksh;jdos jqj;a f;dard.ekSu ms<snZo m@Yakh mfil ;snshoS iuyr l@shd;`<
huz wdldrhl m@;sjsmdl yg.ekajSfuz l@usl m@jK;djla mj;sk nj oelsh yelshs'ta ksid huz
wjia:djl l@shdjla lsrSug ;SrKh lsrSug fmr tu l@shdfjka Woa.;jsh yels m@;sM,h fufkys
lrk f,i nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;u Y@djlhkag Wmfoia |=kay'3
l@shdjla lrkakg fmrd;`j l@shdj lrk w;r;`frAoS l@shdj ksujQ miqj hk wjia:d ;`fkaoS thska
Woa.; jshyels M,jsmdl ms<snZoj iqmrSCIdldrS jSug W.kajdwe;' mqoa.,hd lrk l@shdj Tyqg;a
furudg;a WNh mCIhgu;a ydkslr m@;sM, Wod lrkjdkuzz th wl`Y, l@shdjla hehs fm#reIh
ySk lrk l@shdjla hehs ;SrKh l<hq;`fjz' uSg m@;smCIj ;uka lrk l@shdj ;ukag;a furudg;a
WNh mdrAYjhgu;a bIaG m@;sM, Wodlrk tlla kuz ta l`Y,lrAuhla yegshg;a 4 fm#reIhjO!kh
lrkakla yegshg;a ;SrKhl< yelsfjz' by;ksoiqk uZ.ska meye os,sj fmkShk lreKla kuz
iodpdrd;aul m@ixidj hqla;shqla; nj oela jSfuzoS tys m@;sjsmdl .ek ie,lSu wjYHnj fmkajd
fohs'ta ksid iodpdrd;aul ;rAlkfha oS fn#oaO wdpdr OrAuh m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amhg wkql~,jk
nj lsjyels hehs uydpdrAh mS nS fm@auisrs iZoyka lrhs'
fn#oaO m@;sM,d;auljdoS wdl,amh jsiska l,hq;` yd fkdl,hq;` l`ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS
l@shdfjz CIKslnj fukau os.` ld,Sk m@;sM, flfryso wjOdkh fhduqflfrA'jsfYaIfhka mqoa.,
l@shdjka tys lu!M, wkqj w.hk ;ekaysoS ta iZoyd ydkslr fkdjshyels wkaouflfrys
nq|=rcdKkajykafia ishwjOdkh fhduq lr;s'5
1 u. ks. 11wuzngzGsld rdyqf,dajdo iq;a; nq c uq 132 msgqj hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldh luzux l;a;`ldfud wfydis
;foj f;ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx box ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud nox fu ldh luzux
f;ldh
w;laldjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdms ixj;af;hH WNh jHndOdh ms ixj;af;hH wl`I,x boc ldh
luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx
2 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; n# iuz ixia 534 msgqj k;a:s f,dafl rfydkdu mdmluzux ml`nznf;d w;`;d f;
mqrsi cdkd;s ipzpx jdhosjd uqid
3 w. ks. 1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 377-343 msgq ;x lx uxZ[a[: ld,dud bfuz Ouzud
l`i,djd wl`i,djd;s$wl`i,d Nkaf;a idjcAcd wkjcAcdjd;s$idjcAcd Nkaf; jsZ[aZC|+.rys;djd djd
jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:djd;s$jsZ[aC|+.rys;d Nkaf;
4 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 530 msgqj wdroaO fLd fu jsrshx Njsiai;s fid w;a;dkxfpj wOsm;sx
lrsFjdwl`i,x mcy;s l`i,x Ndfj;s idjcAcx mcy;s wkjcAcx Ndfj;s iqoaOx w;a;dkx mrsyr;s box jqpap;s
NslaLfj w;a;dOsmf;hHx
;dOs
5 w. ks. 1 wdOsmf;hH iq;a; fn# iuz ixia 528 msgqj ;SKsudks NslaLfj wOsmf;hHdks l;udks;SKs$
w;a;dOsmf;hHx f,daldOsmf;hHx OuzudOsm f;hHx

27. 80
f;fuz ;udg fodIdfrdamKhlrk wdldrfha l@shdjkaysfhoSu(wF:dms wF:dkx Wmjo;s) fuh
ngysr oY!kfha l;dlrk iodpdrd;aul yDoh YdCIshg iudkh'fuysoS wmf.a wjOdkhg fhduq
jshhq;` ;j;a jeo.;a nqoaO foaYkdjla we;'“kF:s f,dfl rfyd kdu mdmluzux ml`nzn;s wF:d;s
mqrsi cdkdNs ipzpx hosjd uqid”( mskaj; Tn oek.kak uu lrmq foa we;a;o fndreo lsh,d)'1
huzlsis mqoa.,fhl` ;ukacSj;ajk iudcfha kqjKe;a;kaf.a .rANdjg,lajk huz l@shdjla
.ryx;
lrhskuz (wkqjscAcjsZ[aZ[ .ryx;s);u iudch;`<u Tyq ms<sl`<g ,lafjz lrKSh iQ;@fhyso fuz
woyiu oelafjz (jsZ[aZC|+ mfr WmjfohHqx)'
;jo huziudchl iodpdrd;auljYfhka.rAys;jQl@shd ;ykuzflfrk kS;s rS;so tajd lvlsrSug
jsreoaOj iuzu;jQ ovqjuz moaO;shlao ;snsh yelsh' tfy;a tn|= l@shdjkaf.a jsmdl uZ.ska we;sjk
idrAj;@sl nj;a fkdfmfka' we;euz iqjsfYaI prAhdjkaysoS idjoHnj ms<snZo yeZ.Suz ksh;ju yg
fkd.kakg bv ;sfnz' huz jrola lsrSfuzoS flfkl`;`< jro ms<snZo yeZ.Sfuka fm,Su fyda f;fuz ;udg
fodaIdfrdamKhla lr.ekSu fnfyjska rZod mj;skafka flfkl` ork iodpdrckl wdl,amh u;hs'
fuh idudcsl ffk;sl m@foaYhg wod,h'
fuu wjia:dfjzoS wx.`;a;r ksldfha ;sl ksmd;fha iZoyka lrk wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`k ms<snZojo
wjOdk fhka ie,ls,a, fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah' fuu wdOsmf;hH Ou! ;`kkuz
w;a;dOsmf;hH"f,daldOsmf;hH yd Ouzud Osmf;hH hkakhs'2
fuuwdOsmf;hH Ou!;`k fn#oaO idr OrAuhkaf.a moku yegshg ms<s.; yelsfjz'iodpdrd;aul
l@shd weZ.hSug ,lalsrSfuzoSo fuzTiafia lreKq i,ldnef,a'3yeu iudchlau yeu kS;smoaO;shlau tlu
wdldrfha ls@hdj tlu f,iska fy,dolskafka fyda tajdg tlu wkaouska oZvqjuz kshu lrkafka fyda
ke;'nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska wl`i, jYfhka i,lk ,o we;euz l@shdjka idjoHhehs fkdi,lkakd
jQ ck iudc mj;sknj wmg is;d.; yelshs'tfyhska tn|= iudcj, ta l@shdj,g n,mdk ffk;sl
iajrEmfha fyda iudc.rAys; iajrEmfha fyda oZvqjuz fkdfhfokq we;'
flfiaj;`|= nq|=rcdKkajykafia wjOdkh fhduqlrk ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla we;'thkuz f,dal
iuzu;h u;fkdj iajNdjOrAufha olakgwe;s fya;`M, kHdh hkau; mokuzjQ kHdhu OrAuhka f,i
i,lk lreKqh' fuhska woyia lrkafka fjklsisjlaa fkdj lrAu kHdhhuhs' nq|=oyug wkqj
mqoa.,hdf.a u;`Njhg mjd n,mdk lrAuh yd tys M,jsmdl w;r iuznJOhla we;'4
foajjdoS wd.uzj, mru fojsfhl` jsiska ksrAus; yd md,s; jsYajfha h:d ms<sfj< ms<s.kakd mrsosu
nq|= oyfuys lrAujsmdlh uZ.ska md,kh ijsZ{dkl meje;aul h:d mgsmdgshla we;ehs ms<s.efka'5
1 tu 534 msgqj
2 tu 528 msgqj
3 tu
4 w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj l;fudp NslaLfj luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd Miaifid NslaLfj
dkx
luzudkx ksodk iuzNfjd
5 w. ks. iv ksnzfnzOsl iq;a; nq c uq 208 msgqj fpz;kdyx NslaLfj luzux jodus fp;hs;ajd luzux lfrd;s
ldfhk jdpdh ukid

28. 81
fuh h:d N~;fhys iajNdjh ms<snZoj fn#oaO ms<s.ekSuls' iodpdr jsfYaI;d oelajSfuzoS nq|=oyu
prAhdfjz m@;sM,j,g m@uqLia:dkh foknj l,skao iZoyka lf<uq'
nq|=oyfuys iZoykajk mqkrANj iuznJO b.ekajSu yd jsYajdih mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdrd;aul
yeisrSuz osrs.ekajSu iZoyd jeo.;afjz'tfia jkafka l`ula ksido usksia yeisrSuzj, jevs fldgila
wd;audrA:h uZ.ska jsksYaphjk fyhsks' urKskau;` huz wdldrhl meje;aula ke;hk WpzfPAojdoS
woyi nq|=oyu jsiska i,lkq ,nka fka mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdr cSjs;h j.lSuz rys; iajNdjhlg
m;alsrSug ;`vqfokakla yegshghs'1 mqoa., l@shdjl jgskdlu wkqj ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS nq|=oyu jeo.;a
lreKq folla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs'
1 wfmaCIs; l@shdj iDcqj fyda jl@j ksjk yd iuznJOjkafkao yd th flfkl`f.a ixidrsl
meje;afuz;;ajh wNsjO!kh lrkafkao hkakhs'2 fn#oaO wdpdr Ou!hlu!h yd ms<snZo b.ekajSu yd
iuznJOjkafka uskafojeks lreK wkqjhs.lu!ho fuysoS mokuz lr.kS'
2 mqoa., yd f,dal iajNdjh ms<snZoj iduzm@odhsl u;s u;dka;r m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=oyu ta fjkqjg
mgspzp iuqmamdo Ou!h3 fyj;a fya;`M,jdoh bosrsm;alrhs'
usksia j.!hdf.a talSh Ndjh;a usksidf.a iajdOSk;;ajh;a pska;k ksoyi;a nq|=oyuska ;yjqre
flfrA'mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r mj;sk wfkHdkH neZoSuzyd n,mEuz biau;` fldg fmkajk nq|=oyu
mqoa., wNsjDoaOshg iudch;a iudc wNsjDoaOshg mqoa.,hd;a wfkHdkH jYfhka n,mdk wkaou
WmldrSjk wdldrh jsoyd olajhs'taksid mqoa., iudc WNhmdrAYjfhau iudk wNsjDoaOshg fhd.H
jk wdldrfha idr OrAu moaO;shla ilialsrSug nq|=oyu uZ.fmkajhs'
rd. oafjzI fuday hk mqoa., fm@arK ;`fkka usksid fufyhjkq ,enqjo usksid iajpzPJo;dj
fhka hq;` nj nq|=oyu fmkajdfohs' jsl,am follska fyda jevs .Kklska tlla f;dard .ekSugo
fydZo krl f;dard fnzrd .ekSugo usksidg yelshdj we;hk mokuu; nq|=oyu msysgdmj;S' usksid
f.a iajdOSkFjh;a pska;k ksoyi;a ms<s.ekSu uZ.ska fuz moku jvd;a wjOdrKhfldg nq|=oyu
olajdisgS'4
1 u. ks. 11 ud,qxlH mq;a; iq;a; nq c uq 158 msgqj kF:s oskakx kF:shsgzGx jF:s yq;x jF:s iqlg |=lalgdkx
jF:s
luzudkx M,x jsmdfld jF:s whx f,dfld kF:s mfrd f,dfld kF:sud;d kF:s ms;d k:s i;a;d Uzmmdl;sld
kF:s f,dfl iuKn@dysuKd iuzu.a.;d iuzud,gsmkakd fh buZ[ap f,dalx mrZ[ap f,dalx ihx wNsZ[aZ[d
ipzPslFjd mfjoka;s
2 i. ks. 11 k.r iq;a; nq c uq 166 tjfuj ljdyx NslaLfj woaoix mqrdKx u.a.x mqrdKx u.a.x
mqrdKZ[acix mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhd;x l;fudp fid NslaLfj mqrdK u.af.d mqrdKZ[acfid
mqnznflys iuzud iuznqoafOys wkqhdf;d whfuj wrsfhd wgzGx.sfld u.af.d
3 u. ks. 1 uyd;Kayd ixLh iq;a; nq c uq 616 msgqj wjscAcdh;afjj wfii jsrd. ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdfOd
ixLdr ksfrdfOd ixLdr ksfrdOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdfOd jsZ[aZ[dK ksfrdOd kdurEm ksfrdfOd…… .cd;s
ksfrdOd crdurK fidl mrsfoj |=laL fodukiaiqmdhdid ksrecACOka;s
4 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-338 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cfhhHd:
bfu Ouzud wl`I,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+ .rysld bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh
|=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyHd:

29. 82
iajpzPJo;djla fkdue;skuz usksidg |=lska usZoSug iirska tf;rjSug yelshdjla ,efnkafka
ke;' fn#oaO idrOu! f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS usksidi;` fuzyelshdj Wmfhda.Slr .ekSug nq|=oyu
wkqn,fohs' fn#oaO idrOu! .ek yZ|=kd.ekSfuzoS tys moku .ek jsuiSu msKsi Wmfhda.Slr.;hq;`
uskquzoZvq nq|=oyfuz bosrsm;a flfrA'1
wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@fha fuz .ek idlpzPd flfrknj uSg by;o idlpzPdfldg we;'ta
wkqj fn#oaO idr OrAuj,g moku jS we;af;a l`i,dl`i, ixl,amhhs';ud we;`ZM ishZM fokdgu
hym; msKsi fya;`jk foh muKla fn#oaOidr Ou! jYfhka i,lkafka tys oelafjk ksrAKdhl
j,g wkqjh'2
mqoa.,hdg hym; whym; l`ulaoehs f;dard fnzrd .ekSfuzoS w;S; w;aoelSuz mqrAjdorAY wdosh
Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsfjz' uSg wu;rj ;j;a huz huz idOl fuz iZoyd bjy,afldg .;yelsh'
tfy;a fuz w;r wu;r lsis|= idOlhlg jy,a jS hym; whym; jsksYaph fkdl<hq;`nj ld,du
iQ;@fhaoS biau;`fldg we;swkaou fuysoS isysm;alr .ekSu jeo.;afjz'ld,du iQ;@fhaoS fm#oa.,slju
iaffjrSj fuu ks.ukhg mqoa.,hdg t<eUsh yelsnj wjOdrKh fldgwe;'3
fuu mqZM,a m@dfhda.sl uskquzoZvq Wmfhda.Sfldg f.k idr OrAu jsksYaphlrk nq|=oyu mqoa.,
wNsjDoaOshg iudc m@.;shg iuia; m@cdjf.a hym;g fya;`jkakdjQ idr OrAu rdYshla ms<s.kS'
mkais,aj, wka;rA.;j ;sfnkafka tn|= idrOrAu myls.m@dK>d;fhka je<lSu uQ<sl idr OrAuhls
lsis|= m@dKsfhl` >d;kh fkdl< hq;`h hkak fn#oaO b.ekajSuhs'4
lsishuz fjk;a iuhjdohlska fuu OrAuh W.kajkjdkuz ;ukajykafiaf.a wkque;sh Bg
,efnknj Wkajykafia olajd isgs;s' wkai;` foh fkd.ekSu iduhg iqyo;djlg wfkHdkH
iyfhda.hg fnfyjska Wmldrjk idr OrAuhls'
;`kafjks is,amohg mokuzjS ;sfnkafka iudc cSjs;fha l`vdu tallh jk mjq,a cSjs;h idulduSj
ia:sridrj mj;ajdf.khdug Wmldrjk idrOrAuhls'uqidnia fovSu wdosfhka je<lSu;a u;a|@jH
Ndjs;hg f.d|=re fkdjSu;a mqoa.,hd yd iudc h w;r fukau m@.;shg bjy,ajk idr OrAufhdah'
mqoa., prAhdj yd neZ|=kq fiiq wxYj,g n,mdk fn#oaO idr OrAu rdYshla we;'
1 tu' t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkk ud ;lal fy;` ud
khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;la flk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s
2 u. ks. 11"wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 132 msgq'hfoj Fjx rdyq, ldhluzux l;a;`ldfud wfydis
;foj f; ldh luzux mpzpfjlaL;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx nox ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud box fu ldh luzux
s;nz
w;ljHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hh Wnh jHdndOdh ms
ixj;af;hH wl`I,x box ldh luzux |=laLqodhx |=laL jsmdlx
3 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq'c' uq'337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd:
nfuz Ouzud wl`i,d nfuz Ouzud idjcAcd nfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoska kd wys;dh
|=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:…t: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjk ud mruzmrdh
…….bfuz Ouzud l`I,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud ksZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd
ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
4 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c'uq'337-343 msgq mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dfNak wNsN~,qoafOd
mkdhx ld,dud f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;….|=gzfGd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d fodafiak
mrs s
wNsN~f;d mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;…..uq<afyd mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,d fudfyk wNsN~f;d
s
mrshdoskakps;af;d mdKuzms yka;s

30. 83
l,dfCI;@h yd iuznJOj idrOrAu f.kne,qj;a ridiajdoh yd iuznJO idrOrAu f.kne,qj;a
meyeos,sj fmfkkafka fuz ishZMu wxYhkays idrOrAu by;ska oelajQ kHdhd;aul uskquzoKavg wkqj
ieZ.jS we;s njhs'
l,dj uZ.ska flfrkafka mqoa.,hd hym;g fhduqlrjSuhs'mqoa., ika;dkh wmjs;@lrk
wd;audrA:lduS nj fl@daOh oafjzYh rd.h ;`kSfldg mrdrA:h ohdj lreKdj WfmaCIdj
mqoa.,hd;`< we;slrjSuhs'fn#oaO idrOrAu uZ.ska ridiajdo kh oshqKqflfrkafka OdrAusl jsfkdaohla
myka ixfjz.hla N`la;sjsZoSug bv ie,eiajSuhs' wdrA:sl fCIa;@hg n,mdk idrOrAu jqjo
l@shd;auljkafka mqoa., yd iudc iqNisoaOsh we;sfldg mqoa.,hd yd iudch iqLs; uqos; lsrSuhs'
plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;@h l~goka; iQ;@h fuz nj ukdj meyeos,s lrhs' irAj idOdrK wdrA:sl
l@uhla nsys fldg cd;sl Okh yd ksIamdokh ishZMfokd w;r fnoS hkmrsos wdrA:slh yev.eiajSug
;a iQrdlEu j<lajd Y@udNsudkh we;sfldg Y@uhg kshu we.hqula ,ndoSug;a fn#oaO idrOrAu
bjy,ajk nj b;d meyeos,s fjz'1
fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu ish,a,la iZoyd mdol jkafka fuz idr OrAuh fuz idrOrAu wdpdr OrAuhkaf.a
o< fmd|= iajrEmhhs'tu fmd|=ixl,am meyeos,sfldg js.@yfldg l@shdjg kefZ.k whqre keZ.shhq;`
whqre oelajSu yeZoskafjkafka wdpdr OrAu hkqfjks idr OrAu fmd|= uQ<sl iajrEmhhs'wdpdr OrAu tys
jsldYs; mqZM,a iajrEm hhs'wfkla w;g idrOu! ps;a; ixl,am f,i;a wdpdr Ou! tys iudc jsoHd;au
l iajrEmh f,i;a js.@ylrkakg ms<sjk'fuysoS idrOu! yd wdpdr Ou!hkaf.a we;s wfkHdkH
inZo;dfjzz ijrEmh iudc jsldYfhaoS w;sYhskau bjy,a jkakla njg m;afjz'idudkHfhka TzkEu
iudchla jsldYh jSfuzoS m<uqfjkau mtsjrA;khg ,lajkqfha idrOu! ixl,amka fjhs'
WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a jevsysgshkag ie,lSu W;`uz .`Khls'hkfuh fn#oaO idr
OrAuhls' jevsysgsfhda kuz ljryqo$ Tjqkag ie,lSu flfia l<hq;`o$ie<lsh hq;af;a wehs$wdosh ms<snZo
jsia;r whs;s jkafka wdpdr OrAu .Khghs fydZo us;`rka weiqrelsrSu hym;s hkak idr OrAuhls'
fydZo us;`rkaf.a ,CIK krl us;`rkaf.ka Tjqka fjka lr.kakd wkaou fydZo us;`rka weiqre
lsrSfuka ,nk m@;sM, wdosh b;d ishquzf,i js.@yfldg meyeos,slsrSfuka idr OrAuh wdpdr OrAuhla
njg m;alr.kq ,efnz' mqoa., cSjs;h fukau iudc cSjs;ho idrA:l lr.ekSug iycSjkfhka
lghq;`lr .ekSug fujeks kHdhd;aul OrAuhla uZ.ska Wmfoia wjYHh'
tu ldrAhh flfrkafka idrOrAu uZ.sks' tfyhska cSjs;h yev.iajd.kakg idrOrAu yZ|=kdf.k
lghq;` lsrSu b;du jeo.;ah'jsfYaIfhkau ffoksl cSjs;fhaoS uqyqKmdkakgis|=jk fkdfhl`;a m@Yak
1oS. ks. 111"plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq'110-102 msgq mfKd k yka;nzfnd woskakx kdod;nznx ldfuiq
uspzPd k prs;nznd uqid k Ndis;nznd ucAcx k md;nznx h:dN~;x p N`Z[ac:d;s

31. 84
ksrdlrKhlr .ekSug fn#oaO idrOrAu Wmfhda.Slr .;yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka
.;fyd;a ;ukag .e<fmk nsrshla fidhd.ekSug ;uka w.hk idr OrAu uZ.ska uZ. fmkajSula
,ensh hq;`h'1
we;a;jYfhka u jsjyjSug wfmaCIdlrk fofofkl` fn#oaOhska jYfhka l<hq;af;a fofokdjsiska
w.hk idrOrAu .e<fmaohkak fidhdne,Suhs fuz w;ska i<ldnef,kl< fn#oaO idr OrAu yZ|=kd
.ekSu idr OrAu j,g fhda.H;dj hym;anj f;dard fnzrd .ekSu ta iZoyd WmldrSjk nj fn#oaO
ksrAKdhl fyj;a usKquzoZvq yZ|=kd.ekSu msKsi b;d wjYHnj meyeos,s fjz'
fn#oaO idrOu! ms,snZoj idlpzPdlrk jsg fndfyda nyq,j lshefjk ixl,amhla jkqfha mqZ[aZ[
iy l`i, ixl,amhhs'2fuys mqZ[aZ[ hkak idudkHjHjydrfhaoS msk hkqfjkao yeZoskafjz'fndfydafokd
is;kafka msk ke;skuz mqZ[aZ[h ms<snZoj yd l`Y,h ms<snZoj3 js.@yjqkq iQ;@foaYkdfjka fjka jYfhka
;@smsglh;`< wka;rA .; jknjhs'tfia fyhska hfula mqZ[aZ[h yd l`i,h .ek iZoyka lsrSfuysoS
wjYHfhkau tu iQ;@ foaYkd muKlau Bg wod< lr.; hq;`h hk u;hoevsj or;s' ux.,iQ;@h"
ji,iQ;@h"jH.a>mcAciQ;@h" isZ.df,dajdo iQ;@h"wKkiQ;@h"mrdNjiQ;@h"lrKShfu;a;iQ;@h"
fu;a;dksixiiQ;@h jeks iQ;@foaYkd taiZoyd l,a;nd iQodkuzfldg ;ndf.k isgs;s'tf,iu wNS;j
is;Sug Wmfoia|=ka iQ;@foaYkdjlaf,i ld,duiQ;@ho iQodkuz fldg ;ndf.k isgskjd jskd bka
mrsndysrjQ wfkla hula ld,duiQ;@fhys wvx.`o keoao hkak.ek oek.ekSugj;a Wkka|=fkdfj;s'
tnejska ta ;;ajh hgf;a hfula ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@yjkakdjQ mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,am4 ms,snZo
Tng isf;kafka l`ulaoehs jsuiqfjd;a wksjdrAfhkau tawh lshkafka ld,du iQ;@fhys tnkaola
jsia;rlr fkdue;s njhs'ld,du iQ;@hys tu jpk ta wdldrfhkau fkdue;snj we;a;ls'kuq;a
nq|=kajykafiaf.a we;euz foaYkdjka msrslaiQl< huzlsisfohla jHxckjYfhka fkdmjidwrA:jYfhka
th jsYf,aIKhlr we;s wjia:djka nyq, jYfhka oel.; yelsjkq we;'ld,du iQ;@h uekjska
msrslaid ne,qjfyd;a tys wka;rA.; jkqfha uqZMukskau fn#oaO l`Y, ms<sfj; nj TzkEu flfkl`g
meyeos,sfjz'fn#oaO l`Y, ms<sfjf;ys olakg ,efnkakdjQ jsfYaI ,CIKh jQ l,S tu l`Y, msMsfj;
uq, ueo w. jYfhka ukdj foaYs;njhs fuu .e<mSu uQ<sl fn#oaO kHdh jQ p;`rdrAh i;Hh ;`,u
wka;rA.;h' TzkEu nqoaO foaYkdjla p;`rdrAh i;Hfhys md ix.@y fldg oelajsh yelaf;a ta ksidh'
ld,dui Q;@hg fulS ;;ajh fmd|=h'ld,dui Q;@fhys oelafjk b.ekafjk b.ekajSuz tlska tl
m@fjzYfuka js.#yfldg ne,qjfyd;a ta yeu m@ua;`;hlau uqZMukskau p;`rdrAh i;Hfhka mrsndysr
fkdjk nj oel.; yelsh'
ld,duiQ;@h pska;kh flaJ|@.; fldgf.k foaYkdlrw;snj we;a;h'kuq;a pska;kh flaJ|@.;
fldg.;a b;d jsYd, idrOu! moaO;shlao fuz;`< wvx.`h'jsYd, jYfhka wdpdrOu! wvx.`h'fuz
1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh"tka' vS' c'ta' fyauka; l`udr"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhd"fld<U"
1997"67 msgqj'
2 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cfkhHd:
bfuz Ouzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mami;a:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh
iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:d;s
3 tu
4 tu

32. 85
wdldrfhkau ld,du iQ;@h;`< mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,amh wka;rA.;h'l`i,uQ, yd wl`i,uQ,
ms<snZoj fuys iDcqju oelafjz'fydZo"fkdfydZo"lu!M,"jsmdl"msk mqZ[a[h"mj ms<snZoj iZoykafjzz'
mxpYS, m@;smodj yd i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj ms<snZoj b;d oSrA> yd .eUqre kHdhdkQl~,
jsYaf,aIKhka wvx.`fjz'fuz ishZM foa l`i, yd mqZ[aZ[ ixl,amhg wka;rA.;jk lreKqh'ld,du
iQ;@h;`, wvx.` lreKq jrA.SlrK l@shdj,shlg ,lal<fyd;a tajd my; oelafjk m@Odk fldgia
;`kg yd p;`rdrAh i;Hhh hg;g ix.Dys;jk nj oel.; yelsh'tkuz
1
1 w;ay<hq;` ksfYaOkSh m@ia;`;hka
2
2 jevshhq;` m@;scdkkSh m@ia;`;hka
3
3 iuia; l@shdj,sfhys wjidk m@;sM,h f,ihs
1 w;ay<hq;` ksfYaOkSh m@ia;`;hka- fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ ixl,amka jkdyS neyerlsrSfuka
flfkl`;`< pska;kuh mrsfYdaOkhla we;sjkakdjQ lreKqh' tajd my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg
oelajSug yelshdj we; tkuz
1 oi jeoEreuz wka;.duS pska;k wOsldrhka (Negative Ten Othoraties) 4
2 miamjq 5
6
3 f;jeoEreuz wl`Y,uQ,hka
2 jevshhq;` m@;scdkkSh m@ia;`;hka-jevsh hq;` hkafkys wrA:h kuz ;ukaf.a is;;`< jO!kh l<
hq;`jQ l`Y,Ou!hkah'fuu l`Y, Ou!hka jO!kh lsrSu ksid udkisl m@Ndiajrh u;`lr.; yelsh'is;
W;am;a;sfhkau mrsrsis|=nj;a neyerska tk wl`Y, ps;a; ixl,amhka ksid lsZMgg m;ajk nj
nq|=iufhys iZoyka jkafkah'isf;ys we;sjkakdjQ m@Ndiajr ;;ajhg fy;`jkakdjQ lreKq fudkjd
oehs oelajSu fuhg wh;ah' fuz hg;g wh;ajkakdjQ lreKq my; iZoyka mrsos ix.@y fldg
oelajSug yelshdj we; tkuz
7
1 jsjD; mrsis|= m@Ndiajr udkisl wjOsNdjh
2 mxpYS, m@;smodj 8
9
3 i;r n@yaujsyrK
1 w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c' uq' 337-343 msgq' bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh
|=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: l`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:
2 tu bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfy ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
3 tu wkjcAcd Nkaf;…jsZ[aZC|+miF:d Nkaf;….iu;a;d Nkaf; iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s tajx
fkd fyF: fyd;S;…i fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx wfjzr ps;af;d tajx wnHdmcACOps;af;da tajx
s
wixls,sgzG ps;af;d tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;d ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfu p;a;dfrd wiaidid wOs.f;d fydka;s
4 tu ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud…wkqiaifjzk…mruzmrdh…b;slsrdh…msgl iuzmodfkak…;lalfya;`… kh
fya;` ….wdldr mrsjs;laflk…..osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd….NnznrEm;dh…..iufKda fkd .rE;s
5 tu …mrshdoskak ps;af;d mdKuzms nka;s woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms
idms
;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx ix fyd;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh |=laLdhd;s
6 tu mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dafNk… .fodafik….fudafyak… wNsN~f;d mrshdoskak ps;af;d
7 tu 'ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud
khfya;`` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd .rE;s hod
;
;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuzOuzud l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+miF:d bfuz
Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyrhHd:
Wmiuz
8 tu ..fku mdKx yka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s
hx I fyd;s oS> r;a;x ys;dh iqLdhd;s
9 tu i fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx js.;dNscAfcd js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkd
m;siaif;d fu;a;diy.f;ak fpz;id ..fm…lreKdiy.f;ak fpz;id…uqos;d iy.f;ak
diy.f;a