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CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Information
The enormous amount of unmanaged solid wastes (SW) continues to be a nuisance and a public
health problem throughout the world. Currently, the world cities are generating about 1.3 billion
tons of solid waste per year [1]. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025
[1]. Lower income countries are expected to double the amount of waste generated in the next
twenty years by an estimate of 1.8 kg per capita per day [2]. If SW is not safely collected,
separated, isolated, reused, recycled, or properly disposed of it can be hazardous, even toxic, and
can cause nuisance and serious health problems [3]. A World Bank report indicates that the
problem is more serious in urban areas as compared to rural areas and the problem is greater in
developing countries [2].
Waste management (WM) is complex because of the mass quantities of residuals produced by
modern society, but also because of differences in the composition of the waste compared to the
past [4, 5]. In urban settings WM is costly and requires long-term solutions, of which most African
nations cannot afford the cost. This is a crucial problem due to its direct link with protection of
public health, safety and the environment. In developing countries the problem is becoming an
issue even in rural settings [6, 7].
In sub-Saharan Africa alone in each year, 62 million tonnes are produced with an average per
capita waste generation of 1.1 kg per day [2]. In Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania, an estimated 42,000
tonnes of SW were produced per day in 2011 [6]. A substantial proportion of SW produced is
poorly disposed of, creating possible risks for environmental as well as public health [9].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-19-320.jpg)
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Households and socio-economic centres (e.g. markets) are where most SW is produced, and create
management challenges for many urban areas in the world. [23, 24].
Solid waste management (SWM) is both civic and growing rural problem. The risk of affecting
humans through contaminated crops, animals, or food products is ever increasing. When SW
management is not considered important by a community, public health is undermined and
deterioration of environmental value begins [9].
From generation to disposal of SW, Tanzania has difficulties in monitoring and evaluating the
SWM sector. This has contributed to the failure of proper waste disposal (from households,
industry, commercial points, institutions, hospitals etc.), and poor separation, transportation, and
final disposal at land sites in the country [10].
Mwanza City Council (MCC) has a Department of Health within which the Environmental Act,
Public Health Act, waste collection and disposal sections are hosted. The departmental focus is to
ensure City cleanliness in public gatherings (e.g. open-gardens, picnic areas, stadiums, conference
rooms), households, markets, industries, and construction areas by emphasizing adherence to the
City bylaws. The standard City Council’s waste management bylaws apply to all municipalities in
Mwanza [11].
Despite the fact that Mwanza city has joined the Sustainable Cities Programme for Environmental
Management, solid wastes are still poorly managed in the city both at households, markets, and
disposal sites [12, 13]. The available Environmental Management Act 2014 (supplement No. 39,
subsidiary legislation; environmental by-laws) and the Public Health Act of Tanzania placed a
stronger emphasis on the participation of authorities and the public in WM. However, there is still
an unmanageable increase in generation of waste at households (residential), dumping sites, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-20-320.jpg)
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issues with transportation to final disposal sites [14]. Improper waste management has health risks.
For example, plugged drains after a rain storm can cause increased flooding of drainage systems
during the rainy season, with a resulting risk of malaria. Stagnant water supports breeding sites for
malaria carrying mosquitoes, leading to diarrhea infections, unpleasant odors and epidemics [8].
1.2. Problem Statement
Urbanization with inadequate waste management practices, specifically, mostly disposal of waste
on the road, waste dumping in drains-that cause clogging, littering waste around house and
uncontrolled dump sites together with ever increase in types of waste produced, worsens the
problems of low cleanliness and health levels around the African countries when it comes to waste
management [4,5]. Increased urbanization and industrialization means larger volumes of solid
wastes generation. Many of which are domestic, industrial and electronic in nature posing waste
management challenges to towns and cities in Africa [4, 14].
Studies conducted both outside and inside Africa have worked to address many factors (types of
wastes, characterization, recycling, and quantification of solid and semi-solid waste), and have
identified and tested knowledge, attitude, and practices of solid waste management at all levels.
Waste management is now not only an urban concern but also a growing concern in rural
communities. It needs long-term solutions. Most African nations are striving to resolve the issue,
but there are other problems which have a linkage with public health, safety, and the environment
[6, 7].
Weaknesses in waste management approaches and techniques in the Mwanza region may be
attributed to several factors. These include high population growth rates, untimed waste collection,
people’s consumption behavior of food and other products, low adherence to available residential
waste management procedures and practice, incomplete waste collection by collectors when](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-21-320.jpg)
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performing their duties, and improper disposal-site management. These contribute to increased
waste generation, poor management, and risk of health and environmental problems [15].
Furthermore, in relation to other public sectors it has been observed that the waste management
sector has often received little attention from the governments [7].
A fair amount of scholarly work has been done on MSW collection and management in Tanzania.
Most of these studies attempted to explain the quantity of waste generated, the knowledge and
attitude of people to SWM, and waste recycling. There are hardly any studies to understand how
households handle their domestic solid wastes in Mwanza city at the household level, and
adherence to the standard regulations set by the Municipality. As a result, residential waste
management practices and adherence to the established standards on waste management is not
known.
This study therefore seeks to address the gap between knowledge of the recommended standards
and practices, and to understand how the community implements the recommended standards /
bylaws of the MCC on solid waste management at the residential level.
1.3. Study Rationale
Findings from this study will help the local government authority, the Ministry of Environment,
and Natural Resources management to develop a holistic approach to solid waste management.
Recommendations from the study will help address the many health and environmental issues
arising from the currently ineffective residential SWM system.
Performance data is not available, even though MCC inspects SWM practices in open areas,
markets, roads, and sometimes collection points performed by private and municipal workers. In
particular, findings are not well documented for household practices compared to other areas of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-22-320.jpg)
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the city where SW can be generated. Monitoring and the evaluation functions are still not reliable
or effective [16]. Gathering data on SWM practices at households will likewise provide
information to help authorities design and incorporate additional plans for sustainable SWM and
implementation. Also the findings of this study will provide useful information for those working
towards Tanzania achieving the Millennium Development Goal number 7 by ensuring
environmental sustainability through improving environmental sanitation in residential premises.
1.4. Research Question
1. What are the practices of domestic solid waste management at the household level in
Nyamagana Municipality, Mwanza?
1.5. Research Objectives
1.5.1. Broad Objective
To assess household SWM practices and identify barriers to compliance with the bylaws in
Nyamagana Municipality
1.5.2. Specific Objectives
1. To determine the knowledge and attitudes of Nyamagana residents toward disposal of
household SW
2. To observe existing SWM practice at the household level for comparison to reported
practice
3. To determine the household challenges to standard SWM practice in Nyamagana
Municipality.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-23-320.jpg)
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Solid Waste
The nature and quantity of waste generation is basically dependant on the nature of activity,
environment and even the economic status of individuals in the community. SW can be classified
in respect of original use (e.g., packaging waste), material (e.g., glass, paper, or plastics), physical
properties (e.g., combustible or biodegradable), origin (e.g., domestic, commercial, industrial or
agricultural), and safety characteristics (e.g., hazardous or radioactive). Human and animal excreta
are often classified as semi-solid waste [17].
2.1.1. Human Waste
Human wastes include waste that is excreted by the human body, and is often known as body by-
products of digestion such as faeces and urine. Human waste is considered a bio-waste as it is a
good vector for both viral and bacterial diseases and becomes hazardous when it gets into
sources of drinking water [18].
2.1.2. Sullage
Wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms and laundries make sullage. It can contain disease-causing
organisms, particularly from soiled clothing [18]. But its main health hazard occurs when it
collects in poorly drained places and causes pools of organically polluted water that may serve as
breeding places for mosquitoes.
2.1.3. Municipal Waste
As described by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [19]
municipal waste is a combination of waste from households, office buildings, institutions and small](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-25-320.jpg)
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businesses, yards and gardens, street sweepings, litter, and market refuse that is collected and
treated by the municipalities.
Municipal solid waste includes materials commonly called trash or garbage produced from human
daily activities, and that originate from areas such as households (e.g., milk cartons, plastic wrap,
food), city streets, and offices (e.g., newspapers, plastic bags, deteriorated furniture) [9, 5]. This
category of waste generally refers to common household waste, as well as office and retail wastes,
but excludes industrial, human and animal excreta, hazardous (medical), and construction wastes.
2.1.4. Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste encompasses materials that pose substantial threats to public health or the
environment (e.g. products labelled: flammable, ignitable, warning, caution, poisonous, toxic,
corrosive, reactive, or explosive). They could be solid or gaseous. These wastes should be
considered hazardous because of their ability to cause long-term risk to health or the environment
[20].
According to EPA, the concentration and the physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics of
hazardous waste significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or incapacitating reversible
illnesses; or pose a potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, or disposed. Hospital biomedical waste is one category of hazardous waste,
which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals
or in testing of biological specimens [21, 22].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-26-320.jpg)
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2.1.5. Mwanza Waste Collection and Management
In 2000 the MCC Waste Management committee (after identifying the increase in waste generation
was a problem) decided to set a broad goal that read; Mwanza City should become a “Clean and
attractive City through an efficient and effective system of managing solid waste”. The objectives
for ensuring Mwanza became clean and attractive were (i) to enact and enforce a waste
management Bylaw that governed waste management service delivery beginning at households
and extending to industry, (ii) to increase the amount of solid waste collected and disposed of, and
(iii) to increase community awareness of appropriate SWM.
2.1.6. Community Based Approach (CBA) to Household SWM
The Community Based Approach involves primary collectors/first level collectors who are not
household members. It may involve paid door-to-door collectors (scavengers) or community based
organization (CBOs). This is the approach the MCC use, incorporating it into the SWM bylaws
and accepting it as one way to manage waste at generation premises [25].
In the CBA approach householders have a duty to store their waste in plastic bags or other available
materials, sorted according to their nature (e.g., food waste, cold fire ash, plastic and broken-glass
waste), and to make that available to the door-to-door/primary/first level collectors. The CBA
collectors are required to appropriately collect this solid waste from the households and dispose of
it at the city’s transfer station. They get paid monthly by householders according to a fee set by
the Municipality which equals TZS. 2000 (assuming the Municipality has built a transfer station
near to the primary collection area). The Municipality is then responsible to collect and transfer
wastes from transfer stations to the final disposal (landfill) sites [25, 26]. One challenge of this
approach can be seen where households fail to pay for collectors due to personal reasons and
financial difficulty.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-27-320.jpg)
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2.1.7. The Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Standard Regulations, 2002.
The MCC and all its Municipalities perform SWM under the Environmental Management Act
(Cap. 191) RE 2002 made under section 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,120,121,122, and 230 of
2014. These Regulations are cited as the Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations,
and apply to all matters pertaining to SWM [50].
The regulation states that every person living in Tanzania shall have a stake and a duty to safeguard
the environment from the adverse effects of SW and to inform the relevant authority of any activity
or phenomenon resulting from SW that is likely to adversely affect public health or the
environment. In part IV of the SWM regulations it explains that every occupier of a house,
business, industry or any activity generating SW should minimize the waste at its source. Options
are suggested: 1. different types or kinds of SW are separated at the source, or 2. different types or
kinds of SW are collected into waste storage receptacles (equipment of specified standards, types,
sizes, shapes that are easy to carry or move, and that comply with and other specifications as the
case may be). Approved receptacles include: standard metal dustbins, plastic standard dustbins,
plastic bags, paper bags, standard litter bins, standard containers or skips and any other
recommended receptacles ideal for the locality. An occupier who fails to comply commits an
offence [50].
2.1.8. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Approach
Integrated Waste Management (ISWM) is an approach to waste management that is most
compatible with environmentally sustainable development and is one of the most recommended
approaches, using various collection, transport and treatment options [17]. It refers to the
complementary use of a variety of practices to safely and effectively handle MSW [27]. ISWM](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-28-320.jpg)
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consider the 3Rs - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The most favorable is reduction, which suggests using
less to begin with, and then reusing more, leading to saving material production, resource cost, and
energy [27].
2.1.9. Household Willingness to pay
Willingness to pay (WTP) is an attributing factor toward SWM in households. A situation of
payable services for waste management in was explained in a study done in Bangladesh, that about
49 % of households were willing to use a fee based waste collection system, paying BDT.
60/month for collection of their wastes (approximately TZS. 1000). The study explained income
was a determinant that had positive association to paying for waste collection services. The average
WTP sum was BDT. 57/month (also about TZS. 1000). Study of residents’ WTP is essential to
understand a community’s attitude towards paying for waste services which can be both
municipally and privately served and more likely influenced by demographic characteristic like
levels of income and education toward paying for services that can be offered by municipal
councils or private operators [28].
Another study done in Kampala City, Uganda on determinants of willingness to pay for SWM
used the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, The study found that age of the
household head was negatively associated with willingness to pay for SWM. Other variables like
household size, education and marital status were not significantly associated with the WTP for
improved SWM, and the study suggested that there was only a small chance of success if SW
collection service charges were introduced. The study suggested a better way was for the
government to concentrate first on awareness campaigns about the consequences of waste
mishandling, and then the benefits of payment for proper waste management, before building up
to a plan for SWM [29].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-29-320.jpg)
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2.1.10. Household Decision to waste disposal
Waste disposal is connected to how people decide to do with their waste with respect availability
of facilities. A study in Makelle, Ethiopia determined factors that influence household waste
disposal decision making. Results showed that the presence of waste facilities significantly affects
waste disposal choice. Inadequate of waste containers and longer distances to these containers
increased the probability of waste dumping in open areas and roadsides relative to the use of
communal containers. Insufficient financial resources limited the safe disposal of waste in well-
equipped collection points and sanitary landfills [30].
2.1.11. Solid waste transportation
Proper SW manageable techniques requires any country to have access to well monitored
transportation of waste from generation to final disposal site. Waste transportation problem is not
seemingly found in African countries alone, a study in Mymensingh Municipal area, Dhaka on
SWM practice explained that among the waste management issues in the study area, a major issue
was lack of sufficient, available, and reliable transport vehicles for waste management. Other
issues also existed: lack of knowledge about SWM, lack of adequate budget for waste
management, and an absence of solid waste treatment plants. Although the Municipality provided
7 garbage trucks, 140 driving vans, 1 beam lifter, 18 pushcarts, 1 chain bulldozer, and 2 pickup
cars it was concluded these were inadequate to meet the desired waste management needs of people
in Dhaka [31].
Other issues have been identified in Kolkata, India, Iran and in Kenya. Collectively they suggested
that waste collection, transfer and transport problems in SWM are the result of improper bin
collection systems, poor scheduling, poor communication on collection-transport schedules,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-30-320.jpg)
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insufficient infrastructure, miserable roads, and a lack of vehicles for waste collection and transfer
to disposal dumpsites or landfills [32, 33, 34].
2.1.12. Solid waste final disposal
A study in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries including Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania showed that most disposal sites in the studied cities in developing world countries were
open dumps with no leachate treatment. Distances to the official disposal sites from the city centres
ranged from 3 to 50 km. The studied cities also faced the problem of illegal disposal of waste in
rivers, oceans, lakes, drainage channels, open space, and roadsides. Waste management was
positive and successful where the municipal leaders or decision makers were interested in
environmental and solid waste management issues. Finally, the study found that supply of
equipment and improved infrastructure are necessary for an efficient system [35].
2.1.13. Environmental problems associated with solid waste
Inappropriate solid waste disposal is a major threat to the environment of developing countries
since most of the solid waste generated in developing countries ends up directly in open dumps
that are uncontrolled and become overloaded [36].
Atmospheric pollution by SW from landfill emissions, and leachate pollution of waters, decreases
the aesthetic value of an area, and is associated with environmental problems [37]. Methane
released into the atmosphere through anaerobic degradation of waste material in open dumps is a
significant contribution to greenhouse gases (GHG) that is 20 times more potent than CO2 in
trapping the Sun’s heat [23]. Also, the quality of potable water is degraded by leachate flow
together with methane gas entering water sources. According to two studies [23, 36], on the global](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-31-320.jpg)
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scale about 8-11% of anthropogenic GHGs are from garbage dumps and landfills, and are an
emerging environmental concern of MSWM [38].
Waste such as plastic SW, can undergo breakdown process into plastic debris which can be either
land-based ( 8%) or ocean-based (e.g., from sewage, tourism, fishing, and waste from ships and
boats – flotsam and jetsam). The land-based sources include trash that comes from wind or water
flow that flushes trash from streets, sidewalks, gutters, sewer overflows, solid waste disposal sites
and landfills, and can eventually end up in rivers, oceans, or lakes. For example data from Sesini
[39] shows the North Pacific Ocean, with a surface area 8,095,000km2
, has a particle density of
25,000 pieces/km2
, and 20,240 tons of plastic, which pose a critical health and environmental
concern. They can lead to entanglement of marine fauna, plastic ingestion, transport of species to
non-native waters, beach pollution, and concentration and transport of toxic chemicals such as
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds [40].
2.1.14. Household perception on effectiveness of SWM
People’s perception significantly have a role on SWM despite having facilities in a community. A
studied in Ojo, Nigeria explained peoples’ perception toward household SWM. Quantitative and
qualitative methods were used to assess practices and public perception on the effectiveness of
SWM. Socio-economic profile (income and education of respondents) had a significant positive
association with peoples’ perception of SWM services. Those with high or moderate income
perceived waste as a problem that needed to be dealt with by the public. Only 13% of the
respondents had no formal education, and the remaining 87% with some education perceived
SWM as a necessary action in the community because of its health and environmental impacts. No
association of gender (being male or female) influenced perception or attitude to waste
management [41].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-32-320.jpg)
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The study further went to explained that in Ojo poor access to private waste collectors was being
addressed as a means to encourage people to dispose of their household waste properly, and not
on streets, the surrounding neighborhood, or unplanned dumps. The study concluded that
inadequate service organization and untimely waste collection posed concerns in this particular
area, and suggested several ways to tackle the problems. First, raise governmental emphasis and
use of modern waste management strategies (i.e., reduce, re-use, recycle), at every level of
government (i.e., from regional to local). Second, building awareness and re-educating
householders on waste sorting and minimization, including training and orientating household
waste generators to help in the success of SWM [41].
2.1.15. Determinants of effective household SWM
Effective participatory is a key element to improve in SWM that requires a coalition of individual,
public and private partnership approach. It basically begins from households and primarily
depending on their demographics. A study conducted in Ambo, Ethiopia on determinants of
effective household SWM practices examined the demographic, socio-cultural, and institutional
factors that determine the effectiveness of SWM practice at the household level, and the service
delivery performance of private solid waste collectors. The study suggested feasible solutions in
order to improve local household SWM practices. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to
recruit 200 households for interviews and focus group discussions. The descriptive findings
reflected that plastic, paper, and ashes comprised most household generated waste [42].
The study found an association between household earning and waste production. Despite
householders possessing temporary storage points in their home, waste was not stored separately
and disposing of waste in unauthorized sites by Ambo residents was commonly practiced. The
inferential statistical analysis showed that household level of education, location (distance from](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-33-320.jpg)
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main roads or town center), sex, willingness to pay for waste services, awareness of solid waste
management and access to private waste collectors’ services were key determinants of effective
household SWM. Furthermore, analysis explained that manpower, budget, and waste collection
facilities (adequate vehicles, reliable containers, waste gown and gloves) are major determining
factors of effective SWM at the household level [42].
2.1.16. Municipal SW collection, transportation and disposal in Tanzania
The history of Solid Waste Management in Tanzania (SWMT) started in Dar-es-salaam when the
city engaged in the Sustainable Cities Sanitation Program in 1992 [43]. From then on, the SW
management program was adopted by other municipal authorities. In Mwanza; specifically in
Nyamagana Municipality, the program was officially activated in 1998 after Mwanza city engaged
in the Sustainable Cities Program [44]. However, after this initiative Mwanza’s engagement
decreased continually from 1998 due to less funding and budgeting for WM by the city, resulting
in people’s participation level also dropping. It was not until 2000, when a newly enacted City
Council bylaw to enforce waste management was introduced, that the situation improved again.
Introducing the participation of PSO as a solution to waste collection and disposal helped [11].
Inadequacy of SW collection in most municipalities in growing cities and regions in Tanzania was
due to possessing less-efficient collection techniques that, in turn, resulted in incomplete collection
of all generated waste. This evidently results in more dumpsites, and abandoned garbage being
deposited in the city streets areas and in open-residential areas. These become breeding sites for
disease carrying organisms like houseflies and mosquitoes [7].
A study in Deir el Balah, Gaza Strip explained that a MSWM system requires collection from the
source and transportation to operational points [45]. Once there, the waste is either turned into](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-34-320.jpg)
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useful substances like 'refuse-fuel’, recycled, disposed of, or used to generate electrical energy by
burning. The problem with solid waste collection and transportation is its high operational cost.
The findings suggested that major grounds for failure are long distances to main roads, poor design
of the routes or infrastructure, and scattered location of collection points [45].
Furthermore a study done in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam to understand MSWM system
showed that Ilala had faced similar problems comparable to those encountered in Middle East;
lack of a strategic plan for waste collection at center locations, and expensive vehicle routes and
vehicle maintenance that caused cost over-runs of government budgets [46].
2.2. Conceptual Framework
Figure. 1 present a frame on household WM practices, risk and benefit outcomes based on the
above literature review. The conceptual framework was designed to lead to guidance for
developing study variables, preparation of research tools (questionnaires and observation
checklist), and expected analysis. As it has been explained above, SW are generated from different
sources such as from industries, institutions, health centers, commercial operations, households,
and the like. However, this particular study focused on the flow of SWM generated from
households. The middle circle (Figure. 1) indicates current poor practice (left hand side), and
potential solutions and mechanisms by which to ensure the benefits (right hand side). Where proper
household SWM is performed (outer circle, right hand side) then public and environmental health
are protected, when proper household SWM is disregarded, then negative outcomes ensue (outer
circle, left hand side) [28, 31, 42].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-35-320.jpg)
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Figure 1: A conceptual framework on Household waste management practices, risk and benefit
outcomes. Most of the attributes have been adopted from different authors [28, 31, 42].
Determinants: Socio-economic
context of households](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-36-320.jpg)
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1. Study setting
Nyamagana Municipal Council (NMC) is one of seven districts of the Mwanza region. In Mwanza
City it is one of two Municipal Councils, the other being Ilemela Municipal council. Nyamagana,
which is located on the southern shores of Lake Victoria in Northwest Tanzania, covers an area of
1,337 km2
of which 900 km2
(68%) is water. The Municipality is warded into Pamba, Isamilo,
Nyamagana, Mkuyuni, Butimba, Igogo, Mirongo and Mbugani which are urban based wards.
Mkolani, Buhongwa, and Igoma are in rural based wards. The Municipality is currently expanding
fast, it is older of the two present municipalities in Mwanza with larger number of residents, and
the nature of waste generated demand keen attention by the Municipal council
3.1.1. Study area Demography
The Sukuma tribe is the main ethnic group in the Mwanza region and NMC. There are some
migrants from other regions of Tanzania, as other tribes and sub-tribes from bordering regions
move in and settle, mostly for economic and occupational motives like trading, industry,
agriculture, day-working, and petty business. According to a 2012 census, the population of NMC
was 363,452 [47].
3.1.2. Economic activities and the current WM system in Mwanza City
Residents rely mostly on commercial activities, artisanal fishing, small scale farming and
employment in public and private sectors. Industrio-agricultural activities pre-dominate with
greater than 100 small to large scale manufacturing and processing industries.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-37-320.jpg)
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Most of the generated city waste from homes, institutions, schools, markets, food canteens, and
other municipal wastes are collected at the ward collections points by the municipality workers
and waste PSO along the roads. The waste is then dumped at Buhongwa dumpsite on the outskirts
of the city, a non-fenced and open landfill for which the City Council has plans to transform into
a modern sanitary landfill [48].
3.2. Study design
This was a cross sectional study using a questionnaire (completed in face-to-face interviews), and
an observation checklist to evaluate solid waste handling and disposal by households in
Nyamagana Municipality (completed by the field researchers).
3.3 Study population
The target area of the research was Nyamagana Municipality. The study population was home
residents, as the study concentrated on the solid waste management at households.
3.4. Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria:
i. Member of the household who is responsible for disposing of household waste
ii. Provided informed consent to participate.
Exclusion criteria:
i. All non-Nyamagana residents who, by chance, were found in sampled households in this
study.
ii. Non-residential buildings (offices, schools, business points, health centres)
iii. Anyone who was too ill to participate](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-38-320.jpg)
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iv. All workers, private and municipal who were responsible for collecting waste at homes
3.5. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures
3.5.1 Sample Size Estimation
The number of households drawn from each street/slum was determined based on the size of the
ward in Nyamagana. The sample size for the number of households in the study was determined
using the following formula [49].
PQZNd
PQNZn
22
2
)1(
Where:-
n = sample size of housing units
P = Housing unit (residential houses)
Q = Non-residential houses (offices, schools, etc.) = 1-P
N = Total number of housing (living homes)
Z = Standardized normal variable and its value that corresponds to 95 % confidence
interval=1.96
d = Allowable marginal error (+/-0.05)
From the current data on municipal survey, [48], there are about 48,000 housing (N): from these
about 92% (P) are households and 8% (Q) are non-residential.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-39-320.jpg)
![23
strategies in place like presence and use of compost pit outside were observed. The observation
gathered information on what exactly was happening as far as SWM is concerned at Nyamagana
Municipality, i.e. it did not rely on reported data. The digital camera was used to take photographs
of the existing setting in the field, especially in the housing near collection points, dumpsites,
streets skips and refuse bins.
3.7. Data analysis
Quantitative data, collected from households through the structured questionnaire were analyzed
by using computer software STATA V.11 after entry and cleaning in EpiData V.3.1. Descriptive
statistics (percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation as a central tendency and measure
of dispersion) were used to describe basic features of the data. Socio-economic status of the
household was assessed by using Social Economic Wealth Quintile (SEWQ) which were scored
for most affluent, less affluent, poor and poorer whereby the highest quintile was used considered
for the most affluent and lowest quintile represent the poorer [56]. Standard descriptive analyses
were carried out using means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies for
categorical variables, and inferential statistics were used to assess the relationships between the
respondents’ waste handling practices at their households and socio-economic characteristics
using chi-square (x2
). A 95% CI and p-value of less than 0.05 have been used to test statistical
significance.
3.8. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
i. The questionnaire used were pre-tested in three randomly selected wards in Ilemela
Municipality households before being used in the actual research study to check for error,
clarity, and reviewed by the researcher.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-41-320.jpg)
![42
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. DISCUSSION
5.1. Socio-demographics status of households in the Nyamagana Municipality
The preponderance of female respondents (67.5%) in this study reflects the higher level of interest
and responsibility for waste management showed by the female gender as reported in a qualitative
study of preference for household tasks including WM [51].
This study also revealed that a fairly large number of the respondents had primary school education
48 (40%), those with secondary education were 35 (29.2%) and just 10 (8.3%) had no formal
education, an indication of a low level of educational status. This is comparable to the work done
[52] on household knowledge of SW segregation in Urban Kampala which showed that only 30.5%
had attained primary education. Consequently, the assumption that low attained education can
cause poor WM knowledge was not the case in this study, those with primary, secondary and post-
secondary education were more homogenous in their levels of knowledge on how to manage with
respect to the regulations of Mwanza City bylaw of waste management. This could be explained
that level of education attained by the head of household have no effect in this study (p =0.19) on
the impacts with respect to knowledge of SWM at household level.
5.2. The knowledge of Nyamagana residents toward disposal of household SW
Furthermore the findings of this study does not line to the findings in Nigeria [53] that showed
high level of knowledge 254 (90%) of WM could be explained by the generally high educational
status of respondents [54] that was stated significantly associated (p=0.04). Majority of
respondents with primary education were found at home and consisted mostly of women (67.5%),](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-60-320.jpg)
![43
this can define that women take care of most chores related to home, emptying the garbage bin
and ensuring waste is collected or dealt with other methods of WM.
Family size had an association and was significant in how SW is managed by households.
Households with large number of members and those with few members had no difference in
knowledge (p=0.07) regarding waste management. The significant was on practice (p=0.03,); in
relation to family size, an increase in number of occupants means members can divide chores
dealing with how they separate, and dispose of the waste to keep their property clean. Also good
practices was significantly associated with number of house members for small and larger families
(OR=0.62, p=0.0018 and OR=1.68 p=0.0016) respectively. The findings of this study does not go
in line with the results found in Ethiopia [42] where there was no significant relationship between
amount of SW generated and effective management at household level with respect to family size.
Post-secondary educated respondents are significantly more likely than those with no and primary
education to practice better methods of waste dispose (p= 0.04, OR=5.57) in their houses. This
study is compared to the study done by Adogu [54] where it showed educated respondents were
significantly more likely than the less educated to dispose of waste through composting and
incineration and the less educated were more likely to dispose of refuse by illegal open dumping,
burning and burying.
The study also found that the economic status of household is associated with knowledge
(p=<0.0001) and practice (p= 0.04,) of WM management in Nyamagana Municipality. Those who
are well off can have access to and pay for services and have equipment necessary for waste
disposal available in their homes and are therefore able to manage their waste to meet the standards
per Mwanza city bylaws on WM. Whereby the poorer (p=<0.0001, OR=0.36) cannot practice](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-61-320.jpg)
![44
better management of SW due to lack of resources, services and poor habitation. The findings are
compared to a study in Ethiopia [42] that households earning higher monthly income disposed of
their wastes in a legal way than lower income earner households, however in that study researcher
ascertained that higher income earner had ability to pay for private waste collectors at higher costs
than the lower income group although this was not a significant correlation in this present study.
5.3. Common existing SW managing practice at household levels/Observed Situation of
Household SWM in Nyamagana Municipality
The selected sample household heads were also asked whether they had waste collection material
(temporary storage) at home, 87 (72.5%) respondents replied as having temporary storage. With
regard to the kind of storage they used, 52 (43.3%) of the respondents said they used plastic
buckets/bins for disposing their domestic SW. Despite the respondents’ reporting having the waste
bins, observation data show only half of the observed households (n=55, 5%) had waste bins with
a lid and used them.
The most popular methods of immediate waste disposal known and practiced by the respondents
were open dumping (37.5%) followed by using dust bin (27.5%) while the least used method was
throwing waste on roads (5.8%). Also observation from field showed most household practice
illegal dumping of waste (n=88, 88%); this could be explained by behaviors and habits of most
slum area dwellers, unplanned areas and lack of waste storage equipment. Open dumping remains
the simplest and the most commonly preferred method for disposing MSW in most low to middle
income communities in Tanzania, and nearly, only 40% of generated waste end up in official
designated landfills while the rest are littered on roads, open spaces and disposed in trenches [54].
Well engineered facilities like Sanitary landfills (with liners, leachate, gas collection and
collection/ treatment systems) are now used by high income countries to ensure the protection of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-62-320.jpg)
![45
human health and the environment [54]; however this is not the case in most parts of Tanzania
where people can initiate a dumpsite that is not legally set by the City or Municipal authorities,
and usually occur as open dumps from pre-existing hole (created from sand burrowing activities,
valleys or water erode land or even on a blocked road) into which waste could be deposited [54].
In Mwanza, some of these open pits are located near residential housing and house members use
them and therefore represent a threat to human health like provide harbourage for diseases causing
organisms, bacteria, insects, and rodents and destroy the environment. Similarly a study done in
South Africa found that out of the 5 million tons of waste produced daily, only 5% is disposed of
in proper sites, which means that most of the waste in that country is deposited in environmentally
unsafe sites [55].
A large number of the household respondents had awareness of WM health dangers due to
improper disposal of domestic waste. This aligns with the study carried out in Nigeria which
showed that respondents in the university area of Ogbomso had awareness of poor waste
management health risks, as 82.0% agreed that waste disposal into drains, roads and around the
surroundings is unhealthy and can be disastrous to health [53].
5.3.1. Attitude toward Willingness to Pay
The data on table 9 above clearly shows most or all household members were willing to pay for
the improvements of SWM at household level which is in line with a study done in Ethiopia [42],
where 98.4% in that study were ready to improve waste collection services at homes by voluntary
paying for waste collection and dumping service. Gender, education levels and age of the
household head had no correlation with the willingness to pay for SWM in that study. Similarly
findings on determinants of willingness to pay for improved household SWM in Kampala City
found age having a negative association to willingness to pay. This study also found majority of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-63-320.jpg)
![46
household heads are ready to pay “individual workers” who roam around homes and “Private
Sectors” (Table 11) if the service is provided regularly and pay is per collection, compared to
municipal or any other workers [29].
The reported practices disagreed with what was observed in households. Most people who said
they have waste collection equipment did not really have, or if available it was not monitored well
and left the surroundings contaminated (bad odor, attracted vector insects, spills) and not valuable
for other use. Illegal dumping and indiscriminate burning of waste were practices by most people,
n=88 and n=62 respectively. This shows that proper WM is not practiced as reported by the
households. Respondents’ fear that this research was from municipal inspection could have led
people providing wrong information regarding what they usually practice, despite explanations by
the researchers.
5.4. Household challenges to standard SWM practice in Nyamagana Municipality
Tanzania is one of the developing countries in which residences are constructed without formal
structures, houses specifically in slum areas, and this has presented challenges to waste collection
by the municipalities and private waste service providers [7]. Physical challenges such as
inadequate infrastructure including roads, sanitary facilities (skips, waste receptacles, waste
carrying trucks, bulldozers, designated ward collection points) and drains have made the situation
detrimental.
The growth of residences in Nyamagana has mostly been in slums, thus contributing to the
challenges of household WM, yet the designated waste receptacles and dumpsites do not expand
as fast to meet the needs of people around the areas. At the household level where there is daily
waste generation, the behavioral practice and attitude of household are accustomed to improper
disposal of waste. Another challenging issue is Municipalities have not paid attention to waste](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-64-320.jpg)
![63
Appendix IV: Questionnaire (English Version)
Assessment of Domestic Solid Waste Management Practices at Household Level
Nyamagana Municipality in Northern Tanzania
Questionnaire Number: _________________ Date: ____/__ / 2015
Municipality__________________________
Ward: ____________________
Street: _____________________ Name of the Researcher/ Assistant: __________________
Please you are required to put in the box [ ] for their appropriate response in questions
below.
A. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS
Code Question Response
A1 What is your age in years? [ ]
A2 What is your Sex? [ ] male
[ ] female
A3 What is your marital status? [ ] 1. Single
[ ] 2. Cohabiting
[ ] 3. Married
[ ] 4. Divorced
[ ] 5. Widowed
A4 What is the highest level of
schooling that you have
completed?
[ ] 1. No Education
[ ] 2. Primary School
[ ] 3. Secondary School
[ ] 4. High School
[ ] 5. Vocational Training
[ ] 6. College
[ ] 7. University
A5 What is your
occupational/economic
activity?
[ ] 1. House wife
[ ] 2. Crop Cultivation
[ ] 3. Livestock keeping
[ ] 4. Business
[ ] 5. Government job
[ ] 6. Others, specify:________________________________
A6 Does your family own any of
the following?
Please check all that apply:
[ ] 1.Radio
[ ] 2. Bicycle
[ ] 3. Car
[ ] 4. Motorcycle
[ ] 5. Television set
[ ] 6. Solar power
[ ] 7. Electricity
[ ] 8. Livestock
[ ] 9. Tractor](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-81-320.jpg)
![64
A7 Is the house owned by the
householder or rented from
someone else?
[ ] 1. Owned
[ ] 2. Rent
A8 Household size (family size)
How many of you are living in
under one roof together?
[ ]
A9 What is your tribe? [ ] 1. Sukuma
[ ] 2. Nyamwezi
[ ] 3. Zinza
[ ] 4. Jita
[ ] 5. Haya
[ ] 6. Chagga
[ ] 7. Mixed/Other: __________________________________________
A10
How long have you stayed in
Nyamagana? ___________year
Probe: What year did you move
to Nyamagana? ___________ Year
[ ] 1. From birth
[ ] 2. Less than1 year
[ ] 3. 2-5 years
[ ] 4. 5-10 years
[ ] 5 .>10 years
B. GENERATION, COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
B1 Do you have a refuse bin at your
household?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2, No
B2 If YES, what type of bin(s)?
if respondent is confused, gives
examples of type (plastic, cut-
metal drum, grass etc. so they
know what you mean by “type”
(Mention here)____________________________________
B3 Where do you put your
domestic solid waste each
daily?
[ ]1. Plastic Bags
[ ] 2. Boxes
[ ] 3. Baskets
[ ] 4. Plastic bins
[ ] 5. Nothing
[ ] 6. Metal drum
[ ] 7. Others _________________
B4 How much domestic waste do
you produce in a week?
[ ] 1. Less than a bin
[ ] 2. One bin
[ ] 3. Two bins
[ ] 4. Other (specify)______________________](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-82-320.jpg)
![65
B5 Who normally takes the waste
bin/bag out to be emptied for
further use?
[ ] 1. Father
[ ] 2. Mother
[ ] 3. Children
[ ] 4. Housemaid
[ ] 5. Anyone
B6 Do you throw waste into a dug
hole on your property? If YES
what kind of waste
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
(Mention waste here)_________________________________________________
B7 Do you throw waste into a
public pit? If YES what kind
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
(Mention waste here)_________________________________________________
B8 Do you sometimes throw waste
onto a public road or an area
near the road? If YES, what kind
of waste
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
(Mention waste here)_________________________________________________
B9 Do you bring bags / containers
of waste to a public dump? If
YES what kind of waste?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
(Mention waste here)_________________________________________________
B10 Is there any waste collection/
disposal person that comes to
pick up waste at your home?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO SKIP to question B15 below )
B11 If YES, from above what is the
main source of the collection?
[ ] 1. Scavenger
[ ] 2. Government service
[ ] 3. Other organization
[ ] 4. I’m not sure who collects it
B12 How often is waste collected at
your home?
[ ] 1. Daily
[ ] 2. Weekly
[ ] 3. Monthly
[ ] 4. Not collected
[ ] 5. Other (specify) _______________________________.
B13 Do you think the frequency of
waste collection at your home is
adequate?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if YES SKIP question to B16 )
B14 If NO, can you explain why it is
not adequate?
(Explain shortly)________________________________________
B15 If NO, from above B10 where do
you dispose/ dump immediate
waste?
(check all boxes that apply you)
[ ] 1. Pit within compound
[ ] 2. Neighborhood dump sites
[ ] 3. Compound bins
[ ] 4. Throw on roads
[ ] 5. Anywhere
B16 Do you know if there is a waste
collection service offered by the
Municipality?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO SKIP question to B19 below)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-83-320.jpg)
![66
B17 If YES, How much (tariff) is
Nyamagana city Council (NCC)
charging for waste collection at
your homes?
Is the cost you provide for
waste collection too expensive
or is it reasonable?
(Mention tariff in Tsh here)______________________
(Explain)_________________________________
B18 What amount do you prefer and
think is right for anyone to
afford paying?
(Explain)________________________________________
B19 Are there non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) that
collect solid waste in your area?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP question to B22)
[ ] 3. I don’t know
B20 If YES, how much do they
charge?
(Mention here)___________________________________
B21 Does the type and level of
service by NGOs vary at all from
the service provided by the
municipal authorities?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
If YES, please explain how they vary__________________________________________
B22 Is there any waste/dump site
close to your home?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C1)
B23 If YES, how far away is it?
Probe: How many minutes would
it take to walk to it?
(Mention here)__________________________________
C. WASTE MANAGEMENT
C1 Do you separate or sort your
waste
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C3)
C2 If YES, why do you separate? (shortly explain)_____________________________
C3 Are there any items that you
reuse after their primary
function is through?
(E.g. boxes, plastic bottles, food
peels etc.)
[ ] 1. Yes
Examples: _____________________________________
[ ] 2. No
If YES, Please describe how___________________________________________________
C4 Are there any waste pickers
who collect materials from your
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C6)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-84-320.jpg)
![67
waste bags/bins or surrounding
dumps?
(E.g. metal scraps, plastic
bottles, food cans etc.)
C5 If YES, which types of materials
do you think they prefer?
1._________________________
2._________________________
3.________________________
4 others_____________________________
C6 Do you ever arrange with waste
pickers so that you set aside the
kind of solid waste materials
they prefer
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C9)
C7 If YES, has it been helping you in
managing your solid waste?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
If YES, Explain shortly, _____________________________________
C8 Do waste pickers pay you any
amount when they come to
collect the solid waste materials
they prefer?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
If YES, Explain shortly, ____________________________________
C9 Of the listed institutions, who
are you willing to pay for home
collection and disposal services
of waste?
[ ] 1. Municipality
[ ] 2. Private companies
[ ] 3. NGOs
[ ] 4. Individual
[ ] 5. Community based organizations
[ ] 6. Other (specify)______________________________________
D. CHALLENGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
D1 Are you aware of any dangers
associated with poor solid
waste management?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D3)
D2 If YES, name two of the biggest /
most important dangers you
know?
(Mention here)_____________________________________
D3 Are there any challenges that
you encounter during disposing
of your household waste’?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D5)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-85-320.jpg)
![68
D4 If YES, mention any 3 important
challenges that you have.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3._________________________
D5 Are you aware of any legislation
to do with solid waste?
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D8)
D6 If YES, is there a penalty fee for
anyone who fails to dispose of
their household waste properly,
as required by the Municipality?
[ ] 1. YES
[ ] 2. NO
[ ] 3. I don’t Know
D7 If YES, what does it say? Check
all that you believe apply.
(These are a mix of true and
false legislations on municipal
solid waste management acts)
[ ] 1.
Every house owner, who uses the house for living is required to have enough refuse
disposal bins, as recommended by the municipality
[ ] 2. It is strictly prohibited for any person to dispose of waste on roads, in gutters,
open spaces, or water sources
[ ] 3. You may burn your waste any place
[ ] 4. It is strictly prohibited to dispose of hazardous house waste (e.g. , insecticide
bottles, toilet waste, chemical solvents, etc.) with other wastes (e.g. decomposable
waste, food scraps)
[ ] 5. You are free to share with your 68eighbor the waste collecting bin at any time
[ ] 6. The Municipality will not be responsible for any solid waste generated in your
home.
D8 Do you have any suggestions for
the Municipality to make waste
management at homes better?
Suggestion(s):
Thank you for your cooperative time!
Name of research Assistant: …………………… Sign: ……………](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-86-320.jpg)
![69
Appendix V: Questionnaire (Swahili Version)
Utafiti Juu ya Kumudu Taka Ngumu zitokanazo na Shughuli za Nyumbani, Halmashauri
ya Manispaa ya Nyamagana
Namba ya dodoso: _________________ tarehe: ____ /___/ 2015
Halmashauri ya manispaa ya: __________________________
Kata: ____________________ jina la mtafiti/ mtafiti msaidizi: __________________
Mtaa: ____________________
Tafadhari weka alama hii kwenye kisanduku [ ] pale mdodoswaji atakapo jibu maswali
yafuatayo
A. TAARIFA ZA KIDEMOGRAFIA ZA MHOJIWA
Geresho Swali Jibu
A1 Una umri wa miaka mingapi?
(namba kamili)
[ ]
A2 Jinsia [ ] mwanaume
[ ] mwanamke
A3 Ni nini hali yako ya ndoa?
(chunguza zaidi: kama
ameoa/olewa uliza cheti cha
ndoa kuthibitisha hali hiyo)
[ ] 1. Sijaoa/sijaolewa
[ ] 2. nakaa na mweza/mpenzi wangu
[ ] 3. Nimeoa/nimeolewa
[ ] 4. mtalaka
[ ] 5. Mgane/mjane
A4 Elimu yako ya juu ni ya ngazi
gani?
[ ] 1. Sijaenda shule
[ ] 2. Shule ya msingi
[ ] 3. Shule ya sekondari
[ ] 4. Elimu ya juu ya sekondari (kidato cha 5 na 6)
[ ] 5. Mafunzo ya ufundi
[ ] 6. Chuo
[ ] 7. Chuo kikuu
A5 Unafanya kazi gani/shughuli
gani yakuingizia kipato?
[ ] 1. Mke wa nyumbani
[ ] 2. mkulima
[ ] 3. Mfugaji na mkulima
[ ] 4. Mfanya biashara
[ ] 5. Mfanyakazi wa serikali
[ ] 6. zinginezo, zitaje:________________________________
A6 Je mnamiliki vitu hivi kwenye
familia yenu
tafadhari weka alama pale
panapohusika.
[ ] 1.Radio
[ ] 2. Baiskeli
[ ] 3. gari
[ ] 4. pikipiki
[ ] 5. Televisheni
[ ] 6. Umeme wa TANESCO
[ ] 8. Paa la bati
[ ] 9. Sakafu ya sementi
[ ] 10. mifugo
[ ] 11. Trekta](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-87-320.jpg)
![70
A7 Nyumba unayokaa, ni yako
binafsi au ya kupanga?
[ ] 1. Yangu binafsi
[ ] 2. Ya kupanga
A8 Ukubwa wa kaya (familia).
Mnakaa wangapi ndani ya
nyumba yenu?
(Kaya; ni familia ya baba na
mama, watoto na wategemezi).
[ ]
A9 Kabira yako ni ipi? [ ] 1. msukuma
[ ] 2. mnyamwezi
[ ] 3. mzinza
[ ] 4. mjita
[ ] 5. mhaya
[ ] 6. mchagga
[ ] 7. mchanganyiko/zinginezo: __________________________________________
A10
Ni kwa mda gani umeishi
wilaya ya Nyamagana (kwa
miaka)?
Uliza zaidi: ni mwaka gani
ulianza ishi Nyamagana? Kwa
(miaka)___________
[ ]1. Pungufu ya mwaka
[ ]2. Miaka 2-5
[ ]3. Miaka 5-10
[ ]4. Zaidi ya miaka 10
B. UZALISHAJI, UKUSANYAJI NA UTUPAJI WA TAKA NGUMU
Geresho Swali Jibu
B1 Je una chombo cha kukusanyia
taka makazini kwako
(nyumbani kwako)?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2, Hapana
B2 Kama NDIO, ni ukubwa gani
wa chombo/vyombo?
Kama mhojiwa ameshindwa
kuelewa, toa mfano wa aina
(kubwa, dogo, la wastani n.k.)
(taja hapa)____________________________________
B3 Je waweka wapi taka ngumu
kila wakati kwa siku?
[ ]1. Mfuko wa plastiki
[ ] 2. Maboksi (ya karatasi)
[ ] 3. kikapu
[ ] 4. Ndoo ya uchafu (ya dukani)
[ ] 5. Si popote
[ ] 6. Sanduku
[ ] 7. mengineyo _________________
B4 Je ni kiasi gani cha taka ngumu
unazalisha ndani ya wiki?
[ ] 1. Pungufu ya ndoo ya uchafu
[ ] 2. Ndoo moja
[ ] 3. Ndoo mbili
[ ] 4. Zinginezo,(zitaje)______________________
B5 Ni nani kwa kawaida anatoa
ndoo au mzigo wa uchafu
[ ] 1. baba
[ ] 2. mama](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-88-320.jpg)
![71
ilikumwaga kwa ajili ya
matumizi ya baadae?
[ ] 3. watoto
[ ] 4. Msaidizi wa kazi
[ ] 5. yeyote
B6 Je una shimo la taka ndani ya
makazi yako ambalo unatupa
taka? Kama NDIO ni taka zipi?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
(taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________
B7 Je unatupa taka kwenye shimo
la umma? Kama NDIO ni taka
zipi?
(shimo la umma ni shimo
ambalo watu wa maeneo hayo
ulitumia kwa kutupa taka
ngumu, si la kiserikali)
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama hapana)
(taja taka hizo hapa)________________________________________________
B8 Je unatupaga takataka wakati
mwingine barabarani au
maeneo karibu na barabara?
kama NDIO ni taka zipi?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
(taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________
B9 Je wapeleka mzigo/chombo
cha taka za nyumbani kwenye
dampo la serikali? Kama NDIO
ni taka zipi?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
(taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________
B10 Je kuna mtu yeyote ambae
anakuja kukusanya/kupeleka
kutupa taka za nyumbani
kwenu?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA nenda swali la B15 lifuatalo chini)
B11 Kama NDIO swali la juu,
mtumishi huyo ni wa wapi?
[ ] 1. Matopas (skavenga, machokora)
[ ] 2. Huduma za serikali/halmashauri
[ ] 3. Kampuni zingine binafsi za jamii
[ ] 4. Sina hakika huyo mtu ni wa wapi
B12 Ni kwa mara ngapi taka za
nyumban zinakusanywa
kwenu?
[ ] 1. Kila siku
[ ] 2. Kwa wiki
[ ] 3. Kwa mwezi
[ ]4. hazikusanywi
[ ] zinginezo (taja hapa) _______________________________.
B13 Je unafikiri mzunguko wa
huduma ya ukusanyaji wa taka
taka unajitosheleza nyumbani
kwako?
[ ] 1. ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama NDIO nenda swali la B16 lifuatalo chini )
B14 Kama, HAPANA, je unaweza
kueleza kwanini haijitoshelezi
kwa mahitaji yako?
(eleza kwa ufupi)________________________________________](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-89-320.jpg)
![72
B15 Kama HAPANA, je wapi
unatupa taka zako za
haraka/mara moja?
(tafadhari weka alama hii
kwenye visanduku pale
vinavyokuhusu)
[ ] 1. Shimo ndani ya maeneo ya nyumbani
[ ] 2. Dampo la jirani
[ ] 3. Ndoo ya taka ya nyumbani
[ ] 4. Tupa barabarani
[ ] 5. Popote
B16 Je unafahamu kama kuna
huduma ya halmashauri ya
kukusanya taka za nyumbani?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA , nenda swali B19 lifuatalo chini)
B17 Kama NDIO, Ni kiasi cha
Shilingi ngapi Halmashauri ya
Nyamagana (NCC) inatoza kwa
huduma hizo kwa watu wa
nyumbani?
Je kiasi ambacho unatozwa ni
kikubwa sana au ni ekevu?
(taja kiasi kwa Sh ya TZ hapa)______________________
(Eleza kwa ufupi)_________________________________
B18 Kiasi gani kingekuwa sahihi na
rahisi kwa kila mtu kulipa?
(Eleza kwa ufupi)________________________________
B19 Je kuna jumuiya ambazo sio
za kiserikali ambazo za
kusanya taka ngumu kwenye
makazi unayo ishi (NGOs)?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
[ ] 3. Sijafahamu (kama HAPANA, nenda swali la B22 lifuatalo chini)
B20 Kama NDIO, ni kiasi cha
shilingi ngapi wanatoza?
(taja hapa)___________________________________
B21 Je aina na viwango vya
huduma za ukusanyaji wa taka
ngumu zisizo za kiserikali
utofautiana na huduma
ambazo utolewa na manispaa
yenu?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
If NDIO, tafadhari eleza tofauti kati
__________________________________________
B22 Je kuna dampo kubwa la taka
taka karibu na nyumbani
kwako?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama hapana, nenda swali la C1 lifuatalo chini)
B23 Kama NDIO, ni urefu gani hadi
kufika kutoka kwako?
Na inachukua mda gani
(dakika) kutembea hadi kufika
huko?
(eleza hapa)__________________________________](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-90-320.jpg)
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C. KUMUDU TAKA
Geresho Swali Jibu
C1 Je unatenganisha taka zako za
nyumbani?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana( kama HAPANA, nenda swali C3 lifuatalo chini)
C2 Kama NDIO, kwanini
unatenganisha?
(eleza kwa ufupi)_____________________________
C3 Je kuna vifaa/tunu ambavyo
unavitumia tena baada ya
shughuli yake ya
kwanza/awali kuisha?
(m.f. masanduku, chupa za
plastiki (ya maji, soda),
maganda ya vyakula n.k)?
[ ] 1. Ndio
Mifano: _____________________________________
[ ] 2. Hapana
C4 Je kuna watu wanaokuja
kuokata vifaa baadhi kutoka
kwenye taka zako/zenu au
maeneo ya dampo?
(m.f. chupa za plastiki, vyuma
chakavu, makopo ya bati n.k)
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali C6 lifuatalo chini)
C5 Kama NDIO, ni vifaa gani
unafikiri wanapendelea?
1._________________________
2._________________________
3.________________________
4 mengineyo_____________________________
C6 Je uwa una mpangilio na hao
waokota taka ili kutenga vifaa-
taka ambavyo wao
wanapendelea?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali C9 lifuatalo chini)
C7 Kama NDIO, je imekusaidia
katika kumudu taka ngumu?
(eleza kwa ufupi), ____________________________________
C8 Je hao watu wanakupa kiasi
chochote cha pesa
wanapochukua vifaa chakavu
kwenye taka zako?
(Eleza kwa ufupi)___________________________________](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-91-320.jpg)
![74
C9 Kati orodha ya taasisi hizi, ni
nani uko radhi kumlipa kwa
huduma za kukusanya na
kutupa taka zako za
nyumbani?
[ ] 1. Manispaa/halmashauri
[ ] 2. Kampuni binafsi
[ ] 3. NGOs (mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali)
[ ] 4. Mtu binafsi
[ ] 5. Vikundi vya jamiii vya maendeleo (CBO)
[ ] 6. Wengine (wataje)________________________________________
D. CHANGAMOTO KATIKA KUMUDU TAKA NGUMU
Geresho Swali Jibu
D1 Je unatambua athari zozote
zinazoweza kuwapata watu
majirani, zitokanazo na
kumudu taka ngumu vibaya?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D3 lifuatalo chini)
D2 Kama NDIO, taja athari kubwa
mbili na muhimu ambazo
unazijua
(taja hapa)_____________________________________
D3 Je kuna changamoto ambazo
unakabiliana nazo kwenye
kumudu taka ngumu za
nyumbani?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D5 lifuatalo chini)
D4 Kama NDIO, taja zozote tatu
unazokabiliana nazo
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3._________________________
D5 Je unatambua sheria yoyote
inayohusiana na taka gumu?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D8 lifuatalo chini)
D6 Je kuna faini kwa wale
wanaoshindwa kutupa taka zao
za majumbani kwa usahihi
kama inavyotakiwa na
halmashauri?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
[ ] 3. Sifahamu
D7 Kama NDIO, je sharia
yasemaje?
(Tafadhari weke alama pale
unapoona ni sahihi)
[ ] 1. Mtu yeyote anayemiliki nyumba au mpangaji anatakiwa kuweka
chombo cha kukusanyia taka chenye ukubwa unaotosheleza na chenye
mfuniko unaofaa kama inavyohitajika na manispaa ya Nyamagana
[ ] 2. Ni ruhusa wakati mwingine mtu yeyote kutupa taka barabarani,
kwenye mifereji,maeneo ya wazi au vyanzo vya maji
[ ] 3. Inakubarika kuchoma taka zako popote](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-92-320.jpg)
![75
(Ni mchanganyiko wa sheria
moja sahihi na zingine zisizo
sahihi kuhusu kumudu taka
ngumu)
[ ] 4. Ni ruhusa kutupa taka hatarishi/zenye madhara pamoja na taka
zingine (zisizo na madhara ya haraka,m.f.: Mabaki ya chakula, taka
zinazooza haraka) (m.f. maji taka ya choo na bafuni, mafuta ya
kuyeyushia, mafutaa ya taa, betri za tochi na magari, madawa ya kuulia
wadudu n.k)
[ ] 5. Huko huru kutumia/kushiriki na jirani yako wakati wowote
chombo cha kuhifadhia taka
[ ] 6. Halmashauri ya manispaa ya Nyamagana hawatohusika na taka
zozote zizalishwazo majumbani
D8 Je una ushauri wowote au
pendekezo kwa halmashauri
kufanya shuhuguli za kumudu
taka kuwa bora zaidi majumbani?
(pendekezo/Mapendekezo)
Asante kwa muda wako na ushiriki wako!
Jina la msaidizi wa utafiti: …………………… Saini: ……………](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-93-320.jpg)
![76
Appendix VI: Observation Checklist (English Version)
The Research Assistant is to complete the following questions. It may be necessary to ask the
householder about some of these questions if you are unable to observe directly
Social Economic Status date______/_____2015
O1 What is the roof of this house
made of?
[ ] 1. Tiles, concrete, cement
[ ] 2. wood, grass, thatch
[ ] 3. Galvanized iron or asbestos
[ ] 4. Other materials
O2 What are the floors of this
house made of?
[ ]1. Earth
[ ] 2. Wood
[ ] 3. Tiles
[ ] 4. Cement
[ ] 5. Other materials
O3 What is the main source of
drinking water for this
household?
[ ] 1. Piped into residence
[ ] 2. Rain water harvested
[ ] 3. Public tap
[ ] 4. Vendor
[ ] 5. River, canal, spring
[ ] 6. Other
O4 What is the main source of
energy for cooking in this
household?
[ ] 1. Electricity or solar
[ ] 2. Biogas, kerosene, or charcoal
[ ] 3. Firewood
[ ] 4. Crop residue, sawdust, animal dung, chaff, grass
[ ] 5. Other
Waste management observation
O1a Is there compost pit outside [ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
O2a Is there illegal dumping [ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
O3a Is there a waste collection bin [ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No
O4a Evidence of indiscriminately
burning of waste in in the
compound
[ ] 1. Yes
[ ] 2. No](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-94-320.jpg)
![77
Appendix VII: Observation Checklist (Swahili Version)
Msaidizi wa tafiti anatakiwa kukamilisha maswali ya hakiki yafuatayo. Unaweza hitaji zaidi
kumuuliza mkazi wa kaya maswali haya kama hutoweza kuangalia/kuhakiki/kuchunguza moja
kwa moja.
Orodha ya kuhakiki hali ya kiuchumi Tarehe_____/____/2015
O1 Je paa la nyumba yako limetengenezwa na nini? [ ] 1. vigae, sakafiwa, zege
[ ] 2. mbao, nyasi,
[ ] 3. bati au asbestos
[ ] 4. Vifaa vingine
O2 Je sakafu ya nyumba yako imetengenezwa na
nini?
[ ]1. udongo
[ ] 2. mbao
[ ] 3. vigae
[ ] 4. Sakafu ya sementi
[ ] 5. Vifaa vingine
O3 Je chanzo kikubwa cha maji ya kunywa
nyumbani ni kipi?
[ ] 1. Bomba nyumbani
[ ] 2. Maji ya mvua
[ ] 3. Bomba la umma
[ ] 4. Ya kununa
[ ] 5. Vyanzo asili vya maji (mf. mto)
[ ] 6. vingine
O4 Nishati kubwa ya moto wa kupikia nyumbani ni
ipi?
[ ] 1. Umeme TANESCO au sola
[ ] 2. Biogesi, mafuta ya taa aumkaa
[ ] 3. kuni
[ ] 4. Mabaki ya mazao, maranda, kinyesi cha
wanyama, nyasi kavu
[ ] 5. mengineo
Orodha ya kuangalia watu wamajumba+ni wana mudu taka zao
O1a Kuna shimo la kutupa taka zinazaooza? [ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
O2a Uwepo wa dampo haramu? [ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. hapana
O3a Kuna ndoo la kutunzia taka? [ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana
O4a Kuna uchomaji usio sahihi kwenye mazingira
ya nyumba?
[ ] 1. Ndio
[ ] 2. Hapana](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-95-320.jpg)
![79
Use of approved receptacles
15. - (1) the occupier of any premises shall be obliged to use approved receptacles by Council or
local government authority;
(2) Without prejudice to sub-regulation [1], approved receptacles shall include standard metal
dustbin, plastic standard dustbin, plastic bags, papers bags, standard litter bins, standard containers
or skips and any other recommended receptacles ideal for the locality.
(3) The occupier who fails to-
(a) Keep and use approved receptacles for holding waste prior to disposal;
(b) Ensure that reusable receptacle is kept clean and maintained in good repair; or
(c) Ensure that each waste receptacle is used in a way which protects the contents from
spillage, rain, storm water, birds, flies or other pests and vermin commits an offence.
Duty to respect waste collection times
16.-(1) - An occupier of premises/house shall:
(a) Comply with such days and approximate times for collection of waste specified by the local
government authority having jurisdiction over the premises;
(b) Ensure that waste not collected as prescribed under paragraph (a) does not remain in the public
place
(c) Ensure that an approved receptacle complies with the maximum weight limitations prescribed
by the local government authority
(d) Ensure sufficient approved receptacles are provided to serve all of the occupants of that
premises;
(e) Ensure that no undue accumulation of waste is permitted to remain in or about that building
premises; and
(f) Not permit any accumulation of waste to be unsightly, offensive, a nuisance or injurious to
health.
(2)- Every occupier who contravenes the provisions of sub regulation [1] commits an offence.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-97-320.jpg)
![82
PART VII
MANAGEMENT OF LITTER
Prohibition of litter
44- It shall be an offence for any person to litter in contravention of the Act and these regulations.
Domestic wastes prohibited in public litter bins
46-A person who-.
(a) Deposits household waste, garden waste or business waste in a litter bin provided in a public
place for the use of the public frequenting that area
(b) Throws any litter in storm-water drains; or
(c) Fails to collect litter found between his premises and the middle of any street facing his
premises commits an offence.
Penalty on litter
47-(1)- A person convicted of an offence under this Part shall on conviction be liable, in case of
an individual, to a fine not less than two hundred thousand shillings and in the case of a body
corporate to a fine not less than five million shillings.
(2)- Without prejudice to sub-regulations [1], the court may in addition to imposing a penalty,
(a) Order the offender, under the supervision of the local government authority or the Council, to
clear up and remove the deposited litter at such place and period and to such place as may be
specified in the order
(b)order the offender to pay compensation to the public authority having control over management
of the public place or as the case may be, the occupier of the private land where the offence was
committed, such sum as it considers reasonable to cover the cost of the removal of the litter, and
the amount so awarded shall be deemed to be a judgment debt due to the authority or occupier
from the offender, and may be enforced in any manner in which a judgment or order of the court
for the payment of a civil debt may be enforced.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/brownjohndissertation-160414102059/85/Brown-john-dissertation-100-320.jpg)
![TABLE_OF_CONTENT2[1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cbb74485-46dc-4578-9eda-de5bc7584e34-160329111543-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Brown john dissertation
- 1. i ASSESSMENT OF DOMESTICSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL NYAMAGANA MUNICIPALITY IN MWANZA CITY, NORTHERN TANZANIA John Brown (BSc. BIO) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) OF THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2015
- 2.
- 3. ii Declaration I, John Brown,do hereby declare to the Senate of CUHAS that this dissertation is my original work and that the work presented herein has not been presented to any other university for similar or any other degree award. Signature…………………………. Date.….../...…./2015 This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealing; for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without written permission of the School of Postgraduate Studies, on behalf of both the author and Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences – Tanzania.
- 4. iii Dedication This dissertation isdedicated to my beloved family and supporters Albert Brown, Rose Brown, Billy Brown, Mary Brown, Hilda Brown, Jane Brown, Joel Brown and my fiancé Shania Mushi for their unending prayer, encouragement and financial support for the whole period of this study.
- 5. iv Acknowledgements I give thanksto the Almighty God for His love, wisdom and knowledge that has enabled me to successfully complete this research task. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my supervisors Dr Laura J. McLeod, Dr. Richard E. Scott, Mr. Daniel J. Makerere and Elias C. Nyanza for their professional guidance, timely response, constant constructive comments and their tireless motivation and moral support to accomplish this study, which would have been hard to accomplish without their assistance. I am also very grateful to Madam Shibide who helped me during data analysis. Very special thanks to Mary Enns who helped me tirelessly in polishing my research proposal and assistance in writing process. I acknowledge the City Council Director of Mwanza City for granting permission to conduct the study among households of Nyamagana Municipality. Also, I extend thanks to Razao Noémio who worked as research assistant in this study. I am greatly indebted to my family for financial support and encouragement. Many thanks are also extended to the members of School of Public Health and 2014/2015 Masters of Public Health students for their loving heart in different aspects. I pray to the almighty God to bless them all abundantly.
- 6. v Contents Pg. No Certification................................................................................................................................i Declaration................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................x List of Figures........................................................................................................................... xi List of Plates ............................................................................................................................. xi List of Appendices ................................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................... xiii Operational Definitions ............................................................................................................xiv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................1 1.0. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background Information...................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem Statement............................................................................................................3 1.3. Study Rationale ................................................................................................................4 1.4. Research Question............................................................................................................5 1.5. Research Objectives .........................................................................................................5 1.5.1. Broad Objective.............................................................................................................5
- 7. vi 1.5.2. Specific Objectives........................................................................................................5 1.6.Research Variables ...........................................................................................................6 1.6.1. Independent variables ....................................................................................................6 1.6.2. Dependent variables.......................................................................................................6 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................7 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................7 2.1. Solid Waste ......................................................................................................................7 2.1.1. Human Waste ................................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Sullage ..........................................................................................................................7 2.1.3. Municipal Waste............................................................................................................7 2.1.4. Hazardous Waste...........................................................................................................8 2.1.5. Mwanza Waste Collection and Management..................................................................9 2.1.6. Community Based Approach (CBA) to Household SWM ..............................................9 2.1.7. The Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Standard Regulations, 2002 ...............10 2.1.8. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Approach..............................................10 2.1.9. Household Willingness to pay......................................................................................11 2.1.10. Household Decision to waste disposal........................................................................12 2.1.11. Solid waste transportation..........................................................................................12 2.1.12. Solid waste final disposal...........................................................................................13 2.1.13. Environmental problems associated with solid waste .................................................13
- 8. vii 2.1.14. Household perceptionon effectiveness of SWM ........................................................14 2.1.15. Determinants of effective household SWM................................................................15 2.1.16. Municipal SW collection, transportation and disposal in Tanzania .............................16 2.2. Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................17 CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................19 3.0 METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................19 3.1. Study setting...................................................................................................................19 3.1.1. Study area Demography ..........................................................................................19 3.1.2. Economic activities and the current WM system in Mwanza City............................19 3.2. Study design...................................................................................................................20 3.3 Study population .............................................................................................................20 3.4. Eligibility Criteria...........................................................................................................20 3.5. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures............................................................................21 3.5.1 Sample Size Estimation ................................................................................................21 3.5.2. Sampling procedures ...................................................................................................22 3.6. Data Collection Techniques............................................................................................22 3.7. Data analysis ..................................................................................................................23 3.8. Quality Assurance and Quality Control...........................................................................23 3.9. Ethical considerations.....................................................................................................24 3.10. Study Limitations .........................................................................................................25
- 9. viii 3.11. Data Disseminationand Knowledge translation ............................................................25 CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................27 4.0. RESULTS..........................................................................................................................27 4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of Household members in Nyamagana Municipality..27 4.2. Period of residence in Mwanza city of the household heads ............................................30 4.3. Domestic SW generation collection and disposal............................................................30 4.4. Domestic SW generation and handling at household level ..............................................31 4.5. Knowledge of the existing Mwanza City recommendations and barriers to SWM practices 34 4.7. Willingness to pay for waste collection services in Nyamagana Households ...................38 4.7. Observation practice of SW disposal in households ........................................................40 CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................42 5.0. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................42 5.1. Socio-demographics status of households in the Nyamagana Municipality .....................42 5.2. The knowledge of Nyamagana residents toward disposal of household SW ....................42 5.3. Common existing SW managing practice at household levels/Observed Situation of Household SWM in Nyamagana Municipality.......................................................................44 5.3.1. Attitude toward Willingness to Pay..........................................................................45 5.4. Household challenges to standard SWM practice in Nyamagana Municipality................46 CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................................48 6.0. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................48
- 10. ix 6.1. Conclusions....................................................................................................................48 6.2. Recommendations..........................................................................................................48 6.2.1. Recommendation for interventions ..............................................................................49 6.2.2. Recommendation for Further Research ........................................................................50 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................51 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................................................58
- 11. x List of Tables Table1. Table of socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents ....................................29 Table 2. Possession of waste collection bin, type and presence of dug hole in the compound.....30 Table 3. Weekly production of domestic SW and disposal of the waste bin/bag ........................31 Table 4. Type(s) of refuse container used in daily practices.......................................................31 Table 5. Responses regarding disposal sites for waste ...............................................................33 Table 6. Knowledge on SWM as per the existing recommendations of Mwanza city .................34 Table 7. Knowledge of waste services.......................................................................................35 Table 8. Socio-demographic variables versus knowledge and practice of WM...........................35 Table 9. Association of good SWM practices with demographic characteristics ........................37 Table 10. Challenges in WM among households in Nyamagana Municipality ...........................38 Table 11. Willingness to pay for waste collection service at home.............................................39 Table 12. Preferred amount to pay for waste collection services by households per collection over the Municipal fee for waste collection in households.................................................................39 Table 13. Observation checklist elucidating possession and real practice from households’ in waste management..............................................................................................................................40
- 12. xi List of Figures Figure1: A conceptual framework on Household waste management practices, risk and benefit outcomes...................................................................................................................................18 List of Plates Plate 1-4. Popular types (plastic bins) and methods (bins and dug holes) of domestic SW disposal used by households in Nyamagana Municipality .......................................................................32 Plate 5-7. Observation of poor evidence practices of waste management from households……...41
- 13. xii List of Appendices AppendixI: Timeline on Research ............................................................................................58 Appendix II: Consent Form (English Version) ..........................................................................59 Appendix III: Consent Form (Swahili Version) .........................................................................61 Appendix IV: Questionnaire (English Version) .........................................................................63 Appendix V: Questionnaire (Swahili Version)...........................................................................69 Appendix VI: Observation Checklist (English Version).............................................................76 Appendix VII: Observation Checklist (Swahili Version) ...........................................................77 Appendix VIII: Environmental Solid Waste Management Act...................................................78 Appendix IX: Research Clearance Certificate............................................................................84 Appendix X: Letter of Approval for research from MCC...........................................................85
- 14. xiii List of Abbreviationsand Acronyms BDT Bangladesh Taka CBA Community Based Approach CBOs Community Based Organizations CUHAS Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management MCC Mwanza City Council MSW Municipal Solid Waste MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management NMC Nyamagana Municipal Council OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PSO Private Sector Operator SW Solid Waste SWM Solid Waste Management SWMT Solid Waste Management in Tanzania TZS Tanzania Shilling URT United Republic of Tanzania WM Waste Management WTP Willingness To Pay
- 15. xiv Operational Definitions A municipality:an administrative division composed of a defined territory and population. Disposal site: any place/area on land on which a waste disposal facility is physically located and is the final discharge point. Environment: means physical surroundings and everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. This includes the natural environment (such as water, soil, and air) plus the built environment (like roads, buildings, machines, playing fields). Hazardous waste: waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or the environment. Household waste: a type of solid waste; specifically waste produced within the surroundings of a dwelling / house, including but not limited to; cold ashes, sweepings, dust, food scraps or waste food, food containers, food wrappers, or any other solid waste arising or resulting from domestic housekeeping operations. Human waste: waste that is excreted by the human body, e.g., faeces, sweat and urine, but also includes waste from sanitary facilities. Leachate: a liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids creating a mix of toxic and nontoxic material (e.g., rainwater passing through waste in the landfill environment) that may pose a threat to local surface and ground-water supplies. Municipal solid waste (MSW): domestic and non-domestic solid waste such as commercial, industrial and institutional wastes, street sweepings, and construction debris etc. Skip: a container owned by the MCC and made available to residents for their use as part of the council’s solid waste collection system.
- 16. xv Solid waste management(SWM): the application of techniques that will ensure the orderly execution of the functions of collection, transport, processing, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. Solid waste (SW): "regular" garbage or trash from industrial sources, residential homes, restaurants, retail centers, and general wastes from human activities. Sullage: waste water from household sinks, showers, and baths, but not liquid waste from sanitary activities Waste Stream: processes that waste travels through from production/generation to final disposal
- 17. xvi ABSTRACT Background: The enormousamounts of unmanaged solid wastes continue to be a public health problem throughout the world. Current the world’s cities generate about 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year, and this volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tons by 2025. The lower income countries are expected to generate from 0.7 to 1.8 kg per capita per day. The inability of households in the growing Municipality of Nyamagana to handle and dispose of the increasing amount of waste generated in their homes is a growing problem which easily exposes people to hazards, like environmental pollution and general health concerns. This study assesses domestic solid waste management practices at the household level. The overall objectives are to know if common practices at individual households meet the standards of solid waste management in this respective area, and to examine and analyze the influence of demographics and socio-economic factors on solid waste management at the household level. Methods: This was a cross sectional study with a total population of 120 householders interviewed in Nyamagana Municipality using questionnaires and observation checklist. Data analysis was performed using STATA V11.0 after entry and cleaning in EpiData V.3.1. Pearson Chi- Square (χ2 ) and p-value of less than 0.05 was used to measure association at 95% CI. Results: the results showed only 6.7% had knowledge on Waste Management regulations of the waste management, 78.3% of householders had moderate understanding on the management of domestic waste recommendations and 18% of respondents had no knowledge of the existence of Municipal solid waste services. Level of education attained by the head of household had association in this study (p =0.04), with relation to practice of better methods of waste disposal. Also income of householders had significance in knowledge (p<0.001) and practice (p=0.04) of handling waste. Majority 71.7% of Nyamagana residents know health dangers related to poor
- 18. xvii waste management and80% of the households practiced illegal waste dumping as observed in the fields. Conclusions: The residents of Nyamagana Municipality need health education, a regular supply of refuse collection facilities, emphasis on Mwanza city council’s waste management bylaw and designated dump sites in their wards. These will encourage strict adherence to proper and appropriate waste management practices among them. Keywords: Waste Management, Knowledge, Practices, Nyamagana Municipality, Solid Waste
- 19. 1 CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background Information The enormous amount of unmanaged solid wastes (SW) continues to be a nuisance and a public health problem throughout the world. Currently, the world cities are generating about 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year [1]. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025 [1]. Lower income countries are expected to double the amount of waste generated in the next twenty years by an estimate of 1.8 kg per capita per day [2]. If SW is not safely collected, separated, isolated, reused, recycled, or properly disposed of it can be hazardous, even toxic, and can cause nuisance and serious health problems [3]. A World Bank report indicates that the problem is more serious in urban areas as compared to rural areas and the problem is greater in developing countries [2]. Waste management (WM) is complex because of the mass quantities of residuals produced by modern society, but also because of differences in the composition of the waste compared to the past [4, 5]. In urban settings WM is costly and requires long-term solutions, of which most African nations cannot afford the cost. This is a crucial problem due to its direct link with protection of public health, safety and the environment. In developing countries the problem is becoming an issue even in rural settings [6, 7]. In sub-Saharan Africa alone in each year, 62 million tonnes are produced with an average per capita waste generation of 1.1 kg per day [2]. In Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania, an estimated 42,000 tonnes of SW were produced per day in 2011 [6]. A substantial proportion of SW produced is poorly disposed of, creating possible risks for environmental as well as public health [9].
- 20. 2 Households and socio-economiccentres (e.g. markets) are where most SW is produced, and create management challenges for many urban areas in the world. [23, 24]. Solid waste management (SWM) is both civic and growing rural problem. The risk of affecting humans through contaminated crops, animals, or food products is ever increasing. When SW management is not considered important by a community, public health is undermined and deterioration of environmental value begins [9]. From generation to disposal of SW, Tanzania has difficulties in monitoring and evaluating the SWM sector. This has contributed to the failure of proper waste disposal (from households, industry, commercial points, institutions, hospitals etc.), and poor separation, transportation, and final disposal at land sites in the country [10]. Mwanza City Council (MCC) has a Department of Health within which the Environmental Act, Public Health Act, waste collection and disposal sections are hosted. The departmental focus is to ensure City cleanliness in public gatherings (e.g. open-gardens, picnic areas, stadiums, conference rooms), households, markets, industries, and construction areas by emphasizing adherence to the City bylaws. The standard City Council’s waste management bylaws apply to all municipalities in Mwanza [11]. Despite the fact that Mwanza city has joined the Sustainable Cities Programme for Environmental Management, solid wastes are still poorly managed in the city both at households, markets, and disposal sites [12, 13]. The available Environmental Management Act 2014 (supplement No. 39, subsidiary legislation; environmental by-laws) and the Public Health Act of Tanzania placed a stronger emphasis on the participation of authorities and the public in WM. However, there is still an unmanageable increase in generation of waste at households (residential), dumping sites, and
- 21. 3 issues with transportationto final disposal sites [14]. Improper waste management has health risks. For example, plugged drains after a rain storm can cause increased flooding of drainage systems during the rainy season, with a resulting risk of malaria. Stagnant water supports breeding sites for malaria carrying mosquitoes, leading to diarrhea infections, unpleasant odors and epidemics [8]. 1.2. Problem Statement Urbanization with inadequate waste management practices, specifically, mostly disposal of waste on the road, waste dumping in drains-that cause clogging, littering waste around house and uncontrolled dump sites together with ever increase in types of waste produced, worsens the problems of low cleanliness and health levels around the African countries when it comes to waste management [4,5]. Increased urbanization and industrialization means larger volumes of solid wastes generation. Many of which are domestic, industrial and electronic in nature posing waste management challenges to towns and cities in Africa [4, 14]. Studies conducted both outside and inside Africa have worked to address many factors (types of wastes, characterization, recycling, and quantification of solid and semi-solid waste), and have identified and tested knowledge, attitude, and practices of solid waste management at all levels. Waste management is now not only an urban concern but also a growing concern in rural communities. It needs long-term solutions. Most African nations are striving to resolve the issue, but there are other problems which have a linkage with public health, safety, and the environment [6, 7]. Weaknesses in waste management approaches and techniques in the Mwanza region may be attributed to several factors. These include high population growth rates, untimed waste collection, people’s consumption behavior of food and other products, low adherence to available residential waste management procedures and practice, incomplete waste collection by collectors when
- 22. 4 performing their duties,and improper disposal-site management. These contribute to increased waste generation, poor management, and risk of health and environmental problems [15]. Furthermore, in relation to other public sectors it has been observed that the waste management sector has often received little attention from the governments [7]. A fair amount of scholarly work has been done on MSW collection and management in Tanzania. Most of these studies attempted to explain the quantity of waste generated, the knowledge and attitude of people to SWM, and waste recycling. There are hardly any studies to understand how households handle their domestic solid wastes in Mwanza city at the household level, and adherence to the standard regulations set by the Municipality. As a result, residential waste management practices and adherence to the established standards on waste management is not known. This study therefore seeks to address the gap between knowledge of the recommended standards and practices, and to understand how the community implements the recommended standards / bylaws of the MCC on solid waste management at the residential level. 1.3. Study Rationale Findings from this study will help the local government authority, the Ministry of Environment, and Natural Resources management to develop a holistic approach to solid waste management. Recommendations from the study will help address the many health and environmental issues arising from the currently ineffective residential SWM system. Performance data is not available, even though MCC inspects SWM practices in open areas, markets, roads, and sometimes collection points performed by private and municipal workers. In particular, findings are not well documented for household practices compared to other areas of
- 23. 5 the city whereSW can be generated. Monitoring and the evaluation functions are still not reliable or effective [16]. Gathering data on SWM practices at households will likewise provide information to help authorities design and incorporate additional plans for sustainable SWM and implementation. Also the findings of this study will provide useful information for those working towards Tanzania achieving the Millennium Development Goal number 7 by ensuring environmental sustainability through improving environmental sanitation in residential premises. 1.4. Research Question 1. What are the practices of domestic solid waste management at the household level in Nyamagana Municipality, Mwanza? 1.5. Research Objectives 1.5.1. Broad Objective To assess household SWM practices and identify barriers to compliance with the bylaws in Nyamagana Municipality 1.5.2. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the knowledge and attitudes of Nyamagana residents toward disposal of household SW 2. To observe existing SWM practice at the household level for comparison to reported practice 3. To determine the household challenges to standard SWM practice in Nyamagana Municipality.
- 24. 6 1.6. Research Variables 1.6.1.Independent variables Age, sex, socio-economic status, marital status, occupation, education levels, distance to dumpsite, length of residence, Mwanza city council waste management bylaws, waste collecting equipment, type and nature of domestic SW produced, municipal and private waste collectors, . 1.6.2. Dependent variables Use of waste collection equipment, frequency of domestic SW collected daily, amount of SW generated at the household, use of municipal waste payable services, waste separation, and treatment of SW (recycling, composting and burning).
- 25. 7 CHAPTER TWO 2.0. LITERATUREREVIEW 2.1. Solid Waste The nature and quantity of waste generation is basically dependant on the nature of activity, environment and even the economic status of individuals in the community. SW can be classified in respect of original use (e.g., packaging waste), material (e.g., glass, paper, or plastics), physical properties (e.g., combustible or biodegradable), origin (e.g., domestic, commercial, industrial or agricultural), and safety characteristics (e.g., hazardous or radioactive). Human and animal excreta are often classified as semi-solid waste [17]. 2.1.1. Human Waste Human wastes include waste that is excreted by the human body, and is often known as body by- products of digestion such as faeces and urine. Human waste is considered a bio-waste as it is a good vector for both viral and bacterial diseases and becomes hazardous when it gets into sources of drinking water [18]. 2.1.2. Sullage Wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms and laundries make sullage. It can contain disease-causing organisms, particularly from soiled clothing [18]. But its main health hazard occurs when it collects in poorly drained places and causes pools of organically polluted water that may serve as breeding places for mosquitoes. 2.1.3. Municipal Waste As described by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [19] municipal waste is a combination of waste from households, office buildings, institutions and small
- 26. 8 businesses, yards andgardens, street sweepings, litter, and market refuse that is collected and treated by the municipalities. Municipal solid waste includes materials commonly called trash or garbage produced from human daily activities, and that originate from areas such as households (e.g., milk cartons, plastic wrap, food), city streets, and offices (e.g., newspapers, plastic bags, deteriorated furniture) [9, 5]. This category of waste generally refers to common household waste, as well as office and retail wastes, but excludes industrial, human and animal excreta, hazardous (medical), and construction wastes. 2.1.4. Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste encompasses materials that pose substantial threats to public health or the environment (e.g. products labelled: flammable, ignitable, warning, caution, poisonous, toxic, corrosive, reactive, or explosive). They could be solid or gaseous. These wastes should be considered hazardous because of their ability to cause long-term risk to health or the environment [20]. According to EPA, the concentration and the physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics of hazardous waste significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or incapacitating reversible illnesses; or pose a potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed. Hospital biomedical waste is one category of hazardous waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in testing of biological specimens [21, 22].
- 27. 9 2.1.5. Mwanza WasteCollection and Management In 2000 the MCC Waste Management committee (after identifying the increase in waste generation was a problem) decided to set a broad goal that read; Mwanza City should become a “Clean and attractive City through an efficient and effective system of managing solid waste”. The objectives for ensuring Mwanza became clean and attractive were (i) to enact and enforce a waste management Bylaw that governed waste management service delivery beginning at households and extending to industry, (ii) to increase the amount of solid waste collected and disposed of, and (iii) to increase community awareness of appropriate SWM. 2.1.6. Community Based Approach (CBA) to Household SWM The Community Based Approach involves primary collectors/first level collectors who are not household members. It may involve paid door-to-door collectors (scavengers) or community based organization (CBOs). This is the approach the MCC use, incorporating it into the SWM bylaws and accepting it as one way to manage waste at generation premises [25]. In the CBA approach householders have a duty to store their waste in plastic bags or other available materials, sorted according to their nature (e.g., food waste, cold fire ash, plastic and broken-glass waste), and to make that available to the door-to-door/primary/first level collectors. The CBA collectors are required to appropriately collect this solid waste from the households and dispose of it at the city’s transfer station. They get paid monthly by householders according to a fee set by the Municipality which equals TZS. 2000 (assuming the Municipality has built a transfer station near to the primary collection area). The Municipality is then responsible to collect and transfer wastes from transfer stations to the final disposal (landfill) sites [25, 26]. One challenge of this approach can be seen where households fail to pay for collectors due to personal reasons and financial difficulty.
- 28. 10 2.1.7. The Environmental(Solid Waste Management) Standard Regulations, 2002. The MCC and all its Municipalities perform SWM under the Environmental Management Act (Cap. 191) RE 2002 made under section 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,120,121,122, and 230 of 2014. These Regulations are cited as the Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations, and apply to all matters pertaining to SWM [50]. The regulation states that every person living in Tanzania shall have a stake and a duty to safeguard the environment from the adverse effects of SW and to inform the relevant authority of any activity or phenomenon resulting from SW that is likely to adversely affect public health or the environment. In part IV of the SWM regulations it explains that every occupier of a house, business, industry or any activity generating SW should minimize the waste at its source. Options are suggested: 1. different types or kinds of SW are separated at the source, or 2. different types or kinds of SW are collected into waste storage receptacles (equipment of specified standards, types, sizes, shapes that are easy to carry or move, and that comply with and other specifications as the case may be). Approved receptacles include: standard metal dustbins, plastic standard dustbins, plastic bags, paper bags, standard litter bins, standard containers or skips and any other recommended receptacles ideal for the locality. An occupier who fails to comply commits an offence [50]. 2.1.8. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Approach Integrated Waste Management (ISWM) is an approach to waste management that is most compatible with environmentally sustainable development and is one of the most recommended approaches, using various collection, transport and treatment options [17]. It refers to the complementary use of a variety of practices to safely and effectively handle MSW [27]. ISWM
- 29. 11 consider the 3Rs- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The most favorable is reduction, which suggests using less to begin with, and then reusing more, leading to saving material production, resource cost, and energy [27]. 2.1.9. Household Willingness to pay Willingness to pay (WTP) is an attributing factor toward SWM in households. A situation of payable services for waste management in was explained in a study done in Bangladesh, that about 49 % of households were willing to use a fee based waste collection system, paying BDT. 60/month for collection of their wastes (approximately TZS. 1000). The study explained income was a determinant that had positive association to paying for waste collection services. The average WTP sum was BDT. 57/month (also about TZS. 1000). Study of residents’ WTP is essential to understand a community’s attitude towards paying for waste services which can be both municipally and privately served and more likely influenced by demographic characteristic like levels of income and education toward paying for services that can be offered by municipal councils or private operators [28]. Another study done in Kampala City, Uganda on determinants of willingness to pay for SWM used the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, The study found that age of the household head was negatively associated with willingness to pay for SWM. Other variables like household size, education and marital status were not significantly associated with the WTP for improved SWM, and the study suggested that there was only a small chance of success if SW collection service charges were introduced. The study suggested a better way was for the government to concentrate first on awareness campaigns about the consequences of waste mishandling, and then the benefits of payment for proper waste management, before building up to a plan for SWM [29].
- 30. 12 2.1.10. Household Decisionto waste disposal Waste disposal is connected to how people decide to do with their waste with respect availability of facilities. A study in Makelle, Ethiopia determined factors that influence household waste disposal decision making. Results showed that the presence of waste facilities significantly affects waste disposal choice. Inadequate of waste containers and longer distances to these containers increased the probability of waste dumping in open areas and roadsides relative to the use of communal containers. Insufficient financial resources limited the safe disposal of waste in well- equipped collection points and sanitary landfills [30]. 2.1.11. Solid waste transportation Proper SW manageable techniques requires any country to have access to well monitored transportation of waste from generation to final disposal site. Waste transportation problem is not seemingly found in African countries alone, a study in Mymensingh Municipal area, Dhaka on SWM practice explained that among the waste management issues in the study area, a major issue was lack of sufficient, available, and reliable transport vehicles for waste management. Other issues also existed: lack of knowledge about SWM, lack of adequate budget for waste management, and an absence of solid waste treatment plants. Although the Municipality provided 7 garbage trucks, 140 driving vans, 1 beam lifter, 18 pushcarts, 1 chain bulldozer, and 2 pickup cars it was concluded these were inadequate to meet the desired waste management needs of people in Dhaka [31]. Other issues have been identified in Kolkata, India, Iran and in Kenya. Collectively they suggested that waste collection, transfer and transport problems in SWM are the result of improper bin collection systems, poor scheduling, poor communication on collection-transport schedules,
- 31. 13 insufficient infrastructure, miserableroads, and a lack of vehicles for waste collection and transfer to disposal dumpsites or landfills [32, 33, 34]. 2.1.12. Solid waste final disposal A study in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries including Dar es Salaam, Tanzania showed that most disposal sites in the studied cities in developing world countries were open dumps with no leachate treatment. Distances to the official disposal sites from the city centres ranged from 3 to 50 km. The studied cities also faced the problem of illegal disposal of waste in rivers, oceans, lakes, drainage channels, open space, and roadsides. Waste management was positive and successful where the municipal leaders or decision makers were interested in environmental and solid waste management issues. Finally, the study found that supply of equipment and improved infrastructure are necessary for an efficient system [35]. 2.1.13. Environmental problems associated with solid waste Inappropriate solid waste disposal is a major threat to the environment of developing countries since most of the solid waste generated in developing countries ends up directly in open dumps that are uncontrolled and become overloaded [36]. Atmospheric pollution by SW from landfill emissions, and leachate pollution of waters, decreases the aesthetic value of an area, and is associated with environmental problems [37]. Methane released into the atmosphere through anaerobic degradation of waste material in open dumps is a significant contribution to greenhouse gases (GHG) that is 20 times more potent than CO2 in trapping the Sun’s heat [23]. Also, the quality of potable water is degraded by leachate flow together with methane gas entering water sources. According to two studies [23, 36], on the global
- 32. 14 scale about 8-11%of anthropogenic GHGs are from garbage dumps and landfills, and are an emerging environmental concern of MSWM [38]. Waste such as plastic SW, can undergo breakdown process into plastic debris which can be either land-based ( 8%) or ocean-based (e.g., from sewage, tourism, fishing, and waste from ships and boats – flotsam and jetsam). The land-based sources include trash that comes from wind or water flow that flushes trash from streets, sidewalks, gutters, sewer overflows, solid waste disposal sites and landfills, and can eventually end up in rivers, oceans, or lakes. For example data from Sesini [39] shows the North Pacific Ocean, with a surface area 8,095,000km2 , has a particle density of 25,000 pieces/km2 , and 20,240 tons of plastic, which pose a critical health and environmental concern. They can lead to entanglement of marine fauna, plastic ingestion, transport of species to non-native waters, beach pollution, and concentration and transport of toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds [40]. 2.1.14. Household perception on effectiveness of SWM People’s perception significantly have a role on SWM despite having facilities in a community. A studied in Ojo, Nigeria explained peoples’ perception toward household SWM. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess practices and public perception on the effectiveness of SWM. Socio-economic profile (income and education of respondents) had a significant positive association with peoples’ perception of SWM services. Those with high or moderate income perceived waste as a problem that needed to be dealt with by the public. Only 13% of the respondents had no formal education, and the remaining 87% with some education perceived SWM as a necessary action in the community because of its health and environmental impacts. No association of gender (being male or female) influenced perception or attitude to waste management [41].
- 33. 15 The study furtherwent to explained that in Ojo poor access to private waste collectors was being addressed as a means to encourage people to dispose of their household waste properly, and not on streets, the surrounding neighborhood, or unplanned dumps. The study concluded that inadequate service organization and untimely waste collection posed concerns in this particular area, and suggested several ways to tackle the problems. First, raise governmental emphasis and use of modern waste management strategies (i.e., reduce, re-use, recycle), at every level of government (i.e., from regional to local). Second, building awareness and re-educating householders on waste sorting and minimization, including training and orientating household waste generators to help in the success of SWM [41]. 2.1.15. Determinants of effective household SWM Effective participatory is a key element to improve in SWM that requires a coalition of individual, public and private partnership approach. It basically begins from households and primarily depending on their demographics. A study conducted in Ambo, Ethiopia on determinants of effective household SWM practices examined the demographic, socio-cultural, and institutional factors that determine the effectiveness of SWM practice at the household level, and the service delivery performance of private solid waste collectors. The study suggested feasible solutions in order to improve local household SWM practices. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 200 households for interviews and focus group discussions. The descriptive findings reflected that plastic, paper, and ashes comprised most household generated waste [42]. The study found an association between household earning and waste production. Despite householders possessing temporary storage points in their home, waste was not stored separately and disposing of waste in unauthorized sites by Ambo residents was commonly practiced. The inferential statistical analysis showed that household level of education, location (distance from
- 34. 16 main roads ortown center), sex, willingness to pay for waste services, awareness of solid waste management and access to private waste collectors’ services were key determinants of effective household SWM. Furthermore, analysis explained that manpower, budget, and waste collection facilities (adequate vehicles, reliable containers, waste gown and gloves) are major determining factors of effective SWM at the household level [42]. 2.1.16. Municipal SW collection, transportation and disposal in Tanzania The history of Solid Waste Management in Tanzania (SWMT) started in Dar-es-salaam when the city engaged in the Sustainable Cities Sanitation Program in 1992 [43]. From then on, the SW management program was adopted by other municipal authorities. In Mwanza; specifically in Nyamagana Municipality, the program was officially activated in 1998 after Mwanza city engaged in the Sustainable Cities Program [44]. However, after this initiative Mwanza’s engagement decreased continually from 1998 due to less funding and budgeting for WM by the city, resulting in people’s participation level also dropping. It was not until 2000, when a newly enacted City Council bylaw to enforce waste management was introduced, that the situation improved again. Introducing the participation of PSO as a solution to waste collection and disposal helped [11]. Inadequacy of SW collection in most municipalities in growing cities and regions in Tanzania was due to possessing less-efficient collection techniques that, in turn, resulted in incomplete collection of all generated waste. This evidently results in more dumpsites, and abandoned garbage being deposited in the city streets areas and in open-residential areas. These become breeding sites for disease carrying organisms like houseflies and mosquitoes [7]. A study in Deir el Balah, Gaza Strip explained that a MSWM system requires collection from the source and transportation to operational points [45]. Once there, the waste is either turned into
- 35. 17 useful substances like'refuse-fuel’, recycled, disposed of, or used to generate electrical energy by burning. The problem with solid waste collection and transportation is its high operational cost. The findings suggested that major grounds for failure are long distances to main roads, poor design of the routes or infrastructure, and scattered location of collection points [45]. Furthermore a study done in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam to understand MSWM system showed that Ilala had faced similar problems comparable to those encountered in Middle East; lack of a strategic plan for waste collection at center locations, and expensive vehicle routes and vehicle maintenance that caused cost over-runs of government budgets [46]. 2.2. Conceptual Framework Figure. 1 present a frame on household WM practices, risk and benefit outcomes based on the above literature review. The conceptual framework was designed to lead to guidance for developing study variables, preparation of research tools (questionnaires and observation checklist), and expected analysis. As it has been explained above, SW are generated from different sources such as from industries, institutions, health centers, commercial operations, households, and the like. However, this particular study focused on the flow of SWM generated from households. The middle circle (Figure. 1) indicates current poor practice (left hand side), and potential solutions and mechanisms by which to ensure the benefits (right hand side). Where proper household SWM is performed (outer circle, right hand side) then public and environmental health are protected, when proper household SWM is disregarded, then negative outcomes ensue (outer circle, left hand side) [28, 31, 42].
- 36. 18 Figure 1: Aconceptual framework on Household waste management practices, risk and benefit outcomes. Most of the attributes have been adopted from different authors [28, 31, 42]. Determinants: Socio-economic context of households
- 37. 19 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1.Study setting Nyamagana Municipal Council (NMC) is one of seven districts of the Mwanza region. In Mwanza City it is one of two Municipal Councils, the other being Ilemela Municipal council. Nyamagana, which is located on the southern shores of Lake Victoria in Northwest Tanzania, covers an area of 1,337 km2 of which 900 km2 (68%) is water. The Municipality is warded into Pamba, Isamilo, Nyamagana, Mkuyuni, Butimba, Igogo, Mirongo and Mbugani which are urban based wards. Mkolani, Buhongwa, and Igoma are in rural based wards. The Municipality is currently expanding fast, it is older of the two present municipalities in Mwanza with larger number of residents, and the nature of waste generated demand keen attention by the Municipal council 3.1.1. Study area Demography The Sukuma tribe is the main ethnic group in the Mwanza region and NMC. There are some migrants from other regions of Tanzania, as other tribes and sub-tribes from bordering regions move in and settle, mostly for economic and occupational motives like trading, industry, agriculture, day-working, and petty business. According to a 2012 census, the population of NMC was 363,452 [47]. 3.1.2. Economic activities and the current WM system in Mwanza City Residents rely mostly on commercial activities, artisanal fishing, small scale farming and employment in public and private sectors. Industrio-agricultural activities pre-dominate with greater than 100 small to large scale manufacturing and processing industries.
- 38. 20 Most of thegenerated city waste from homes, institutions, schools, markets, food canteens, and other municipal wastes are collected at the ward collections points by the municipality workers and waste PSO along the roads. The waste is then dumped at Buhongwa dumpsite on the outskirts of the city, a non-fenced and open landfill for which the City Council has plans to transform into a modern sanitary landfill [48]. 3.2. Study design This was a cross sectional study using a questionnaire (completed in face-to-face interviews), and an observation checklist to evaluate solid waste handling and disposal by households in Nyamagana Municipality (completed by the field researchers). 3.3 Study population The target area of the research was Nyamagana Municipality. The study population was home residents, as the study concentrated on the solid waste management at households. 3.4. Eligibility Criteria Inclusion criteria: i. Member of the household who is responsible for disposing of household waste ii. Provided informed consent to participate. Exclusion criteria: i. All non-Nyamagana residents who, by chance, were found in sampled households in this study. ii. Non-residential buildings (offices, schools, business points, health centres) iii. Anyone who was too ill to participate
- 39. 21 iv. All workers,private and municipal who were responsible for collecting waste at homes 3.5. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures 3.5.1 Sample Size Estimation The number of households drawn from each street/slum was determined based on the size of the ward in Nyamagana. The sample size for the number of households in the study was determined using the following formula [49]. PQZNd PQNZn 22 2 )1( Where:- n = sample size of housing units P = Housing unit (residential houses) Q = Non-residential houses (offices, schools, etc.) = 1-P N = Total number of housing (living homes) Z = Standardized normal variable and its value that corresponds to 95 % confidence interval=1.96 d = Allowable marginal error (+/-0.05) From the current data on municipal survey, [48], there are about 48,000 housing (N): from these about 92% (P) are households and 8% (Q) are non-residential.
- 40. 22 n = 48,000(1.96)2 ×(0.92) (0.08) = 112.8 (0.05)2 (47, 999) + (1.96)2 (0.92) (0.08) From this formula, N = 113 is the minimum sample size for dependable results. To ensure an adequate sample, an addition of 120 homes was made after an assumed attrition of 6%. 3.5.2. Sampling procedures The study was done using a multi stage sampling technique as follows: First stage: The 12 wards in Nyamagana served as the sampling frame from which 6 wards were selected in Nyamagana Municipality based on the presence of high number of population using simple random sampling procedure. The 6 selected wards were namely; Mkolani, Mbugai, Isamilo, Buhongwa, Igoma and Nyegezi. Second stage: 4 residential streets were selected from each ward using a simple random sampling technique which provided a total of 24 streets. Third stage: By a simple random sampling, employing random number table; the first household in each residential street was selected and the households were subsequently followed alternatively until all the households were exhausted. 3.6. Data Collection Techniques The data were collected from 120 households, through the use of two different tools with help from a research assistant. A structured questionnaire survey, using open- and closed-ended questions, and an observation checklist were used by research assistants to collect socio- demographic and waste management data from the respondents. An observation checklist was prepared to describe the existing facilities in the neighbourhood such as the presence refuse bins, illegal dumps, illegal burning of waste and waste management
- 41. 23 strategies in placelike presence and use of compost pit outside were observed. The observation gathered information on what exactly was happening as far as SWM is concerned at Nyamagana Municipality, i.e. it did not rely on reported data. The digital camera was used to take photographs of the existing setting in the field, especially in the housing near collection points, dumpsites, streets skips and refuse bins. 3.7. Data analysis Quantitative data, collected from households through the structured questionnaire were analyzed by using computer software STATA V.11 after entry and cleaning in EpiData V.3.1. Descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation as a central tendency and measure of dispersion) were used to describe basic features of the data. Socio-economic status of the household was assessed by using Social Economic Wealth Quintile (SEWQ) which were scored for most affluent, less affluent, poor and poorer whereby the highest quintile was used considered for the most affluent and lowest quintile represent the poorer [56]. Standard descriptive analyses were carried out using means and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables, and inferential statistics were used to assess the relationships between the respondents’ waste handling practices at their households and socio-economic characteristics using chi-square (x2 ). A 95% CI and p-value of less than 0.05 have been used to test statistical significance. 3.8. Quality Assurance and Quality Control i. The questionnaire used were pre-tested in three randomly selected wards in Ilemela Municipality households before being used in the actual research study to check for error, clarity, and reviewed by the researcher.
- 42. 24 ii. To avoidconfusion among study respondents, the questionnaires were translated into simple, understandable Swahili language (common language of communication) and later back translated into English again to ensure appropriate translation. iii. The research assistant was recruited prior to the commencement of the actual study and received basic training on how to administer the questionnaires. Training also included SW observation and camera documenting. iv. Ensuring the accuracy of data entry by double entry. In the double-entry procedure, data from field for each day were entered into the database twice and then compared to determine whether there were any discrepancies. 3.9. Ethical considerations Ethical clearance was sought from the joint CUHAS/BMC ethics and review committee, for approval before starting the research. Permission to conduct the research was also sought from the relevant Mwanza City Council Authority and the City Director who provided permission for research to take place in the area. A written informed consent (written in Swahili – the primary language of the majority of the population in Tanzania) explained to participants the purpose of the study, the right to either participate or decline and to withdraw at any time, and measures taken to protect confidentiality prior to collecting data. For participants who could not read, the study was clearly explained to them and asked to thumb print to indicate acceptance as part of the consent process. An impartial witness was present during the informed consent process to ensure the participant was not coerced and had autonomy in the decision making process to engage as a respondent. Informed consent was sought when beginning the questionnaire. All participants were informed
- 43. 25 that they couldwithdraw from the study at any time. Coding was used for the respondents. This code was used in place of their name on the corresponding questionnaire. The key that links the number code to a household was kept locked by the researcher, and destroyed after final acceptance of the thesis. 3.10. Study Limitations Generalisability. This study focused on only households in urban areas of the MCC, and therefore are not generalizable to practices in rural or more affluent areas. Participation bias. People who do a good job managing their waste may have been more likely to agree to participate, and people with more education and income may have been more interested in participating. Administrative misperception. Some household members might have misperceived the study as an administrative inspection with legal ramifications and punishment. This possibility was minimized by the explanatory approach taken to convince potential participants that the study was not administrative. Observation bias. Participants may have changed their household waste disposal behaviour when being watched. 3.11. Data Dissemination and Knowledge translation The findings of this study will be presented to the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies of the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), School of Public Health. The findings of this study will also be printed, replicated and submitted to the CUHAS library after being review and approval by the School of Public Health. The Mwanza City Council authority, department of Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources will receive an executive summary
- 44. 26 of the keypoints and recommended actions in order to disseminate the study insight quickly. In addition the study will be submitted for publication through an online peer reviewed health journal.
- 45. 27 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0. RESULTS 4.1Socio-demographic characteristics of Household members in Nyamagana Municipality A total of 120 questionnaires were administered and ascertained the SWM practices in place. Six wards were selected from Nyamagana City Council both in city center streets and peripheral to the city center. Respondents were from six wards; Isamilo (12.5%, n=15), Mbugani (12.5%, n =15), Nyegezi (16.6%, n =20), Mkolani (25%, n = 30), Igoma (16.6%, n=20) and Buhongwa (16.6%, n=20). All household members approached agreed to participate in the study; the socio- demographic data of the respondents included age, marital status, education levels, tribe, household size, ownership of housing, occupation and length of residence in Nyamagana Municipality. Most respondents were within the age range 18-25 years (35.8%), minimum and maximum ages were 18 years and 64 years respectively. The proportion of males and females most responsible for SWM was 32.5% and 67.5% respectively. Forty eight (40%) of the respondents completed primary school, forty one (34.2%) studied secondary education, nine (7.5%) had vocational training, and twelve (10%) had higher education (e.g., college or university). Ten respondents (8.3%) had no formal education. Household socio-economic status (SES) was measured using Social Economic Wealth Quintile (SEWQ) based on ownership of properties such as, radio, bicycle, television, livestock, or motor bicycle; access and affordability of services such as solar power, electricity circuited house, main source of drinking water, source of cooking energy; and also on type of roofing and flooring of the house. Individuals who possessed livestock, motor bicycle, television, access to electricity, access to tap water, cement flooring and iron-sheet roofing scored 2 marks for each item and service, while those who owned radio, bicycle, use public tap water, firewood cooking energy, roofing
- 46. 28 made out thatchscored 1 mark in checking the household wealth quintile. A total score check of more than 13 were considered most affluent, between 9-12 were considered to be less affluent, 4- 8 poor and 0 –3 were considered poorer. Majority of respondents’ households had poor income (n=49, 40.8%) and less affluent status (n=34, 28.3%) and only 16 (13.3%) were in the most affluent category.
- 47. 29 Table 1. Tableof socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Variable Frequency (n=120) Percentage (%) Age in years <25 43 35.8 25-29 26 21.7 30-34 15 12.5 35-39 15 12.5 40+ 21 17.5 Gender Male 39 32.5 female 81 67.5 Marital Status Single 39 32.5 Married/Cohabiting 75 62.5 Divorced/widowed 6 5 Education Level No formal education 10 8.3 Primary education 48 40 Secondary education 41 34.2 Vocation training 9 7.5 University 12 10 Household size (in numbers) 1-3 42 35 4-6 40 33.3 7+ 38 31.7 Occupation of householder House wife 27 22.5 Crop cultivation and livestock keeping 8 6.7 Business+ entrepreneurship 46 38.3 Artisanal fishing 30 25 Government job 9 7.5 Tribes Sukuma 45 37.5 Nyamwezi 8 6.7 Jita 12 10 Haya 12 10 Others(Zinza and Chagga) 43 35.8 House ownership Independent house 51 42.5 Rent house 69 57.5 Socio-economic status (based on asset ownership) Most affluent 16 13.3 Less affluent 34 28.3 Poor 49 40.8 poorer 21 17.5 Family size <3 42 35 4-6 40 33.3 7> 38 31.7
- 48. 30 4.2. Period ofresidence in Mwanza city of the household heads Of the 120 respondents, 15 (12.5%) had less than 1 year of residence in Mwanza City, although most (58; 48.3%) had lived in Nyamagana Municipality of Mwanza City for more than 10 years. Those with 2-5 years (n = 25) or 5-10 years (n = 22) of residence represented 20.8% and 18.3%, respectively. 4.3. Domestic SW generation collection and disposal Most of the household heads (n=87, 72.5%) responded that they have a waste collection bin in their homes, only 33 (27.5%) responded that they did not have a waste collection or refuse bin in their homes. Of those who responded that they possessed a waste collection bin for domestic waste disposal, the main type owned were plastic buckets (43.3%); sacks and paper boxes as alternatives to use in domestic waste disposal represented 29.2% and 27.5% respectively and 65 had a dug hole and 55 did not. The most common types of SW produced by households were food wastes and vegetable and fruits peels (88.3%) while other wastes were scarcely produced as mentioned by households. Table 2. Possession of waste collection bin, type and presence of dug hole in the compound Collection bin Freq (n= 120) % Possession of waste collection bin at home Yes 87 72.5 No 33 27.5 Type(s) Plastic bucket 52 43.3 Plastic Sacks 35 29.2 Paper boxes 33 27.5 Waste thrown in a dug hole on the property Yes 65 54.2 No 55 45.8 Most common type of domestic SW discarded Food waste and Vegetable and fruit peel 106 88.3 Nylon and polythene 4 3.3 Ashes 2 1.7 Broken bottles and metals 3 2.5 Paper and rags 3 2.5 Rubber materials 2 1.7
- 49. 31 4.4. Domestic SWgeneration and handling at household level Majority of the respondents produced less than a bin of domestic SW (n=45, 37.5%), 33 (27.5%) of the respondents produced two bins of waste and 26 (21.7%) were those who produced greater than two bins in a week. Fifty one of the respondents responded mother’s as the person who emptied waste bucket relative to those who said fathers, children and housemaid (9.2%, 6.7%, and 11.7% respectively). Other respondents mentioned anyone (30%) could empty the waste bin. Table 3. Weekly production of domestic SW and disposal of the waste bin/bag Weekly produce of Domestic SW Freq (n=120) % < a bin (bucket) 45 37.5 One bin 16 13.3 Two bins 33 27.5 Others (>two bins) 26 21.7 Person who empty waste Father 11 9.2 Mother 51 42.5 Children 8 6.7 Housemaid 14 11.7 Anyone 36 30 Daily practices on domestic SW disposal (Table 4) show majority use plastic buckets (38.3%) compared to other types (boxes, metal drum) on daily basis. Also a big number of respondents use polythene bags for daily disposal of domestic SW (29.2%) and only very few use baskets and metal drum, 2.5% and 1.7% respectively. Table 4. Type(s) of refuse container used in daily practices Type Freq (n=120) % Nylon and polythene bags 35 29.2 boxes 2 1.7 baskets 3 2.5 Plastic bins 46 38.3 Metal drum 2 1.7 Others (wrecked trolley, abandoned sink) 32 26.7
- 50. 32 Plate 1-4. Populartypes (plastic bins) and methods (bins and dug holes) of domestic SW disposal used by households in Nyamagana Municipality (Source: Field physical observation 2015)
- 51. 33 Table 5. Responsesregarding disposal sites for waste Practices Freq (n=120) % Waste disposal in public pit Do throw waste in public pit 27 22.5 Do not throw waste in public pit 93 77.5 Throw waste on road, drain system, gutters Do throw 7 5.8 Do not throw 113 94.2 Taking waste bin to the public dump Yes 37 30.8 No 83 69.2 Waste collector/picker from house to disposal site Yes 31 25.8 No 89 74.2 Dumping of immediate domestic SW Pit within compound/open dumping 45 37.5 Neighborhood compound dug hole 13 9.5 Compound bin 33 27.5 Throw on roads 7 5.8 Anywhere 22 21.5 Knowledge Does private sector organisation collect SW in your area Yes 18 15 No 72 60 Not sure 30 25 Presence of Waste collection service offered by the Municipality Yes 40 33.3 No 80 66.7 Is PSO better than the Municipal authorities Yes 3 2.5 No 27 22.5 Not sure 90 75 Presence of any open dumpsite around home Yes 29 24.2 No 91 75.8 Separation of domestic SW by category of waste Yes 39 32.5 No 81 67.5 Awareness of health risks related to poor management of waste Aware 86 71.7 Unaware 34 28.3
- 52. 34 Waste separation wasdone by only 39 respondents (32.5%), whereby these households performed separation of waste by setting apart combustible and non-combustible material, and recyclable materials such as glass, metal cans, newspapers, boxes etc. into a separate container from biodegradable waste. Of the 86 who were aware of risks, 61 listed possible health dangers such as: airborne disease, bilharzia, epidemic diseases, tetanus, wounds and injury from broken glass and metals, skin disease, UTI, Cholera, diarrhea, flu and chest infection. 4.5. Knowledge of the existing Mwanza City recommendations and barriers to SWM practices The table 6 below shows the proportion of respondents from households who had good knowledge, moderate, and no/low knowledge of the recommended bylaws. Only 8 (6.7%) knew of the existence of the city’s bylaw, knew the bylaw operates under environmental management act, knew the penalty fee for irresponsible waste management and mentioned one of the bylaw section that are stated in the Mwanza City by laws on WM. Majority of respondents (n=94, 78.3%) had moderate understanding of the management of domestic waste recommendations. They only knew the existence of Municipal set bylaw “about wastes” but could not know if poor management of domestic SW can be penalized. Eighteen (15%) respondents had no knowledge of the existence of MSW bylaw, penalty fee and could not mention any section of the by-law. Table 6. Knowledge on SWM as per the existing recommendations of Mwanza city Freq(n=120) % know bylaw (legislation) + know penalty Good knowledge 8 6.7 Moderate |knowledge 94 78.3 No knowledge 18 15
- 53. 35 Table 7. Knowledgeof waste services Freq (n=120) % waste/dump site close to your home + waste collection service offered by the Municipality Well informed of the services 11 9.2 Partial knowledge 47 39.2 Doesn’t know 62 52 Total 120 100 Table 7 above show the majority of people are not aware of the presence of the dump site and waste collection services that exist in their ward. Table 8. Socio-demographic variables versus knowledge and practice of WM. Knowledge Practice Age (years) Good Moderate No χ2 p-value Good Moderate Poor χ2 p-value n n <25 3 38 6 8 37 2 25> 5 56 12 0.3 0.8 10 55 8 1.79 0.41 Level of education No formal education - 6 4 - 8 2 Primary education 5 37 6 8.8 0.19 6 40 2 9.8 0.04 Secondary education 2 32 7 8 27 6 Post-secondary education 1 19 1 4 17 - Occupation House wife 2 21 4 3 20 4 Farmer 0 8 0 5 3 0 Business and entrepreneurship 4 34 10 5.2 0.74 9 33 6 13.1 0.11 Government job 1 7 1 - 9 - Others 1 24 3 3 25 - Family size <3 56 30 6 56 30 7 4-6 2 34 4 8.5 0.07 7 31 2 5.2 0.03 7> 6 30 8 6 31 1 Economic Status Most affluent - 13 3 1 15 - Less affluent 5 16 13 31.3 <0.001 4 26 4 12.4 0.04 poor 3 45 1 13 32 4 poorer - 20 1 - 19 2
- 54. 36 Table 8 aboveshows the effect of age, education, occupation and family size in knowledge and practice of waste management. The Pearson chi-square (χ2 ) tests were used to compare dependent variables with a set of independent variables. The knowledge and practice of respondents were compared with age, education level, occupation and family size of respondents. Most variables had no significant correlation but only education, economic status and family size of respondent’s had significance in WM practice alone and not knowledge. The present study also shows that, good practices of solid waste management had strong association with education levels (primary and post-secondary) p=0.0051 and 0.0031 respectively, family size: small and large p=0.0018 and p=0.0016 respectively, awareness of the WM bylaws (No knowledge) at p <0.0001, social economic status (p <0.0001), while occupation had no association with good practices (Table.9).
- 55. 37 Table 9. Associationof good SWM practices with demographic characteristics Characteristic Good WM practices Odds p-value OR 95 % CI** p-value** Education level No formal education - - - - - Primary education 6 2.1 3.67 1.62 ̶ 19.2 0.0051 Secondary 8 0.55 - - - Post-secondary 4 3.62 0.001 5.57 1.52 ̶ 19.11 0.0031 Family size <3 56 2.67 0.029 0.62 0.32 ̶ 2.60 0.0018 4-6 7 1.32 - - - 7> 6 5.6 1.68 0.64 ̶ 4.42 0.0016 Awareness on the bylaws Good 8 0.50 0.000 - - - Moderate 94 2.59 - - . No Knowledge 18 17.58 0.15 0.07 ̶ 0.30 <0.0001 Economic status Most affluent 1 0.43 0.001 - - - Less affluent 4 2.59 0.11 0.05 ̶ 0.24 0.0761 poor 13 11.2 0.36 0.18 ̶ 0.73 <0.0001 poorer - - Occupation Housewife 3 0.13 0.2016 0.05 0.04 ̶ 0.41 0.5153 farmer 3 0.6 0.12 0.06 ̶ 0.24 Business and entrepreneurship 9 0.3 - - - Government job - - - - - - Others(fishermen) 3 0.12 0.04 ̶ 0.39 0.5011 **Adjusted estimates
- 56. 38 4.6. Challenges encounteredby household in proper management of their waste Almost a third of respondents responded said that they face challenges in managing their domestic SW. Those who faced challenges mentioned (Table 10) the ones they personally face in their areas and neighborhood. Table 10. Challenges in WM among households in Nyamagana Municipality List of challenges mentioned Unpleasant decomposing waste odor/air pollution Carrying waste to dumpsite Delay waste collection services/waste pilling at home Random throw of waste by neighbors/waste scattering by road hawkers Stray animals (dogs, chicken, cats) dismantle waste Collection system not good/no waste collectors Environmental pollution/waste thrown into trenches No dumpsite 4.7. Willingness to pay for waste collection services in Nyamagana Households The table below (Table 11) show total willingness to pay for waste collection services in Nyamagana, All individuals were ready to pay for waste collection services in Nyamagana, and most were ready to pay individuals than any other services that can be offered in the community, followed by Private Sector Organisation (PSO) and few were ready to pay the Municipal authorities to provide services to waste management in their neighborhood
- 57. 39 The table belowshow respondents willingness to pay by age group with their preferences of who to pay. Table 11. Willingness to pay for waste collection service at home (n) % of respondents willing to pay for waste collection at households Age Municipality PSO (8) 34.8 (2) 8.7 (3) 13 (3) 13 (7) 30 Individual CBOs Others (2) 66.7 - - - (1) 33.3 <25 (8) 44 (17) 35.4 (3) 18.6 25-29 (4) 22 (15) 31.3 (3) 18.8 30-34 (1) 5.6 (5) 10.4 (3) 18.8 35-39 (3)16.7 (6) 12.5 (2) 12.5 40+ (2) 11 (5) 10.4 (5) 31.3 μ 3.6 4.6 9.6 3.2 0.6 SD+/- 2.7 2.4 5.9 1.1 0.9 * μ=mean Table 12. Preferred amount to pay for waste collection services by households per collection over the Municipal fee for waste collection in households Amount in TZS/= Frequency (n=29) % 100-500 11 37.9 600-1000 9 31 1100-1500 - - 1600-2000 7 24.1 2100-2500 2 6.9 Total 29 100 Of those respondents who recognized (n=29) waste collection as a payable service as they have been paying the Municipal and some other private sectors an amount of TZS. 2000-3000/= per month for services, most were willing to pay only the lower amounts of TZS. 100-1000/= per
- 58. 40 collection to receivea home collection service. Fewer (9; 31%) were ready to pay larger sums TZS. 1600-2500/= for these services. 4.7. Observation practice of SW disposal in households Most of the respondents (n=88, 80%) practiced illegal dumping despite reporting they have dustbins in their property or take waste to the dumpsites, and many households practiced indiscriminate burning of SW (n=62, 56.4%) in their property and beside the street roads. Table 13. Observation checklist elucidating possession and real practice from households’ in waste management Observation Freq (n=110) % Composite pit in backyard and Yes 29 26.4 No 81 73.6 Illegal dumping Yes 88 80 No 22 20 Waste bin with a lid Yes 55 50 No 55 50 Evidence of indiscriminate burning of SW Yes 62 56.4 No 48 43.6
- 59. 41 Plate 5-7. Observationof poor evidence practices of waste management from households (Source, Field Observation 2015)
- 60. 42 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0. DISCUSSION 5.1.Socio-demographics status of households in the Nyamagana Municipality The preponderance of female respondents (67.5%) in this study reflects the higher level of interest and responsibility for waste management showed by the female gender as reported in a qualitative study of preference for household tasks including WM [51]. This study also revealed that a fairly large number of the respondents had primary school education 48 (40%), those with secondary education were 35 (29.2%) and just 10 (8.3%) had no formal education, an indication of a low level of educational status. This is comparable to the work done [52] on household knowledge of SW segregation in Urban Kampala which showed that only 30.5% had attained primary education. Consequently, the assumption that low attained education can cause poor WM knowledge was not the case in this study, those with primary, secondary and post- secondary education were more homogenous in their levels of knowledge on how to manage with respect to the regulations of Mwanza City bylaw of waste management. This could be explained that level of education attained by the head of household have no effect in this study (p =0.19) on the impacts with respect to knowledge of SWM at household level. 5.2. The knowledge of Nyamagana residents toward disposal of household SW Furthermore the findings of this study does not line to the findings in Nigeria [53] that showed high level of knowledge 254 (90%) of WM could be explained by the generally high educational status of respondents [54] that was stated significantly associated (p=0.04). Majority of respondents with primary education were found at home and consisted mostly of women (67.5%),
- 61. 43 this can definethat women take care of most chores related to home, emptying the garbage bin and ensuring waste is collected or dealt with other methods of WM. Family size had an association and was significant in how SW is managed by households. Households with large number of members and those with few members had no difference in knowledge (p=0.07) regarding waste management. The significant was on practice (p=0.03,); in relation to family size, an increase in number of occupants means members can divide chores dealing with how they separate, and dispose of the waste to keep their property clean. Also good practices was significantly associated with number of house members for small and larger families (OR=0.62, p=0.0018 and OR=1.68 p=0.0016) respectively. The findings of this study does not go in line with the results found in Ethiopia [42] where there was no significant relationship between amount of SW generated and effective management at household level with respect to family size. Post-secondary educated respondents are significantly more likely than those with no and primary education to practice better methods of waste dispose (p= 0.04, OR=5.57) in their houses. This study is compared to the study done by Adogu [54] where it showed educated respondents were significantly more likely than the less educated to dispose of waste through composting and incineration and the less educated were more likely to dispose of refuse by illegal open dumping, burning and burying. The study also found that the economic status of household is associated with knowledge (p=<0.0001) and practice (p= 0.04,) of WM management in Nyamagana Municipality. Those who are well off can have access to and pay for services and have equipment necessary for waste disposal available in their homes and are therefore able to manage their waste to meet the standards per Mwanza city bylaws on WM. Whereby the poorer (p=<0.0001, OR=0.36) cannot practice
- 62. 44 better management ofSW due to lack of resources, services and poor habitation. The findings are compared to a study in Ethiopia [42] that households earning higher monthly income disposed of their wastes in a legal way than lower income earner households, however in that study researcher ascertained that higher income earner had ability to pay for private waste collectors at higher costs than the lower income group although this was not a significant correlation in this present study. 5.3. Common existing SW managing practice at household levels/Observed Situation of Household SWM in Nyamagana Municipality The selected sample household heads were also asked whether they had waste collection material (temporary storage) at home, 87 (72.5%) respondents replied as having temporary storage. With regard to the kind of storage they used, 52 (43.3%) of the respondents said they used plastic buckets/bins for disposing their domestic SW. Despite the respondents’ reporting having the waste bins, observation data show only half of the observed households (n=55, 5%) had waste bins with a lid and used them. The most popular methods of immediate waste disposal known and practiced by the respondents were open dumping (37.5%) followed by using dust bin (27.5%) while the least used method was throwing waste on roads (5.8%). Also observation from field showed most household practice illegal dumping of waste (n=88, 88%); this could be explained by behaviors and habits of most slum area dwellers, unplanned areas and lack of waste storage equipment. Open dumping remains the simplest and the most commonly preferred method for disposing MSW in most low to middle income communities in Tanzania, and nearly, only 40% of generated waste end up in official designated landfills while the rest are littered on roads, open spaces and disposed in trenches [54]. Well engineered facilities like Sanitary landfills (with liners, leachate, gas collection and collection/ treatment systems) are now used by high income countries to ensure the protection of
- 63. 45 human health andthe environment [54]; however this is not the case in most parts of Tanzania where people can initiate a dumpsite that is not legally set by the City or Municipal authorities, and usually occur as open dumps from pre-existing hole (created from sand burrowing activities, valleys or water erode land or even on a blocked road) into which waste could be deposited [54]. In Mwanza, some of these open pits are located near residential housing and house members use them and therefore represent a threat to human health like provide harbourage for diseases causing organisms, bacteria, insects, and rodents and destroy the environment. Similarly a study done in South Africa found that out of the 5 million tons of waste produced daily, only 5% is disposed of in proper sites, which means that most of the waste in that country is deposited in environmentally unsafe sites [55]. A large number of the household respondents had awareness of WM health dangers due to improper disposal of domestic waste. This aligns with the study carried out in Nigeria which showed that respondents in the university area of Ogbomso had awareness of poor waste management health risks, as 82.0% agreed that waste disposal into drains, roads and around the surroundings is unhealthy and can be disastrous to health [53]. 5.3.1. Attitude toward Willingness to Pay The data on table 9 above clearly shows most or all household members were willing to pay for the improvements of SWM at household level which is in line with a study done in Ethiopia [42], where 98.4% in that study were ready to improve waste collection services at homes by voluntary paying for waste collection and dumping service. Gender, education levels and age of the household head had no correlation with the willingness to pay for SWM in that study. Similarly findings on determinants of willingness to pay for improved household SWM in Kampala City found age having a negative association to willingness to pay. This study also found majority of
- 64. 46 household heads areready to pay “individual workers” who roam around homes and “Private Sectors” (Table 11) if the service is provided regularly and pay is per collection, compared to municipal or any other workers [29]. The reported practices disagreed with what was observed in households. Most people who said they have waste collection equipment did not really have, or if available it was not monitored well and left the surroundings contaminated (bad odor, attracted vector insects, spills) and not valuable for other use. Illegal dumping and indiscriminate burning of waste were practices by most people, n=88 and n=62 respectively. This shows that proper WM is not practiced as reported by the households. Respondents’ fear that this research was from municipal inspection could have led people providing wrong information regarding what they usually practice, despite explanations by the researchers. 5.4. Household challenges to standard SWM practice in Nyamagana Municipality Tanzania is one of the developing countries in which residences are constructed without formal structures, houses specifically in slum areas, and this has presented challenges to waste collection by the municipalities and private waste service providers [7]. Physical challenges such as inadequate infrastructure including roads, sanitary facilities (skips, waste receptacles, waste carrying trucks, bulldozers, designated ward collection points) and drains have made the situation detrimental. The growth of residences in Nyamagana has mostly been in slums, thus contributing to the challenges of household WM, yet the designated waste receptacles and dumpsites do not expand as fast to meet the needs of people around the areas. At the household level where there is daily waste generation, the behavioral practice and attitude of household are accustomed to improper disposal of waste. Another challenging issue is Municipalities have not paid attention to waste
- 65. 47 management compared toother problems in the country, for example education and health. Likewise there has been no major public outcry about the problem though people are living in areas surrounded with waste.
- 66. 48 CHAPTER SIX 6.0. CONCLUSIONSand RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1. Conclusions The study considered the waste management practices among households in Nyamagana Municipality. It looked at the socio demographics of respondents, and their knowledge and practices (both surveyed and observed) towards waste management. The study found that knowledge (including the regulations of 2002 Environmental Act and penalty fee) and practice on SWM had no significant association with gender, age, and occupation compared to other study settings. Also income levels, education, family size and socio-economic status of respondents were significantly associated with good practices. Majority of the residents in the 6 wards that were studied understood that there were health risks if domestic waste is not properly managed, yet there was evidence from direct field observation that despite the fact they knew the risks, their houses’ environments were unclean and exposed them to health dangers and poor environmental conditions. Moreover most householders are not aware of the boundary of their practice and those which are to be done by the municipality. The lack of clear association between some socio-demographic versus knowledge and practice in this study can be due to the homogeneity of the population as it sampled only the slums of Nyamagana in Mwanza city. 6.2. Recommendations Proper waste disposal management is essential to sustain healthy living conditions in any environment. Households in Nyamagana should strictly adherence to appropriate WM practices (use recommended dustbins, dispose waste in designated areas, apply SW treatment techniques which involves separation, reuse and avoid indiscriminating burning of waste that will help
- 67. 49 insulate the inhabitantsfrom detrimental and hazardous environmental conditions and improve the living standard of people. In order to achieve SWMT function effectively, proper SWM strategies are essential. Yet at this time proper strategies of SWMT (including source reduction, separation, compositing, waste minimization, waste re-use, waste burning and sanitary land filling) have not been successfully employed by most wards surveyed in this study in Nyamagana Municipality., of which should be introduced and practiced from major source who are households. To improve this situation, several recommendations can be made: 6.2.1. Recommendation for interventions 1. Education The Government of Tanzania, through state ministries of Health and Environment and MCC, could facilitate education of the population, especially on environmental management behavior, with an emphasis on waste handling practices and the WM regulations of 2002. Public health education of households could include specific information on the effect and health dangers of poor WM practices, both to human wellbeing and the environment. Options available include: Options available include: leveraging available technology (radio, televisions, newspapers), providing public seminars, and informing environmental health projects. In addition, incorporating health oriented practices as a subject in the primary and secondary school educational curriculum would improve the knowledge of WM practice among the community.
- 68. 50 2. Waste ManagementPractices The Government, together with the MCC, could improve WM practices and population health and safety by ensuring waste collection services are easily available and accessible for every household in the community. This would include providing means of waste collection (wheel barrow, serviced trucks, collection bags, bulldozers) from collection points and skips to the final dumpsite. This would help to reduce the common practices of open dumping, road and drain dumping by individuals that causes environmental pollution of neighborhoods. The waste management authority of the MCC should also encourage Private Sector Participation (PSP). This would provide firm services and fixed affordable costs for collection and transfer of household waste to nearby dump sites. Alternatively, or in addition, a progressive Mwanza city health and environmental department might consider designing and implementing a process to identify and register individuals by Wards to provide waste collection services to homes. 6.2.2. Recommendation for Further Research Further research should be done to determine health promotion strategies which can be useful to sensitize the community in hygienic and appropriate waste management system to support the municipal effort in Nyamagana, Mwanza. The result of this proposed study will hopefully add to proper engagement techniques of household to have a clean and healthy Nyamagana.
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- 76. 58 APPENDICES Appendix I: Timelineon Research Activity JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT Concept paper due Proposal 1st draft Feedback literature review and proposal draft Proposal defense at school of public health research, consultancy & publication committee Final research proposal due Proposal defense to ethical review committee fieldwork preparation Begin field work Data analysis Writing thesis Dissertation submission
- 77. 59 Appendix II: ConsentForm (English Version) CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES-BUGANDO DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS Assessment of Domestic Solid Waste Management Practices at Household level Nyamagana Municipality in Northern Tanzania INVESTIGATOR: Contact: +255 0757979057/_____________ Dear Sir/Madam I ………………………………………………. (Name of Research Assistant), am a research assistant in a study that is seeking to study Domestic Solid Waste Management Practices at the household level in Nyamagana Municipality. The study is being done by John Brown who is a Masters in Public Health student at Bugando Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences. This study is not under any governmental authorities, it is designed for study purposes and dedicated to understanding how people handle solid waste in their homes. Information obtained from this study may also be of interest to government in planning waste management interventions to tackle issues of solid wastes for better waste management outcomes. Any information you will provide will be anonymous and your answers will be kept confidential from anyone other than the researcher, and the study will only show grouped data – not individual data – of what you shared so you cannot be identified. The study does not pose any risk to you and your participation is completely voluntary. You are free to withdraw from the study at any time and this will not lead to any negative consequences.
- 78. 60 Answering questions willnot take more than 30 minutes of your time. I will also request you to take me around your house to show me how you manage wastes in your home and show me if there is any waste bin/dustbin that you use in your home. If you wish, you may read a printed copy of the study’s executive summary of the key points that will be submitted in the local government office/ward office a when it is finished For any questions or clarification do not hesitate to ask the researcher concerning this study. Please be free to also call this number +255 757 979 057 in case you need to talk to someone about the study in the absence of researcher or research assistant. Or contact the Director of Research and Innovation, P. O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: 28- 250-0881. Consent: Please sign below if you are willing to participate in the study. Signature……………………………………………………………………………… Date…………………………………………………………………………………… Witness Signature…………………………………………………………………….. Date…………………………………………………………………………………… Research Assistant Signature………………………………………………………… Date…………………………………………………………………………………... THANK YOU!
- 79. 61 Appendix III: ConsentForm (Swahili Version) CHUO CHA KATOLIKI CHA AFYA NA SAYANSI MWAMBATA –BUGANDO KURUGENZI YA UTAFITI NA UBUNIFU Fomu ya Ridhaa ya kushiriki katika tafiti Mtafiti Mkuu: John Brown Namba ya Utambulisho: ________________ Ndugu; Mimi…………… (Jina la msaidizi wa utafiti), msaidizi wa kazi ya utafiti wakisanyasi katika kutaka kuelewa namna watu wanavyo mudu taka ngumu zitokanazo na shughuli za nyumbani (katika kaya), ndani ya halmashauri ya Nyamagana. Utafiti huu wa kimasomo unafanywa na John Brown mwanafunzi wa Shahada ya uzamili “afya ya jamii” katika chuo kikuu cha Katoliki cha afya na sayansi mwambata –Bugando. Utafiti huu wa kimasomo hauko chini ya mamlaka ya serikali, lengo lake nikutafuta kujua jinsi watu wanamudu taka zao majumbani. Taarifa ambazo zitachukuliwa kwako kutokana na utafiti huu zitatumika kwa manufaa yakimasomo na zaweza kuvutia halmashauri ya Nyamagana katika kupata kumbukumbu kwa kazi zingine na pia kubuni nyenzo nzuri za kumudu taka. Kila taarifa utayotoa italinda huhusika wako bila kutaja jina lako mwanzo hadi mwisho wa utafiti. Utafiti huu hauna madhara kwako na ushiriki wako katika utafiti ni wa hiyari. Huko huru kuacha kushiriki muda wowote kama utajiskia kuacha, na hakuna madhara yoyote katika hilo. Katika kujibu maswali utakayoulizwa haita zidi dakika 30 ya muda wako. Na kwa hiyari yako ningependa pia kuona mazingira ya nyumbani kwako ili niweze ona kama unanamna/sehemu
- 80. 62 maalumu ya kutupiaau kuhifadhia taka za nyumba. Kama ungependa kupata taarifa fupi za maandishi zitazotopatikana katika utafiti huu utapata kwenye ofisi ya Kata, ambapo mtendaji wa Kata atapewa nakala. Kama una maswali yoyote kuhusu utafiti huu unaweza kupata maelezo kupitia namba +255 757 979 057. Au wasiliana na Mkurugenzi wa tafiti na ubunifu, Chuo Katoliki cha Afya na Sayansi Mwambata S.L.P 1464, Mwanza – Tanzania. Namba ya simu: 28-250-0881. Makubaliano Tafadhari weka sahihi yako hapa chini kuonesha umeridhia kushiriki katika utafiti Saini………………………………………………………… Tarehe………………………………………………………… Saini ya shahidi……………………………………………… Tarehe………………………………………………………… Saini ya mtafiti msaidizi……………………………………. Tarehe………………………………………………………… ASANTE SANA KWA USHIRIKI WAKO!
- 81. 63 Appendix IV: Questionnaire(English Version) Assessment of Domestic Solid Waste Management Practices at Household Level Nyamagana Municipality in Northern Tanzania Questionnaire Number: _________________ Date: ____/__ / 2015 Municipality__________________________ Ward: ____________________ Street: _____________________ Name of the Researcher/ Assistant: __________________ Please you are required to put in the box [ ] for their appropriate response in questions below. A. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS Code Question Response A1 What is your age in years? [ ] A2 What is your Sex? [ ] male [ ] female A3 What is your marital status? [ ] 1. Single [ ] 2. Cohabiting [ ] 3. Married [ ] 4. Divorced [ ] 5. Widowed A4 What is the highest level of schooling that you have completed? [ ] 1. No Education [ ] 2. Primary School [ ] 3. Secondary School [ ] 4. High School [ ] 5. Vocational Training [ ] 6. College [ ] 7. University A5 What is your occupational/economic activity? [ ] 1. House wife [ ] 2. Crop Cultivation [ ] 3. Livestock keeping [ ] 4. Business [ ] 5. Government job [ ] 6. Others, specify:________________________________ A6 Does your family own any of the following? Please check all that apply: [ ] 1.Radio [ ] 2. Bicycle [ ] 3. Car [ ] 4. Motorcycle [ ] 5. Television set [ ] 6. Solar power [ ] 7. Electricity [ ] 8. Livestock [ ] 9. Tractor
- 82. 64 A7 Is thehouse owned by the householder or rented from someone else? [ ] 1. Owned [ ] 2. Rent A8 Household size (family size) How many of you are living in under one roof together? [ ] A9 What is your tribe? [ ] 1. Sukuma [ ] 2. Nyamwezi [ ] 3. Zinza [ ] 4. Jita [ ] 5. Haya [ ] 6. Chagga [ ] 7. Mixed/Other: __________________________________________ A10 How long have you stayed in Nyamagana? ___________year Probe: What year did you move to Nyamagana? ___________ Year [ ] 1. From birth [ ] 2. Less than1 year [ ] 3. 2-5 years [ ] 4. 5-10 years [ ] 5 .>10 years B. GENERATION, COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL B1 Do you have a refuse bin at your household? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2, No B2 If YES, what type of bin(s)? if respondent is confused, gives examples of type (plastic, cut- metal drum, grass etc. so they know what you mean by “type” (Mention here)____________________________________ B3 Where do you put your domestic solid waste each daily? [ ]1. Plastic Bags [ ] 2. Boxes [ ] 3. Baskets [ ] 4. Plastic bins [ ] 5. Nothing [ ] 6. Metal drum [ ] 7. Others _________________ B4 How much domestic waste do you produce in a week? [ ] 1. Less than a bin [ ] 2. One bin [ ] 3. Two bins [ ] 4. Other (specify)______________________
- 83. 65 B5 Who normallytakes the waste bin/bag out to be emptied for further use? [ ] 1. Father [ ] 2. Mother [ ] 3. Children [ ] 4. Housemaid [ ] 5. Anyone B6 Do you throw waste into a dug hole on your property? If YES what kind of waste [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (Mention waste here)_________________________________________________ B7 Do you throw waste into a public pit? If YES what kind [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (Mention waste here)_________________________________________________ B8 Do you sometimes throw waste onto a public road or an area near the road? If YES, what kind of waste [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (Mention waste here)_________________________________________________ B9 Do you bring bags / containers of waste to a public dump? If YES what kind of waste? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (Mention waste here)_________________________________________________ B10 Is there any waste collection/ disposal person that comes to pick up waste at your home? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO SKIP to question B15 below ) B11 If YES, from above what is the main source of the collection? [ ] 1. Scavenger [ ] 2. Government service [ ] 3. Other organization [ ] 4. I’m not sure who collects it B12 How often is waste collected at your home? [ ] 1. Daily [ ] 2. Weekly [ ] 3. Monthly [ ] 4. Not collected [ ] 5. Other (specify) _______________________________. B13 Do you think the frequency of waste collection at your home is adequate? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if YES SKIP question to B16 ) B14 If NO, can you explain why it is not adequate? (Explain shortly)________________________________________ B15 If NO, from above B10 where do you dispose/ dump immediate waste? (check all boxes that apply you) [ ] 1. Pit within compound [ ] 2. Neighborhood dump sites [ ] 3. Compound bins [ ] 4. Throw on roads [ ] 5. Anywhere B16 Do you know if there is a waste collection service offered by the Municipality? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO SKIP question to B19 below)
- 84. 66 B17 If YES,How much (tariff) is Nyamagana city Council (NCC) charging for waste collection at your homes? Is the cost you provide for waste collection too expensive or is it reasonable? (Mention tariff in Tsh here)______________________ (Explain)_________________________________ B18 What amount do you prefer and think is right for anyone to afford paying? (Explain)________________________________________ B19 Are there non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that collect solid waste in your area? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP question to B22) [ ] 3. I don’t know B20 If YES, how much do they charge? (Mention here)___________________________________ B21 Does the type and level of service by NGOs vary at all from the service provided by the municipal authorities? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No If YES, please explain how they vary__________________________________________ B22 Is there any waste/dump site close to your home? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C1) B23 If YES, how far away is it? Probe: How many minutes would it take to walk to it? (Mention here)__________________________________ C. WASTE MANAGEMENT C1 Do you separate or sort your waste [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C3) C2 If YES, why do you separate? (shortly explain)_____________________________ C3 Are there any items that you reuse after their primary function is through? (E.g. boxes, plastic bottles, food peels etc.) [ ] 1. Yes Examples: _____________________________________ [ ] 2. No If YES, Please describe how___________________________________________________ C4 Are there any waste pickers who collect materials from your [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C6)
- 85. 67 waste bags/bins orsurrounding dumps? (E.g. metal scraps, plastic bottles, food cans etc.) C5 If YES, which types of materials do you think they prefer? 1._________________________ 2._________________________ 3.________________________ 4 others_____________________________ C6 Do you ever arrange with waste pickers so that you set aside the kind of solid waste materials they prefer [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question C9) C7 If YES, has it been helping you in managing your solid waste? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No If YES, Explain shortly, _____________________________________ C8 Do waste pickers pay you any amount when they come to collect the solid waste materials they prefer? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No If YES, Explain shortly, ____________________________________ C9 Of the listed institutions, who are you willing to pay for home collection and disposal services of waste? [ ] 1. Municipality [ ] 2. Private companies [ ] 3. NGOs [ ] 4. Individual [ ] 5. Community based organizations [ ] 6. Other (specify)______________________________________ D. CHALLENGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT D1 Are you aware of any dangers associated with poor solid waste management? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D3) D2 If YES, name two of the biggest / most important dangers you know? (Mention here)_____________________________________ D3 Are there any challenges that you encounter during disposing of your household waste’? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D5)
- 86. 68 D4 If YES,mention any 3 important challenges that you have. 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3._________________________ D5 Are you aware of any legislation to do with solid waste? [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No (if NO, SKIP to question D8) D6 If YES, is there a penalty fee for anyone who fails to dispose of their household waste properly, as required by the Municipality? [ ] 1. YES [ ] 2. NO [ ] 3. I don’t Know D7 If YES, what does it say? Check all that you believe apply. (These are a mix of true and false legislations on municipal solid waste management acts) [ ] 1. Every house owner, who uses the house for living is required to have enough refuse disposal bins, as recommended by the municipality [ ] 2. It is strictly prohibited for any person to dispose of waste on roads, in gutters, open spaces, or water sources [ ] 3. You may burn your waste any place [ ] 4. It is strictly prohibited to dispose of hazardous house waste (e.g. , insecticide bottles, toilet waste, chemical solvents, etc.) with other wastes (e.g. decomposable waste, food scraps) [ ] 5. You are free to share with your 68eighbor the waste collecting bin at any time [ ] 6. The Municipality will not be responsible for any solid waste generated in your home. D8 Do you have any suggestions for the Municipality to make waste management at homes better? Suggestion(s): Thank you for your cooperative time! Name of research Assistant: …………………… Sign: ……………
- 87. 69 Appendix V: Questionnaire(Swahili Version) Utafiti Juu ya Kumudu Taka Ngumu zitokanazo na Shughuli za Nyumbani, Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Nyamagana Namba ya dodoso: _________________ tarehe: ____ /___/ 2015 Halmashauri ya manispaa ya: __________________________ Kata: ____________________ jina la mtafiti/ mtafiti msaidizi: __________________ Mtaa: ____________________ Tafadhari weka alama hii kwenye kisanduku [ ] pale mdodoswaji atakapo jibu maswali yafuatayo A. TAARIFA ZA KIDEMOGRAFIA ZA MHOJIWA Geresho Swali Jibu A1 Una umri wa miaka mingapi? (namba kamili) [ ] A2 Jinsia [ ] mwanaume [ ] mwanamke A3 Ni nini hali yako ya ndoa? (chunguza zaidi: kama ameoa/olewa uliza cheti cha ndoa kuthibitisha hali hiyo) [ ] 1. Sijaoa/sijaolewa [ ] 2. nakaa na mweza/mpenzi wangu [ ] 3. Nimeoa/nimeolewa [ ] 4. mtalaka [ ] 5. Mgane/mjane A4 Elimu yako ya juu ni ya ngazi gani? [ ] 1. Sijaenda shule [ ] 2. Shule ya msingi [ ] 3. Shule ya sekondari [ ] 4. Elimu ya juu ya sekondari (kidato cha 5 na 6) [ ] 5. Mafunzo ya ufundi [ ] 6. Chuo [ ] 7. Chuo kikuu A5 Unafanya kazi gani/shughuli gani yakuingizia kipato? [ ] 1. Mke wa nyumbani [ ] 2. mkulima [ ] 3. Mfugaji na mkulima [ ] 4. Mfanya biashara [ ] 5. Mfanyakazi wa serikali [ ] 6. zinginezo, zitaje:________________________________ A6 Je mnamiliki vitu hivi kwenye familia yenu tafadhari weka alama pale panapohusika. [ ] 1.Radio [ ] 2. Baiskeli [ ] 3. gari [ ] 4. pikipiki [ ] 5. Televisheni [ ] 6. Umeme wa TANESCO [ ] 8. Paa la bati [ ] 9. Sakafu ya sementi [ ] 10. mifugo [ ] 11. Trekta
- 88. 70 A7 Nyumba unayokaa,ni yako binafsi au ya kupanga? [ ] 1. Yangu binafsi [ ] 2. Ya kupanga A8 Ukubwa wa kaya (familia). Mnakaa wangapi ndani ya nyumba yenu? (Kaya; ni familia ya baba na mama, watoto na wategemezi). [ ] A9 Kabira yako ni ipi? [ ] 1. msukuma [ ] 2. mnyamwezi [ ] 3. mzinza [ ] 4. mjita [ ] 5. mhaya [ ] 6. mchagga [ ] 7. mchanganyiko/zinginezo: __________________________________________ A10 Ni kwa mda gani umeishi wilaya ya Nyamagana (kwa miaka)? Uliza zaidi: ni mwaka gani ulianza ishi Nyamagana? Kwa (miaka)___________ [ ]1. Pungufu ya mwaka [ ]2. Miaka 2-5 [ ]3. Miaka 5-10 [ ]4. Zaidi ya miaka 10 B. UZALISHAJI, UKUSANYAJI NA UTUPAJI WA TAKA NGUMU Geresho Swali Jibu B1 Je una chombo cha kukusanyia taka makazini kwako (nyumbani kwako)? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2, Hapana B2 Kama NDIO, ni ukubwa gani wa chombo/vyombo? Kama mhojiwa ameshindwa kuelewa, toa mfano wa aina (kubwa, dogo, la wastani n.k.) (taja hapa)____________________________________ B3 Je waweka wapi taka ngumu kila wakati kwa siku? [ ]1. Mfuko wa plastiki [ ] 2. Maboksi (ya karatasi) [ ] 3. kikapu [ ] 4. Ndoo ya uchafu (ya dukani) [ ] 5. Si popote [ ] 6. Sanduku [ ] 7. mengineyo _________________ B4 Je ni kiasi gani cha taka ngumu unazalisha ndani ya wiki? [ ] 1. Pungufu ya ndoo ya uchafu [ ] 2. Ndoo moja [ ] 3. Ndoo mbili [ ] 4. Zinginezo,(zitaje)______________________ B5 Ni nani kwa kawaida anatoa ndoo au mzigo wa uchafu [ ] 1. baba [ ] 2. mama
- 89. 71 ilikumwaga kwa ajiliya matumizi ya baadae? [ ] 3. watoto [ ] 4. Msaidizi wa kazi [ ] 5. yeyote B6 Je una shimo la taka ndani ya makazi yako ambalo unatupa taka? Kama NDIO ni taka zipi? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________ B7 Je unatupa taka kwenye shimo la umma? Kama NDIO ni taka zipi? (shimo la umma ni shimo ambalo watu wa maeneo hayo ulitumia kwa kutupa taka ngumu, si la kiserikali) [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama hapana) (taja taka hizo hapa)________________________________________________ B8 Je unatupaga takataka wakati mwingine barabarani au maeneo karibu na barabara? kama NDIO ni taka zipi? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________ B9 Je wapeleka mzigo/chombo cha taka za nyumbani kwenye dampo la serikali? Kama NDIO ni taka zipi? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (taja taka hizo hapa)_________________________________________________ B10 Je kuna mtu yeyote ambae anakuja kukusanya/kupeleka kutupa taka za nyumbani kwenu? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA nenda swali la B15 lifuatalo chini) B11 Kama NDIO swali la juu, mtumishi huyo ni wa wapi? [ ] 1. Matopas (skavenga, machokora) [ ] 2. Huduma za serikali/halmashauri [ ] 3. Kampuni zingine binafsi za jamii [ ] 4. Sina hakika huyo mtu ni wa wapi B12 Ni kwa mara ngapi taka za nyumban zinakusanywa kwenu? [ ] 1. Kila siku [ ] 2. Kwa wiki [ ] 3. Kwa mwezi [ ]4. hazikusanywi [ ] zinginezo (taja hapa) _______________________________. B13 Je unafikiri mzunguko wa huduma ya ukusanyaji wa taka taka unajitosheleza nyumbani kwako? [ ] 1. ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama NDIO nenda swali la B16 lifuatalo chini ) B14 Kama, HAPANA, je unaweza kueleza kwanini haijitoshelezi kwa mahitaji yako? (eleza kwa ufupi)________________________________________
- 90. 72 B15 Kama HAPANA,je wapi unatupa taka zako za haraka/mara moja? (tafadhari weka alama hii kwenye visanduku pale vinavyokuhusu) [ ] 1. Shimo ndani ya maeneo ya nyumbani [ ] 2. Dampo la jirani [ ] 3. Ndoo ya taka ya nyumbani [ ] 4. Tupa barabarani [ ] 5. Popote B16 Je unafahamu kama kuna huduma ya halmashauri ya kukusanya taka za nyumbani? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA , nenda swali B19 lifuatalo chini) B17 Kama NDIO, Ni kiasi cha Shilingi ngapi Halmashauri ya Nyamagana (NCC) inatoza kwa huduma hizo kwa watu wa nyumbani? Je kiasi ambacho unatozwa ni kikubwa sana au ni ekevu? (taja kiasi kwa Sh ya TZ hapa)______________________ (Eleza kwa ufupi)_________________________________ B18 Kiasi gani kingekuwa sahihi na rahisi kwa kila mtu kulipa? (Eleza kwa ufupi)________________________________ B19 Je kuna jumuiya ambazo sio za kiserikali ambazo za kusanya taka ngumu kwenye makazi unayo ishi (NGOs)? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana [ ] 3. Sijafahamu (kama HAPANA, nenda swali la B22 lifuatalo chini) B20 Kama NDIO, ni kiasi cha shilingi ngapi wanatoza? (taja hapa)___________________________________ B21 Je aina na viwango vya huduma za ukusanyaji wa taka ngumu zisizo za kiserikali utofautiana na huduma ambazo utolewa na manispaa yenu? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana If NDIO, tafadhari eleza tofauti kati __________________________________________ B22 Je kuna dampo kubwa la taka taka karibu na nyumbani kwako? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama hapana, nenda swali la C1 lifuatalo chini) B23 Kama NDIO, ni urefu gani hadi kufika kutoka kwako? Na inachukua mda gani (dakika) kutembea hadi kufika huko? (eleza hapa)__________________________________
- 91. 73 C. KUMUDU TAKA GereshoSwali Jibu C1 Je unatenganisha taka zako za nyumbani? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana( kama HAPANA, nenda swali C3 lifuatalo chini) C2 Kama NDIO, kwanini unatenganisha? (eleza kwa ufupi)_____________________________ C3 Je kuna vifaa/tunu ambavyo unavitumia tena baada ya shughuli yake ya kwanza/awali kuisha? (m.f. masanduku, chupa za plastiki (ya maji, soda), maganda ya vyakula n.k)? [ ] 1. Ndio Mifano: _____________________________________ [ ] 2. Hapana C4 Je kuna watu wanaokuja kuokata vifaa baadhi kutoka kwenye taka zako/zenu au maeneo ya dampo? (m.f. chupa za plastiki, vyuma chakavu, makopo ya bati n.k) [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali C6 lifuatalo chini) C5 Kama NDIO, ni vifaa gani unafikiri wanapendelea? 1._________________________ 2._________________________ 3.________________________ 4 mengineyo_____________________________ C6 Je uwa una mpangilio na hao waokota taka ili kutenga vifaa- taka ambavyo wao wanapendelea? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali C9 lifuatalo chini) C7 Kama NDIO, je imekusaidia katika kumudu taka ngumu? (eleza kwa ufupi), ____________________________________ C8 Je hao watu wanakupa kiasi chochote cha pesa wanapochukua vifaa chakavu kwenye taka zako? (Eleza kwa ufupi)___________________________________
- 92. 74 C9 Kati orodhaya taasisi hizi, ni nani uko radhi kumlipa kwa huduma za kukusanya na kutupa taka zako za nyumbani? [ ] 1. Manispaa/halmashauri [ ] 2. Kampuni binafsi [ ] 3. NGOs (mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali) [ ] 4. Mtu binafsi [ ] 5. Vikundi vya jamiii vya maendeleo (CBO) [ ] 6. Wengine (wataje)________________________________________ D. CHANGAMOTO KATIKA KUMUDU TAKA NGUMU Geresho Swali Jibu D1 Je unatambua athari zozote zinazoweza kuwapata watu majirani, zitokanazo na kumudu taka ngumu vibaya? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D3 lifuatalo chini) D2 Kama NDIO, taja athari kubwa mbili na muhimu ambazo unazijua (taja hapa)_____________________________________ D3 Je kuna changamoto ambazo unakabiliana nazo kwenye kumudu taka ngumu za nyumbani? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D5 lifuatalo chini) D4 Kama NDIO, taja zozote tatu unazokabiliana nazo 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3._________________________ D5 Je unatambua sheria yoyote inayohusiana na taka gumu? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana (kama HAPANA, nenda swali D8 lifuatalo chini) D6 Je kuna faini kwa wale wanaoshindwa kutupa taka zao za majumbani kwa usahihi kama inavyotakiwa na halmashauri? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana [ ] 3. Sifahamu D7 Kama NDIO, je sharia yasemaje? (Tafadhari weke alama pale unapoona ni sahihi) [ ] 1. Mtu yeyote anayemiliki nyumba au mpangaji anatakiwa kuweka chombo cha kukusanyia taka chenye ukubwa unaotosheleza na chenye mfuniko unaofaa kama inavyohitajika na manispaa ya Nyamagana [ ] 2. Ni ruhusa wakati mwingine mtu yeyote kutupa taka barabarani, kwenye mifereji,maeneo ya wazi au vyanzo vya maji [ ] 3. Inakubarika kuchoma taka zako popote
- 93. 75 (Ni mchanganyiko washeria moja sahihi na zingine zisizo sahihi kuhusu kumudu taka ngumu) [ ] 4. Ni ruhusa kutupa taka hatarishi/zenye madhara pamoja na taka zingine (zisizo na madhara ya haraka,m.f.: Mabaki ya chakula, taka zinazooza haraka) (m.f. maji taka ya choo na bafuni, mafuta ya kuyeyushia, mafutaa ya taa, betri za tochi na magari, madawa ya kuulia wadudu n.k) [ ] 5. Huko huru kutumia/kushiriki na jirani yako wakati wowote chombo cha kuhifadhia taka [ ] 6. Halmashauri ya manispaa ya Nyamagana hawatohusika na taka zozote zizalishwazo majumbani D8 Je una ushauri wowote au pendekezo kwa halmashauri kufanya shuhuguli za kumudu taka kuwa bora zaidi majumbani? (pendekezo/Mapendekezo) Asante kwa muda wako na ushiriki wako! Jina la msaidizi wa utafiti: …………………… Saini: ……………
- 94. 76 Appendix VI: ObservationChecklist (English Version) The Research Assistant is to complete the following questions. It may be necessary to ask the householder about some of these questions if you are unable to observe directly Social Economic Status date______/_____2015 O1 What is the roof of this house made of? [ ] 1. Tiles, concrete, cement [ ] 2. wood, grass, thatch [ ] 3. Galvanized iron or asbestos [ ] 4. Other materials O2 What are the floors of this house made of? [ ]1. Earth [ ] 2. Wood [ ] 3. Tiles [ ] 4. Cement [ ] 5. Other materials O3 What is the main source of drinking water for this household? [ ] 1. Piped into residence [ ] 2. Rain water harvested [ ] 3. Public tap [ ] 4. Vendor [ ] 5. River, canal, spring [ ] 6. Other O4 What is the main source of energy for cooking in this household? [ ] 1. Electricity or solar [ ] 2. Biogas, kerosene, or charcoal [ ] 3. Firewood [ ] 4. Crop residue, sawdust, animal dung, chaff, grass [ ] 5. Other Waste management observation O1a Is there compost pit outside [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No O2a Is there illegal dumping [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No O3a Is there a waste collection bin [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No O4a Evidence of indiscriminately burning of waste in in the compound [ ] 1. Yes [ ] 2. No
- 95. 77 Appendix VII: ObservationChecklist (Swahili Version) Msaidizi wa tafiti anatakiwa kukamilisha maswali ya hakiki yafuatayo. Unaweza hitaji zaidi kumuuliza mkazi wa kaya maswali haya kama hutoweza kuangalia/kuhakiki/kuchunguza moja kwa moja. Orodha ya kuhakiki hali ya kiuchumi Tarehe_____/____/2015 O1 Je paa la nyumba yako limetengenezwa na nini? [ ] 1. vigae, sakafiwa, zege [ ] 2. mbao, nyasi, [ ] 3. bati au asbestos [ ] 4. Vifaa vingine O2 Je sakafu ya nyumba yako imetengenezwa na nini? [ ]1. udongo [ ] 2. mbao [ ] 3. vigae [ ] 4. Sakafu ya sementi [ ] 5. Vifaa vingine O3 Je chanzo kikubwa cha maji ya kunywa nyumbani ni kipi? [ ] 1. Bomba nyumbani [ ] 2. Maji ya mvua [ ] 3. Bomba la umma [ ] 4. Ya kununa [ ] 5. Vyanzo asili vya maji (mf. mto) [ ] 6. vingine O4 Nishati kubwa ya moto wa kupikia nyumbani ni ipi? [ ] 1. Umeme TANESCO au sola [ ] 2. Biogesi, mafuta ya taa aumkaa [ ] 3. kuni [ ] 4. Mabaki ya mazao, maranda, kinyesi cha wanyama, nyasi kavu [ ] 5. mengineo Orodha ya kuangalia watu wamajumba+ni wana mudu taka zao O1a Kuna shimo la kutupa taka zinazaooza? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana O2a Uwepo wa dampo haramu? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. hapana O3a Kuna ndoo la kutunzia taka? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana O4a Kuna uchomaji usio sahihi kwenye mazingira ya nyumba? [ ] 1. Ndio [ ] 2. Hapana
- 96. 78 Appendix VIII: EnvironmentalSolid Waste Management Act. THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA THE VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE THE ENVIRONMENTAL (SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT) STANDARD REGULATIONS, 2002 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT (Cap. 191) (Made under section 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,120,121,122, 230) PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS Short title 1. These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations, 2002. Application 2. These Regulations shall apply to all matters pertaining to solid waste management. Interpretation 3. In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires. Duty to safeguard the environment from adverse effects of solid waste 6.- Every person living in Tanzania shall have a stake and a duty to safeguard the environment from the adverse effects of solid wastes and to inform the relevant authority on any activity and phenomenon resulting from solid waste that is likely to adversely affect the public health and environment. PART IV SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Duty of local government to minimize solid waste at source 13.-Local government authorities shall ensure that every occupier of premises, business, industry or any activity generating solid waste minimizes the waste at its source by ensuring that: a) -different types or kinds of solid waste are separated at the source; b) -different types or kinds of solid waste are collected into waste storage receptacles of specified standards, types, sizes, shapes, colors, easy to carry or move of waste containers, comply with and other specifications as the case may be
- 97. 79 Use of approvedreceptacles 15. - (1) the occupier of any premises shall be obliged to use approved receptacles by Council or local government authority; (2) Without prejudice to sub-regulation [1], approved receptacles shall include standard metal dustbin, plastic standard dustbin, plastic bags, papers bags, standard litter bins, standard containers or skips and any other recommended receptacles ideal for the locality. (3) The occupier who fails to- (a) Keep and use approved receptacles for holding waste prior to disposal; (b) Ensure that reusable receptacle is kept clean and maintained in good repair; or (c) Ensure that each waste receptacle is used in a way which protects the contents from spillage, rain, storm water, birds, flies or other pests and vermin commits an offence. Duty to respect waste collection times 16.-(1) - An occupier of premises/house shall: (a) Comply with such days and approximate times for collection of waste specified by the local government authority having jurisdiction over the premises; (b) Ensure that waste not collected as prescribed under paragraph (a) does not remain in the public place (c) Ensure that an approved receptacle complies with the maximum weight limitations prescribed by the local government authority (d) Ensure sufficient approved receptacles are provided to serve all of the occupants of that premises; (e) Ensure that no undue accumulation of waste is permitted to remain in or about that building premises; and (f) Not permit any accumulation of waste to be unsightly, offensive, a nuisance or injurious to health. (2)- Every occupier who contravenes the provisions of sub regulation [1] commits an offence.
- 98. 80 Prohibitions of certainsolid wastes into receptacles 17.-(1) No person shall deposit (a) hazardous substance including asbestos or asbestos containing material, explosives, fireworks, firearms, batteries, hot ashes, flammable liquid, highly flammable materials, infectious material, pressurized containers (other than a pressurized container commonly used for containing domestic products such as fly spray, hair spray and similar materials), or radio-active material; (b) Corrosive, carcinogenic; flammable; persistent; toxic; explosive; radioactive materials; (c) Liquid, acid, paint, printers ink, oil, oil sludge, asphalt emulsion, viscous fluid or similar product which if spilt in a public place may cause damage or injury or result in pollution of the environment; (d) medical needles, syringes or other skin piercing devices; (e) broken glass, fluorescent light tubes, broken crockery, or other sharp articles unless they are wrapped to prevent injury to any member of the public or any persons engaged in collection or disposal work; and (f) Electrical and electronic waste, unless the receptacle has been approved in accordance with the Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Control) Regulations, 2002. Integrated solid waste management 25-(1). The local government authorities shall commission studies and prescribe best ways of recovery and recycling of wastes as part of integrated solid waste management. (2) In order to enhance integrated solid waste management, local government authorities shall - (a)- ensure that generators and collectors sort out at their source of generation paper and paper box, various categories of plastics, aluminium, metal scrap, glass waste, pure organic waste, battery materials, and any other materials that may be from time to time be designated by the local governments; (b)- ensure that generators and collectors recover heavy metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment, such as computers, phones in order to reduce contamination of the environment with toxic substances; (c)- require local generators and collectors of any specified recyclable waste to be liable for recycling or taking back their waste materials to the manufacturers; and
- 99. 81 (d)-register collectors andissue permits to persons and companies who are allowed to recover, recycle waste. PART VI PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT Duty to segregate plastic wastes 35-(1) - A person shall, ensure that plastic materials are separated from non-plastic materials and deposited separately into receptacles as prescribed by local government; (2)- Duty to segregate plastic waste provided for under these regulations shall apply to collection, transportation and final disposal. Indoor storage of plastic wastes 38-(1) - plastic wastes destined for recycling where stored indoors shall: (a) Be stored in shredded or in baled form (b) Be stored on clean concrete floors (2) Sprinkler fire prevention system shall be provided in such facilities to prevent large fires and ease fire fighting Outdoor storage of plastic wastes 39-(1) every occupier of a building or any premise shall with respect of recyclables plastic wastes that are stored outdoors ensure that they: (a) Are protected from contamination by any dirt materials or chemicals; (b) Are secured against and firefighting equipment shall be readily available. (2)-Inform firefighting department in advance of any storage of plastic wastes in a recycling facility. (3) Plastic waste storage facilities shall be situated in areas easily accessed by fire fighting vehicles.
- 100. 82 PART VII MANAGEMENT OFLITTER Prohibition of litter 44- It shall be an offence for any person to litter in contravention of the Act and these regulations. Domestic wastes prohibited in public litter bins 46-A person who-. (a) Deposits household waste, garden waste or business waste in a litter bin provided in a public place for the use of the public frequenting that area (b) Throws any litter in storm-water drains; or (c) Fails to collect litter found between his premises and the middle of any street facing his premises commits an offence. Penalty on litter 47-(1)- A person convicted of an offence under this Part shall on conviction be liable, in case of an individual, to a fine not less than two hundred thousand shillings and in the case of a body corporate to a fine not less than five million shillings. (2)- Without prejudice to sub-regulations [1], the court may in addition to imposing a penalty, (a) Order the offender, under the supervision of the local government authority or the Council, to clear up and remove the deposited litter at such place and period and to such place as may be specified in the order (b)order the offender to pay compensation to the public authority having control over management of the public place or as the case may be, the occupier of the private land where the offence was committed, such sum as it considers reasonable to cover the cost of the removal of the litter, and the amount so awarded shall be deemed to be a judgment debt due to the authority or occupier from the offender, and may be enforced in any manner in which a judgment or order of the court for the payment of a civil debt may be enforced.
- 101. 83 PART VIII COMPLIANCE ANDENFORCEMENT General power of environmental inspectors 49-(1)-. Environmental Inspectors may, with or without a warrant, at any reasonable time and with any necessary assistance- (a) Enter into or upon any facility, building, vehicle, aircraft, vessel, land, waters or other place; (b) Stop any vehicle or vessel that he reasonably believe as being operated in contravention of these regulations; (c) Take samples; (d) Take photographs and videos for purposes of prosecutions or exacting any penalty (e) Require the production of any document, record relevant for enforcement of these regulations; and (f) Exercise the powers conferred on them by the Act to enforce these regulations.
- 102. 84 Appendix IX: ResearchClearance Certificate
- 103. 85 Appendix X: Letterof Approval for research from MCC