- The origins of Buddhism lie in ancient India, arising around the 5th century BCE under Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. After experiencing suffering, he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and taught the path to liberation through the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. His teachings formed the basis for various Buddhist schools that developed after his death and the split of the monastic community.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada focuses on monks achieving Nirvana, Mahayana believes anyone can reach Nirvana, and Vajrayana includes Tibetan practices and lamas. Core beliefs include reincarnation, karma, and escaping the cycle of rebirth through purity and Nirvana.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Key beliefs include reincarnation, karma, and achieving nirvana through living an ethical life and meditation.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada focuses on monks achieving Nirvana, Mahayana believes anyone can reach Nirvana, and Vajrayana includes Tibetan practices and lamas.
The document provides an overview of Buddhism, including its founder Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, the history and spread of Buddhism, core beliefs and teachings such as the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path, different types of Buddhism, key symbols, and festivals. It describes how Gautama was born a prince in Nepal and became enlightened under the Bodhi tree, establishing the foundations of Buddhism. His teachings on achieving inner peace through morality, meditation, and wisdom were spread after his death and Buddhism became the dominant religion in India under Emperor Ashoka.
This document discusses the major religious developments in early India, focusing on Buddhism. It examines how religious ideas were compiled in texts and reflected in architecture and sculpture. Key figures discussed include Mahavira, founder of Jainism, and Gautama Buddha, who taught the four noble truths and eightfold path to enlightenment. Buddhism emphasized that the world is transient, soulless, and filled with sorrow, but that following Buddha's teachings can help one rise above worldly troubles. The Buddhist sangha, or monastic community, spread Buddha's teachings.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism, including its founder Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha, teachings such as the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, concepts like karma and rebirth, symbols, followers, and places of worship. Key facts are that Buddhism has over 350 million followers worldwide, teaches that life involves suffering and there is a path to end it through moral behavior and wisdom, and has influenced many cultures across Asia.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docxAASTHA76
Buddhism
What is Buddhism?
Buddhism is the religion of over 520 million people, primarily concentrated in East and Southeast Asia.
The religion began in the fifth century BCE in India and Nepal, growing out of the teachings of Gautama Buddha.
Buddhism does not center on a supreme deity. Many of its varieties do not imagine anything supernatural at all.
Is Buddhism a “religion”?
“Everything that arises also passes away, so strive for what has not arisen.”
At the heart of Buddhism are three “jewels”:
1. The Buddha
2. The Dharma (teachings)
3. the Sangha (community)
The First Gem: The Buddha
Around 500 BCE, a loosely defined kind of ascetic spirituality was flourishing in northern India.
Landowning castes – Brahmins and Kshatriyas
Ascetics (Sramana) rejected Brahmin practices of wealth accumulation and animal sacrifice.
The birth of Shakyamuni
Shakyamuni / Siddhartha was born between 488 and 624 BCE – the traditions differ.
Tradition says that his enlightenment was nearly perfected across hundreds of previous lives. In our world, he was born to a ruling family in southern Nepal.
His birth is accompanied by signs and omens. It takes place in a park – he is immaculately conceived.
The Four Sights
Siddhartha sees:
1. A sick man
2. A suffering old man
3. A dead man
…
…
4. An ascetic who is serene and detached from the world.
Siddhartha admires this man and gives away his princely possessions. He travels and masters yoga.
Siddhartha embarks on a path of extreme asceticism, starving and thirsty.
This does not give him the enlightenment he seeks.
Disillusioned with asceticism, Siddhartha moves to Bodh Gaya and re-enters the comforts of the world.
He begins to comfortably meditate under a large fig tree.
Just before dusk, Siddhartha resists the assaults of greed, boredom, and desire, and then fear and anger.
He meditates to move deeper into consciousness, rather than unconsciousness.
Enlightenment
Just before dawn, Siddartha achieves enlightenment.
“I had direct knowledge. Birth is exhausted, the Holy Life has been lived, what was to be done is done, there is no more of this to come.”
He has achieved nirvana. Nirvana means
Being beyond desires
Feeling transcendent happiness
He sets out to spread his message across India.
The wheel of Dharma turns again
He explains his doctrine to his former companions.
This explanation is called the first discourse or sutra, called “Instruction on the Middle Path”.
Buddha explains that enlightenment only came when he
1. renounced the luxury of his princely origins
2. renounced the extreme asceticism of his early spiritual seeking.
Progress only comes through moderation, the “Middle Path”.
Parinirvana
After 45 years of preaching, Buddha falls ill after eating a bad meal his host had served him.
As he weakens, he instructs his disciples not to follow a human successor, but only the dharma.
He reaches parinirvana – the final end of the cycle of deat ...
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada focuses on monks achieving Nirvana, Mahayana believes anyone can reach Nirvana, and Vajrayana includes Tibetan practices and lamas. Core beliefs include reincarnation, karma, and escaping the cycle of rebirth through purity and Nirvana.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Key beliefs include reincarnation, karma, and achieving nirvana through living an ethical life and meditation.
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism in India in the 6th century BC after becoming enlightened under a bodhi tree. He taught that life involves suffering, but the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path can end suffering and reach Nirvana. Buddhism spread across Asia over centuries and developed into three main traditions: Theravada focuses on monks achieving Nirvana, Mahayana believes anyone can reach Nirvana, and Vajrayana includes Tibetan practices and lamas.
The document provides an overview of Buddhism, including its founder Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, the history and spread of Buddhism, core beliefs and teachings such as the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path, different types of Buddhism, key symbols, and festivals. It describes how Gautama was born a prince in Nepal and became enlightened under the Bodhi tree, establishing the foundations of Buddhism. His teachings on achieving inner peace through morality, meditation, and wisdom were spread after his death and Buddhism became the dominant religion in India under Emperor Ashoka.
This document discusses the major religious developments in early India, focusing on Buddhism. It examines how religious ideas were compiled in texts and reflected in architecture and sculpture. Key figures discussed include Mahavira, founder of Jainism, and Gautama Buddha, who taught the four noble truths and eightfold path to enlightenment. Buddhism emphasized that the world is transient, soulless, and filled with sorrow, but that following Buddha's teachings can help one rise above worldly troubles. The Buddhist sangha, or monastic community, spread Buddha's teachings.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism, including its founder Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha, teachings such as the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, concepts like karma and rebirth, symbols, followers, and places of worship. Key facts are that Buddhism has over 350 million followers worldwide, teaches that life involves suffering and there is a path to end it through moral behavior and wisdom, and has influenced many cultures across Asia.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docxAASTHA76
Buddhism
What is Buddhism?
Buddhism is the religion of over 520 million people, primarily concentrated in East and Southeast Asia.
The religion began in the fifth century BCE in India and Nepal, growing out of the teachings of Gautama Buddha.
Buddhism does not center on a supreme deity. Many of its varieties do not imagine anything supernatural at all.
Is Buddhism a “religion”?
“Everything that arises also passes away, so strive for what has not arisen.”
At the heart of Buddhism are three “jewels”:
1. The Buddha
2. The Dharma (teachings)
3. the Sangha (community)
The First Gem: The Buddha
Around 500 BCE, a loosely defined kind of ascetic spirituality was flourishing in northern India.
Landowning castes – Brahmins and Kshatriyas
Ascetics (Sramana) rejected Brahmin practices of wealth accumulation and animal sacrifice.
The birth of Shakyamuni
Shakyamuni / Siddhartha was born between 488 and 624 BCE – the traditions differ.
Tradition says that his enlightenment was nearly perfected across hundreds of previous lives. In our world, he was born to a ruling family in southern Nepal.
His birth is accompanied by signs and omens. It takes place in a park – he is immaculately conceived.
The Four Sights
Siddhartha sees:
1. A sick man
2. A suffering old man
3. A dead man
…
…
4. An ascetic who is serene and detached from the world.
Siddhartha admires this man and gives away his princely possessions. He travels and masters yoga.
Siddhartha embarks on a path of extreme asceticism, starving and thirsty.
This does not give him the enlightenment he seeks.
Disillusioned with asceticism, Siddhartha moves to Bodh Gaya and re-enters the comforts of the world.
He begins to comfortably meditate under a large fig tree.
Just before dusk, Siddhartha resists the assaults of greed, boredom, and desire, and then fear and anger.
He meditates to move deeper into consciousness, rather than unconsciousness.
Enlightenment
Just before dawn, Siddartha achieves enlightenment.
“I had direct knowledge. Birth is exhausted, the Holy Life has been lived, what was to be done is done, there is no more of this to come.”
He has achieved nirvana. Nirvana means
Being beyond desires
Feeling transcendent happiness
He sets out to spread his message across India.
The wheel of Dharma turns again
He explains his doctrine to his former companions.
This explanation is called the first discourse or sutra, called “Instruction on the Middle Path”.
Buddha explains that enlightenment only came when he
1. renounced the luxury of his princely origins
2. renounced the extreme asceticism of his early spiritual seeking.
Progress only comes through moderation, the “Middle Path”.
Parinirvana
After 45 years of preaching, Buddha falls ill after eating a bad meal his host had served him.
As he weakens, he instructs his disciples not to follow a human successor, but only the dharma.
He reaches parinirvana – the final end of the cycle of deat ...
Detail Study on World Religions - BuddhismDhaval Panchal
This document provides a detailed summary of Buddhism, including:
- Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.
- Key concepts include the four noble truths, the eightfold path, and seeking liberation from suffering through meditation.
- There are three main denominations - Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana - which differ in their ideals and teachings.
- Buddhism incorporates various rituals, festivals, and symbols like the dharma wheel to aid the journey to enlightenment.
sociological-philosophical foundations in Public AdministrationJonathan Taladro
This document provides an overview of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and their implications for public administration. It describes the origins and key tenets of each religion. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions originating in India with beliefs in dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. Confucianism was influenced by the teachings of Confucius and emphasizes virtue, morality, and good governance. All three Eastern philosophies emphasize concepts like duty, ethics, and harmony that can influence approaches to public service and administration.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 6th century BC in India. He taught that life involves suffering, but one can achieve nirvana and escape the cycle of rebirth by following the Eightfold Path. Buddhism later split into two main branches, Theravada and Mahayana, which developed different teachings and practices over time as Buddhism spread across Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism emerged from early schisms within Buddhism and believes the teachings of the Buddha were meant for different levels of understanding. It has several divisions and schools that developed in different regions, incorporating local beliefs. Key beliefs include the Trikaya doctrine of the Buddha's three bodies, devotion to bodhisattvas who delay enlightenment to help others, and the Lotus Sutra's teaching of inherent Buddha nature in all beings. Sects emphasize different practices like meditation, faith, or reason as paths to enlightenment. Tibetan Buddhism blends Indian Mahayana with indigenous Bon shamanism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including:
1. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, and is based on his teachings of achieving enlightenment and nirvana.
2. The two main branches are Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, which have differences in beliefs around arhats and bodhisattvas.
3. Core Buddhist concepts include the three marks of existence (suffering, impermanence, no-self), the four noble truths, and the eightfold path.
This Presentation will take you on journey , where you will learn how Prince Gautama became Sage Gautama Buddha and what are the teachings of Buddhism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including:
1) The Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) who achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.
2) The Four Noble Truths which state that life involves suffering, craving causes suffering, there is a way to end suffering through nirvana, and the Eightfold Path provides the way.
3) The two main vehicles (paths) of Buddhism - Theravada which focuses on self-effort and arhats, and Mahayana which emphasizes compassion and bodhisattvas who delay their own nirvana.
4) Other concepts like
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also discusses the origins of Jainism, its principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. The document summarizes the beliefs around karma in Jainism and highlights important figures like Mahavir and practices like Ahimsa.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the main beliefs and practices of these two ancient Indian religions.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
Chapter 5 BUDDHISMChapter Overview Buddhism was born in th.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5 BUDDHISM
Chapter Overview
Buddhism was born in the fifth-century BCE in the foothills of the Himalayas. It spread from India throughout Asia, developing a variety of schools and different practices. It has more recently become popular in the West.
The goals of the chapter are:
1. To sketch a biography of Siddhartha, founder of Buddhism
2. To lay out the foundational tenets of Dharma, especially the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path
3. To illustrate key philosophical concepts such as karma, reincarnation, and nirvana
4. To illustrate lay and monastic practices within Buddhism
5. To explain distinctions between important expressions of Buddhism namely, Theravada and Mahayana, with examples of significant schools within Mahayana
Students should find the chapter section on the life of the Buddha lively and engaging. It is helpful to remind them that “the Buddha” (“one who has awakened” or “enlightened”) is a religious title and not a proper name. (The “u” in Buddha is pronounced like the “oo” in “good,” not like the “oo” in “food.”)
Given its origins in India and subsequent spread throughout Asia, Buddhism presents a challenge with respect to vocabulary from different Asian languages. Both Pali and Sanskrit were used in Indian Buddhism.
The life and legend of the Buddha
Scholarly debate continues about the exact dates of the Buddha’s life; he most likely lived for about eighty years during the fifth century BCE. Historically, verifiable details of his life are sparse; more important for understandings of Buddhism are the many ways followers have recalled his life in various sacred biographies. These sacred biographies describe the life of child named Siddhartha, born to Maya and Shuddhodana, who was a chief of the Shakya clan in northern India in the foothills along the Himalayas. Maya dreamed that a white elephant entered her womb. At the time of Siddhartha’s birth, priests foretold that this child would become either a great king or a person who would renounce earthly life in order to share his enlightenment with the rest of the world.
The sacred biographies of the Buddha provide a useful basis for comparison with other sacred biographies, such as the biblical accounts of the lives of Moses and Jesus. It is also useful to remind students that Buddhism develops within the context of Hinduism, building upon and challenging some of its ideas.
Siddhartha’s father, who was the equivalent of a king or a feudal lord, tried his best to protect his son from the troubles of the world and to make a good life for him in their palace. All of this was to encourage his son to aspire to kingship. Stories tell of Siddhartha’s life of leisure in a palace with female musicians and a harem of dancers. He married and had a son. But Siddhartha was curious about the outside world, and he left his home to take a chariot ride. The gods arranged for Siddhartha to witness the Four Sights: a bent aged man, a sick person, a corpse, and f ...
The document summarizes key aspects of Buddhism, including Buddha's life journey from prince to enlightenment, the teachings he developed like the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path, and how Buddhism spread and evolved in different regions. It also discusses Buddhist scriptures, sects, women's roles, and worldviews in Buddhism.
The document provides an overview of the major religions of India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, and their key beliefs and practices. Hinduism is the most widely practiced religion in India, accounting for around 80% of the population. Buddhism and Jainism also originated in India in ancient times. Islam and Sikhism were introduced in more modern periods and now have significant followings as well. Each religion is described in terms of its core teachings, founders, sacred texts, concepts of God and the soul's journey.
This document provides an overview of Theravada Buddhism, including:
- The historical background and key figures like Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha).
- The three divisions of the Pali Canon (sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma pitakas) which contain the scriptures and teachings.
- Core doctrines like the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and concepts of impermanence, non-self, and dependent origination.
- Important observances, festivals, and structures like stupas that are part of Buddhist worship and practice in Theravada traditions.
Prince Siddhartha, who later became known as Buddha, was born in Nepal around 563 BC to King Shuddhodana and Queen Maya. As a prince, he was sheltered from suffering but later saw an old man, sick man, and dead man, learning about suffering in the world. At age 29, he left his palace and became a spiritual seeker, meditating and fasting for years until reaching enlightenment around 531 BC. His teachings of the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path formed the basis of Buddhism, which spread widely after his death at age 80.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who achieved enlightenment and became known as the Buddha. The Buddha taught that desire causes suffering and proposed four noble truths about dukkha. Buddhism spread across India as the Buddha traveled and taught others. Key beliefs include karma, reincarnation across six realms until liberation is achieved, and following the teachings of the Buddha and the noble eightfold path.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in industrial biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to nanotechnology and nanoparticles, explaining how their small size and large surface area allow unique properties and interactions at the nanoscale level. The document then outlines several key innovations and industrial applications of nanotechnology, including in biomedical areas like drug delivery and disease diagnosis, agriculture with nanofertilizers, biofuels production, the oil industry, and the textile industry. Examples are provided for each application area.
Detail Study on World Religions - BuddhismDhaval Panchal
This document provides a detailed summary of Buddhism, including:
- Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.
- Key concepts include the four noble truths, the eightfold path, and seeking liberation from suffering through meditation.
- There are three main denominations - Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana - which differ in their ideals and teachings.
- Buddhism incorporates various rituals, festivals, and symbols like the dharma wheel to aid the journey to enlightenment.
sociological-philosophical foundations in Public AdministrationJonathan Taladro
This document provides an overview of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and their implications for public administration. It describes the origins and key tenets of each religion. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions originating in India with beliefs in dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. Confucianism was influenced by the teachings of Confucius and emphasizes virtue, morality, and good governance. All three Eastern philosophies emphasize concepts like duty, ethics, and harmony that can influence approaches to public service and administration.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 6th century BC in India. He taught that life involves suffering, but one can achieve nirvana and escape the cycle of rebirth by following the Eightfold Path. Buddhism later split into two main branches, Theravada and Mahayana, which developed different teachings and practices over time as Buddhism spread across Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism emerged from early schisms within Buddhism and believes the teachings of the Buddha were meant for different levels of understanding. It has several divisions and schools that developed in different regions, incorporating local beliefs. Key beliefs include the Trikaya doctrine of the Buddha's three bodies, devotion to bodhisattvas who delay enlightenment to help others, and the Lotus Sutra's teaching of inherent Buddha nature in all beings. Sects emphasize different practices like meditation, faith, or reason as paths to enlightenment. Tibetan Buddhism blends Indian Mahayana with indigenous Bon shamanism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including:
1. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, and is based on his teachings of achieving enlightenment and nirvana.
2. The two main branches are Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, which have differences in beliefs around arhats and bodhisattvas.
3. Core Buddhist concepts include the three marks of existence (suffering, impermanence, no-self), the four noble truths, and the eightfold path.
This Presentation will take you on journey , where you will learn how Prince Gautama became Sage Gautama Buddha and what are the teachings of Buddhism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including:
1) The Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) who achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.
2) The Four Noble Truths which state that life involves suffering, craving causes suffering, there is a way to end suffering through nirvana, and the Eightfold Path provides the way.
3) The two main vehicles (paths) of Buddhism - Theravada which focuses on self-effort and arhats, and Mahayana which emphasizes compassion and bodhisattvas who delay their own nirvana.
4) Other concepts like
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also discusses the origins of Jainism, its principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. The document summarizes the beliefs around karma in Jainism and highlights important figures like Mahavir and practices like Ahimsa.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the main beliefs and practices of these two ancient Indian religions.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
Chapter 5 BUDDHISMChapter Overview Buddhism was born in th.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5 BUDDHISM
Chapter Overview
Buddhism was born in the fifth-century BCE in the foothills of the Himalayas. It spread from India throughout Asia, developing a variety of schools and different practices. It has more recently become popular in the West.
The goals of the chapter are:
1. To sketch a biography of Siddhartha, founder of Buddhism
2. To lay out the foundational tenets of Dharma, especially the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path
3. To illustrate key philosophical concepts such as karma, reincarnation, and nirvana
4. To illustrate lay and monastic practices within Buddhism
5. To explain distinctions between important expressions of Buddhism namely, Theravada and Mahayana, with examples of significant schools within Mahayana
Students should find the chapter section on the life of the Buddha lively and engaging. It is helpful to remind them that “the Buddha” (“one who has awakened” or “enlightened”) is a religious title and not a proper name. (The “u” in Buddha is pronounced like the “oo” in “good,” not like the “oo” in “food.”)
Given its origins in India and subsequent spread throughout Asia, Buddhism presents a challenge with respect to vocabulary from different Asian languages. Both Pali and Sanskrit were used in Indian Buddhism.
The life and legend of the Buddha
Scholarly debate continues about the exact dates of the Buddha’s life; he most likely lived for about eighty years during the fifth century BCE. Historically, verifiable details of his life are sparse; more important for understandings of Buddhism are the many ways followers have recalled his life in various sacred biographies. These sacred biographies describe the life of child named Siddhartha, born to Maya and Shuddhodana, who was a chief of the Shakya clan in northern India in the foothills along the Himalayas. Maya dreamed that a white elephant entered her womb. At the time of Siddhartha’s birth, priests foretold that this child would become either a great king or a person who would renounce earthly life in order to share his enlightenment with the rest of the world.
The sacred biographies of the Buddha provide a useful basis for comparison with other sacred biographies, such as the biblical accounts of the lives of Moses and Jesus. It is also useful to remind students that Buddhism develops within the context of Hinduism, building upon and challenging some of its ideas.
Siddhartha’s father, who was the equivalent of a king or a feudal lord, tried his best to protect his son from the troubles of the world and to make a good life for him in their palace. All of this was to encourage his son to aspire to kingship. Stories tell of Siddhartha’s life of leisure in a palace with female musicians and a harem of dancers. He married and had a son. But Siddhartha was curious about the outside world, and he left his home to take a chariot ride. The gods arranged for Siddhartha to witness the Four Sights: a bent aged man, a sick person, a corpse, and f ...
The document summarizes key aspects of Buddhism, including Buddha's life journey from prince to enlightenment, the teachings he developed like the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path, and how Buddhism spread and evolved in different regions. It also discusses Buddhist scriptures, sects, women's roles, and worldviews in Buddhism.
The document provides an overview of the major religions of India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, and their key beliefs and practices. Hinduism is the most widely practiced religion in India, accounting for around 80% of the population. Buddhism and Jainism also originated in India in ancient times. Islam and Sikhism were introduced in more modern periods and now have significant followings as well. Each religion is described in terms of its core teachings, founders, sacred texts, concepts of God and the soul's journey.
This document provides an overview of Theravada Buddhism, including:
- The historical background and key figures like Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha).
- The three divisions of the Pali Canon (sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma pitakas) which contain the scriptures and teachings.
- Core doctrines like the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and concepts of impermanence, non-self, and dependent origination.
- Important observances, festivals, and structures like stupas that are part of Buddhist worship and practice in Theravada traditions.
Prince Siddhartha, who later became known as Buddha, was born in Nepal around 563 BC to King Shuddhodana and Queen Maya. As a prince, he was sheltered from suffering but later saw an old man, sick man, and dead man, learning about suffering in the world. At age 29, he left his palace and became a spiritual seeker, meditating and fasting for years until reaching enlightenment around 531 BC. His teachings of the Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path formed the basis of Buddhism, which spread widely after his death at age 80.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who achieved enlightenment and became known as the Buddha. The Buddha taught that desire causes suffering and proposed four noble truths about dukkha. Buddhism spread across India as the Buddha traveled and taught others. Key beliefs include karma, reincarnation across six realms until liberation is achieved, and following the teachings of the Buddha and the noble eightfold path.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in industrial biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to nanotechnology and nanoparticles, explaining how their small size and large surface area allow unique properties and interactions at the nanoscale level. The document then outlines several key innovations and industrial applications of nanotechnology, including in biomedical areas like drug delivery and disease diagnosis, agriculture with nanofertilizers, biofuels production, the oil industry, and the textile industry. Examples are provided for each application area.
Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body without using ionizing radiation. It is widely used due to its availability, low cost, speed, and ability to show real-time images of internal organs and blood flow. Common uses of ultrasound include examining organs like the heart, liver, kidneys, and in pregnancy, the fetus. While it has advantages like being painless and having no radiation, disadvantages include limited ability in obese patients and issues with air blocking the sound waves.
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease including its types, causes, clinical presentation, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It describes that peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between acid-pepsin production and mucosal defenses. Key causes mentioned are H. pylori infection, NSAID use, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Clinical features may include pain on eating, nausea, vomiting, or weight loss. Investigations include endoscopy and barium studies. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce acid production or boost defenses, and sometimes surgery for complications.
This document provides guidelines for tissue submission and fixation to ensure high quality histology processing. Key points include:
1. Tissue must be accurately described and labeled to avoid questions. Fixation preserves morphology and antigenicity.
2. Fixation factors like temperature, tissue size, fixative type and duration influence results. Over or under fixation can reduce quality.
3. Tissue should be processed promptly after removal, washed, dehydrated and stored properly before submission.
4. Samples must be accurately labeled and described on the submission form including genotype, age, tissue, orientation, areas of interest and number of sections/slides requested. The form provides instructions for standardization.
Radiation comes in three main types: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles are large and positively charged, but do not penetrate far, stopped by skin or paper. Beta particles are electrons that can penetrate further, stopped by clothing or plastic. Gamma rays have no charge or mass and penetrate the deepest, requiring thick concrete or lead to stop them. Different radioactive materials emit different types of radiation, and their uses depend on the radiation properties and half-lives. Common uses include medical imaging and treatment, industrial applications, and household smoke detectors.
This document summarizes the pathophysiology of tissue growth and tumor formation. It describes various types of abnormal tissue growth including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and tumor formation. Theories of tumor pathogenesis such as mutation theory, viral genetic theory, and theory of oncogenes are discussed. Stages of carcinogenesis and principles of diagnosis involving clinical history, physical exam, and differential diagnosis are covered. Treatment of malignant neoplasms including chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy is also summarized.
The cell cycle involves a series of events that take place as a cell grows and divides, including interphase and mitosis. Mitosis is a form of cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same genetic material as the parent cell. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes through one round of DNA replication followed by two cell divisions. Proteins are essential macromolecules found in all living organisms that are made of amino acids and perform important functions. Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins found within cell nuclei that packages and organizes the DNA.
This document provides an overview of heart disease and coronary artery disease. It discusses the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease. The main points are:
- Coronary artery disease is caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the heart, restricting blood flow.
- Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity.
- Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack.
- Diagnosis involves tests like EKGs, stress tests, angiograms to evaluate blockages.
- Treatment includes medications to control risk factors, procedures to open blockages like angiop
Bt cotton is a genetically modified crop formed by inserting the Bacillus Thuringiensis genome into cotton. This allows Bt cotton to produce Bt toxins that specifically kill insects when ingested. The toxins are dissolved and activated in the insect's digestive system, forming ion channels that disrupt electrolyte balance and kill the insect. Bt cotton provides advantages of higher yields and resistance to pests due to the toxins, though it also has disadvantages of high seed costs and potential issues like unemployment and malpractices.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. • The origins of Buddhism lie in ancient India.
• The religious landscape of the time was shaped by the
ideology of the Aryas, a nomadic group who travelled into
India around the beginning of the second millennium BCE.
• The teachings of the social group known as brahmanas are
found within texts such as the Ṛg Veda and Upaniṣads. These
contain teachings, philosophies and ritual guides.
• The Brahmanic tradition also introduced the caste system.
• There were also ascetic movements found within India which
had ideologies that did not necessarily agree with brahmanic
thought.
3. • The dates that the Buddha lived are not agreed upon, but
generally placed around 400-500 BCE.
• The Buddha appears in Buddhist literature under a
number of names. His name is given as Gautama (Pali:
Gotama). He is only referred to as the Buddha after his
enlightenment.
• He is also referred to as Śākyamuni Buddha, literally
meaning sage (muni) of the Śākya clan. It is believed that
he was born in what is now South Nepal.
• The Buddha has the 32 marks of a great man (Sanskrit:
mahāpuruṣa-lakṣaṇa/ Pali: mahāpuriṣa-lakkhaṇa)
4. • The life story of the Buddha is taken from a variety of sources such as
the Mahāvastu, Nidānakathā and Buddhacarita.
• Many aeons ago an ascetic called Sumedha encountered the Buddha
Dīpaṃkara and vowed to become a buddha himself, cultivating the
necessary qualities and becoming a bodhisattva.
• The Jātakas show the various kind deeds of the Bodhisattva before he
became the Buddha.
• When the previous buddha’s teaching had been lost the Bodhisattva
descended from Tuṣita into his mother’s womb. That night his mother
dreamt of a white elephant carrying a white lotus entering her womb.
• After 10 lunar months the Bodhisattva was born. He was delivered whilst
his mother was standing. As soon as he was born he took 7 steps and
declared, ‘I am chief in the world, I am the best in the world, I am first in
the world. This is my last birth. There will be no further rebirth.’
• Seven days after the birth his mother died and was reborn in Tuṣita.
5. • He was part of the Śākya clan in the kṣatryia family whose name was
Gautama. He was known as Siddhārtha.
• As he grew up he forgot his previous births, but predictions of his
greatness were made to his father. This was made apparent by the 32
marks that were found upon his body. It was predicted that he could
have one of two destinies: he could become a great ‘wheel turning’ king
(cakravartin/cakkavattin) or a buddha.
• His father wanted him to become a powerful king and so arranged that
his son should be provided with every pleasure and comfort and
sheltered from all things ugly and unpleasant so that he would not
renounce and become an ascetic.
• The Bodhisattva married Yaśodharā and had a child called Rāhula.
• The Bodhisattva rides with his charioteer and sees an old man, a sick
man, a corpse and an ascetic. Upon seeing this he decides to leave his
home and become an ascetic.
6. • The Bodhisattva spent the next 6 years practicing a number of ascetic
techniques such as meditation, gradually ending up practicing severe
austerities with five other ascetics where he became emaciated.
• Finding that these methods did not work he accepted an offering of food
and settled himself under a Bodhi tree, determining that he would not
move until he had attained complete awakening. Many gods gathered to
watch knowing that something important was happening.
• Māra appeared with his army and tried to distract the Bodhisattva from
his meditation with desire, fear, doubt, hunger and thirst, and tiredness.
He sent his beautiful daughters and great storms but the Bodhisattva
remained unmoved.
• When Māra asked the Bodhisattva what right he had to sit under the
tree the Bodhisattva responded and said that it was because of his
many aeons practicing the perfections. Māra then claimed that he had
also achieved this and his armies with vouch for him. The Bodhisattva
touches the ground and calls on the earth as his witness. On this action
the ground trembled and Māra was knocked from his elephant and his
armies ran away, signifying his defeat. The Buddha had attained
enlightenment.
7. • After his enlightenment the Buddha is believed to given his first
discourse on the topic of the Four Noble Truths, known in Pali as the
Dharmacakkappavattana Sutta.
• Suffering (duḥkha/dukkha): all that is unenlightened is marked by
this. Perhaps a more useful translation is ‘dis-ease’.
• Origin (samudaya): the origin of dukkha lies in craving (tṛṣṇā/
taṇhā). The unenlightened crave sensuals pleasures, things that they
do not have and the removal of things that they do not want. The root
of this lies in ignorance.
• Cessation (nirodha): the cessation of dukkha, will come through the
cessation of ignorant thought and action. In other words, the only
cure for dukkha is nirvāṇa/ nibbāna.
• Way (mārga/ magga): the path to enlightenment is outlined in in the
eightfold path.
8. • Saṃsāra is not a place, instead it is the type of existence
experienced by all unenlightened beings.
• Unenlightened beings are caught in perpetual cycle of life, death and
rebirth.
• Saṃsāric existence is conditioned by three marks: impermanence
(anitya/ anicca), not-Self (anātman/ anattā), and dis-ease
(duḥkha/dukkha).
• As there is no permanence there is no stability. Saṃsāric existence
is in a constant state of flux and change.
• The teaching of anātman outlines that there is nothing that has a
permanent Self, there is no underlying consciousness or sense of
person that is carried from life to life.
• There is no being that can be classed as immortal, even the gods
(devas) that are found in Buddhist thought will one day die.
9. • Karma or kamma can be translated as ‘action’.
• In the brahmanical society it was initially understood in terms of ritual
behaviour. If one performed a certain ritual action it would have a
specific result.
• Ideas concerning karma evolved and all actions were understood to
cause an effect. Actions performed by an individual would cause
some sort of effect on the individual in this life, or even in a later life.
• In Buddhist thought karma has a causative nature. The actions that
are intentionally performed by the individual will have a particular
karmic result. Well-intentioned good deeds will result in a pleasant
and favourable karmic result whilst malicious and hurtful misdeeds
will result in a poor and unfavourable karmic result.
• Karma does not always have immediate results, but can take many
lifetimes to have an effect.
10. • Buddhism offers a system of causation known as Dependent
Origination (pratītyasamutpadā/ paṭiccasmuppāda).
• This system of thought maintains that everything has been caused
into existence. Nothing has been created ex nihilo.
• This is useful in understanding how there can be rebirth without a
belief in a soul. When a person is alive they accumulate karma, this
does not simply disappear at death. Instead, due to the remaining
karmic seeds a new being is caused into existence so that remaining
karmic results may take place.
• In relation to rebirth, the Buddha taught a twelvefold formula for
Dependent Origination in the Mahānidāna Sutta.
11. • “conditioned by ignorance are formations, conditioned
by formations is consciousness, conditioned by
consciousness is mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-
and-body are the six senses, conditioned by the six-
senses is sense contact, conditioned by sense contact
is feeling, conditioned by feeling is craving , conditioned
by craving is attachment, conditioned by attachment is
becoming, conditioned by becoming is birth,
conditioned by birth is old age and death”
Saṃyutta Nikāya
12. • Nirvāṇa/nibbana, as with saṃsāra, is not a place. Instead it is a form
of existence which is free from the conditions of saṃsāra.
• Nirvāṇa is attained through seeing the world as it really is
(yathābhūtadarśana). One must have a complete understanding of
the nature of Dependent Origination, saṃsāra, and karma.
• Nirvāṇa is often described using negatives. This is to show that it is
not conditioned, there is no death, no rebirth, no karma.
• The Buddha had attained enlightenment during his lifetime, he did
not die nor did he vanish. Despite being enlightened he still had to
receive the results of previous karmic actions. It should be
remembered that one enlightened the Buddha was not producing
any karma.
• Upon death a person who has nirvāṇic existence is understood to
enter a state known as parinirvāṇa/ parinibbana.
13. • In the religious landscape that Buddhism arose in there was an
emphasis based on the importance of a lineage of teachers and
disciples. The Buddha had his own disciples who went on to teach
the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha) to their pupils. This lead to
the creation of a monastic community which is known as the Saṅgha.
• The Buddha ordained monks (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis)
during his lifetime and there were was the creation of the Vinaya, a
text outlining the rules of the monastic community.
• The Saṅgha appears to be a single entity until several years after the
Buddha’s death when there was a disagreement between Saṅgha
(the reason for this is still the subject of debate for scholars) and the
Saṅgha split into two. The two sects were known as the sthaviras/
theras (elders) and the mahāsāṃghikas (those of the great
community).
14. • The split in the Saṅgha saw the creation of different schools of
thought within Buddhism. After the initial spilt, more divisions in the
Saṅgha occurred.
• The different approaches towards the Buddha’s teaching can be split
into two different parties: Mainstream Buddhism and Mahāyāna
Buddhism.
• Mainstream Buddhist schools include: Sarvāstivāda, Sautrāntika,
Theravāda, Pudgalavāda, and Mahāsāṃghika.
• In modern Buddhism the only surviving mainstream school is
Theravāda Buddhism.
• Mahāyāna schools include: Zen/Chan, Pure Land, Shingon,
Tendai, Nichiren, and Tibetan Buddhism.