CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

i
CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT (MSWM):
CASE OF MAJENGO WARD IN DODOMA MUNICIPALITY
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA – 2013

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that I have gone through this dissertation report titled “Contribution of Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Wastes Management
(MSWM): Case of Majengo Ward in Dodoma Municipality” and found it to be acceptable in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Environmental
Studies at University of Dodoma.
THABIT JACOB (SUPERVISOR)
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (UDOM)
………….……………………………………………………………..
DATE:

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COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved.
No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior
written permission of the author or The University of Dodoma in the behalf.

iv
DECLARATION
I, Mwendamseke Ephraim, certifies to the best of my knowledge that, except for references to
other people's work which have been duly acknowledged, this work is a product of my own
efforts and have not been presented or submitted anywhere for the award of degree or any other
academic certificate in any other institution.
Student full name: ………………………………………
Registration number ……………………………………..
Signature…………………………………………………
Date……………………………………………………..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am pleased to present this report on Public Private Partnership for Solid Waste Management:
The Case of Majengo ward. This report is the result of eight months study which was undertaken
from October, 2012 to June, 2012.
Many thanks for almighty God who art in heaven because I believe in him and him above his
love and grace lifted me up and take courage and make me able to accomplish this work
precisely.
I have been assisted by many people and organizations for the accomplishment of this study and
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all those who extended their
kind assistance and cooperation.
My special thanks go to my family and all people around me; they had so much to do for me to
accomplish well this work. George Babune, monitoring and evaluation officer of Dodoma
environmental network (DONET). Tausi Mayola, chairperson of Mazingira women group
(MWG). Bi.Maua, chairperson of Fatina USAFI group. Head of department of health and
environmental safety at Dodoma municipality, municipal cleansing officer Mr. Othman Abdul
for their unfailing support without which my study would have been incomplete.
Last but not least I would also like to give special thanks to my supervisor Thabit J, for his
tireless efforts in guiding me, without him this work would not be easily possible.
Mwendamseke Ephraim.
June 2013.

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DEDICATION.
This work is dedicated to my lovely father Benson Mwendamseke, my precious mother Agatha
Magehema and my hilarious young sister Stella and Happiness. I am glad to have amazing
family like you guys, may Lord God bless you a millions ways and have long life. I got nothing
but love for you.

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ABREVIATIONS.
USEPA – United states environmental protection agency.
MSWM – Municipal solid wastes management.
SWM – Solid wastes management.
CDA – Capital Development Authority.
DONET - Dodoma Environmental Network.
PPP – Public Private Partnership.
CBO’S – Community Based organizations
NGO’S – Non – Governmental Organizations.
NEMC – National Environmental Management Council.
SLF – Sanitary Landfills.
3RS – Recycle, Reuse, Reduce

viii
Contents
COPYRIGHT................................................................................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................. vi
ABREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES, PICTURES AND CHARTS. .................................................................................................xiii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................xiv
CHAPTER ONE. ..............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background information. ....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the research problem. ..................................................................................................3
1.3. Objective of the research...................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 General objective.............................................................................................................................5
1.3.2 Specific objectives............................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research questions. ...........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the study. ...................................................................................................................5
1.6 Delimitation of the study....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO. .............................................................................................................................................8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................................8
2.1 Definition of terms..............................................................................................................................8

ix
2.2 Theoretical literature review. .............................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Waste management theory.............................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Environmental social justice theory...............................................................................................10
2.2.2.1 Environmental Social Justice theory and Municipal Solid Waste Management. .......................10
2.2.3 Environmental Ethics and Municipal Solid Waste Management...................................................12
2.3 Overview of waste management and associated problems globally ...............................................12
2.4 Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium Development Goals ..........16
2.4.1 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger. ...........................................................................17
2.4.2 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality......................................................................................................17
2.4.3 Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.................................................................................18
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................19
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. ............................................................................................................19
3.1 Report Structure. ..............................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research design. ...............................................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Study Area......................................................................................................................................21
3.3 Research strategy..............................................................................................................................22
3.4 Research design. ...............................................................................................................................23
3.5 Data required....................................................................................................................................23
3.5.1 The source of data. ........................................................................................................................23
3.6 Sampling design. ..............................................................................................................................24

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3.6.1 Study population...........................................................................................................................24
3.6.2 Sampling procedure.......................................................................................................................25
3.6.3 Sample frame.................................................................................................................................25
3.6.4 Sampling unit. ................................................................................................................................25
3.6.5 Sample size....................................................................................................................................26
3.6.6 Unit of analysis...............................................................................................................................26
3.6.7 Parameters of interest...................................................................................................................26
3.7 Data collection design.......................................................................................................................27
3.7.1 Data collection methods................................................................................................................27
3.7.1.1 Survey..........................................................................................................................................27
3.7.1.2 Key informant interview. ...........................................................................................................27
3.7.1.3 Personal observation. ................................................................................................................28
3.7.1.4 Focus group discussion. .............................................................................................................28
3.7.2. Tools for data collection. ..............................................................................................................29
3.7.2.1. Questionnaire. ...........................................................................................................................29
3.7.2.2. Interview guide. .........................................................................................................................29
3.8. Data Analysis design. .......................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER FOUR ...........................................................................................................................................31
4. ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. ...............................................................................................31
4.1. Introduction. ....................................................................................................................................31

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4.2 Solid Wastes Generation, collection and transportation at Majengo ward.....................................31
4.2.1. Solid Wastes Generation...............................................................................................................31
4.2.2. Solid Wastes Segregation and Collection.....................................................................................33
4.2.1. Problems in Solid Wastes Collection at Majengo ward. ..............................................................35
4.2.3. Solid Wastes transportation and disposal. ...................................................................................37
4.2.3.1. Problems in Solid Wastes transportation and disposal.............................................................37
4.3. Current solid Waste Situation at Majengo ward. ............................................................................40
4.4. Government/Public Sectors and Solid Wastes Management at Majengo ward. ............................41
4.4.1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities. .........................43
4.5. Public private partnership analysis..................................................................................................45
4.5.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................................45
4.5.2. Opportunities for Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management................45
4.5.3. Benefits of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management. .........................46
4.5.4. Problems hindering effectiveness of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes
management...........................................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER FIVE. ............................................................................................................................................49
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. ...............................................................................................49
5.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................49
5.2. Recommendations...........................................................................................................................50
REFFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................52
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................................55

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KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PUBLIC SECTORS:.....................................................................55
KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES. ..............................................................59
KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIVATE FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANISATION...............61

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LIST OF FIGURES, PICTURES AND CHARTS.
List of figures:
Figure 1. Report structure.
Figure 2. Map: showing administrative boundaries of Dodoma municipal (urban district)
Lists of pictures:
Picture 1. Congestions of people and socio economic activities at Majengo increase solid wastes
generation.
Picture 2. Solid wastes and some organic wastes situation at Majengo market dumping place
generated (from market only) for the less than a week
Picture 3. Scavengers at Majengo street (on left) and from Mlimwa landfill (on right) which can
extremely contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality
Picture 4. Workers of Mazingira women organization in solid waste collection process at
Mnyapara street, Majengo.
Picture 5. Solid wastes transportation to disposal at Mlimwa landfill.
Picture 6. Waste spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously
cleaned localities dirty.
Picture 7.Mlimwa landfill.
Picture 8. Wheelbarrows, safe vest and spades outside municipal cleansing offices, tools for
municipal solid wastes collection for part time workers.
Chart 1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities.

xiv
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Dodoma municipality at very populated ward of Majengo in
Dodoma region. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of public-private
partnership (PPP) towards sustainable Municipal solid wastes management (MSWM). The aim
of this study was therefore to find out if, how and why the involvement of the private sector has
led to better municipal solid waste management in Dodoma municipal especially at Majengo
ward.
The study used purposive sampling method and data collection tool was key informant interview,
direct observation and questionnaire where by data from 18 respondents were gathered. 16
experts on municipal solid wastes management were interviewed face to face and 2
questionnaires were sent to some officials.
The study reveals that that the government capability in monitoring the solid wastes is not good
enough. For the overall data obtained from response of solid wastes expertise from private and
public sectors. 61% of them blamed government to be incapable in monitoring activities while
39% showed that government is capable in monitoring and management of the solid wastes
activities in the locality. That shows that capability of government in monitoring solid wastes
activities is very low.
Public private partnership was recommended as the best alternative way for sustainable solid
wastes management for 100% of all respondents. Opportunity of PPP is 50% over 50%, for Well
invested private sectors and government authorities perceives as an opportunity while the
community based organizations (CBO’S) perceive as a problem to them because CBO’S work
under unfavorable conditions.

1
CHAPTER ONE.
1. INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Background information.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) continues to be a major challenge for governments
in both urban and rural areas across the world and unluckily in developing country the situation
is very worse. The available statistics show that, although the municipal solid waste generation in
the developing countries is still low compared to that in the developed world, the developing
countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world’s solid waste generation
relative to their share of world income. Moreover, from a dynamic point of view, the municipal
solid waste management in developing countries faces even greater challenges in the future
because of their rapid urbanization and economic growth trends. (Zurbrugg, 2003).
Population growth, rapid urbanization and industrialization have challenged the public sector
responsible for provision of solid waste services in the cities of developing countries. The
increasing population and economic development has produced increasing volumes of waste to
be managed. Current solid waste management in place has not met the excess demand for proper
waste collection and disposal creating a backlog of wastes that accumulated within the urban
environment and causing immense health and environmental hazards. Due to inability of public
sector in provision of services, the need for reform of municipal solid waste management
systems in the cities of developing countries is strongly felt. The challenge for these countries is
to improve their solid waste management systems for both economic and environmental reasons.
One of the possible solutions that have been repeatedly recommended by some of most

2
influential organizations such as World Bank is private sector involvement in the waste sector.
(Hedaiatullah, 2012).
The current practices of collecting, processing and disposing municipal solid wastes is also
considered to be inefficient in the developing countries. The typical problems are low collection
coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air and
water pollution control, the breading of flies and vermin, and the handling and control of
informal waste picking or scavenging activities (Bartone, 1995). Poor solid waste management in
the developing countries consists of a major threat to public health and environmental quality
and reduces the quality of life, particularly for the poorer residents in both urban and rural areas.
One of the principal reasons for the inefficient SWM systems in the developing countries is the
financial constraint, poor technology for management, rapid population increase, poor planning
as well as poor awareness of the people about the waste management. (ibid)
Dodoma has been Tanzania’s capital since the 1970’s and is the seat of the Union Parliament.
Being the one of the largest city in Tanzania, it has about 400’000 inhabitants and faces a high
yearly population growth rate of 3.4%. (URT, 2009). Due to increase of urbanization Dodoma is
highly affected by the solid wastes from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other
Institutions like colleges and universities.
The main challenge however is to identify and verify the role that the formal private and
community and informal private sectors can effectively play in delivering services for Dodoma
municipal solid waste management while the Government through its Local Government
Authorities maintain their role and obligation of delivering Quality Solid Waste Management
Services by which their effectiveness and efficiency is mainly gauged. (Ntakamulenga, 2012).

3
1.2 Statement of the research problem.
Municipal solid wastes management (MSWM) is a major problem in most towns and cities in
Tanzania. Unprecedentedly population increase that the world experience, increases share of the
population living in town and big cities that poses serious challenges in provision of Municipal
Solid Wastes management services by the Municipalities in Tanzania. Due to increase of
urbanization Dodoma is highly affected by the solid wastes from households, offices, hotels,
shops, schools and other Institutions like colleges and universities. Increase of many current
institutions in Dodoma municipal such as universities, colleges that include UDOM, CBE, ST.
JOHN, IRDP and increase of Government administrative centers that together brought about the
rapid population increase in Dodoma in last decade. Increase of population in Dodoma varied
lifestyles and consumption patterns that influence the quantity and composition of solid wastes
produced in the locality, thus, automatically increases the demand for Wastes management
services from Dodoma Municipal authority.
Dodoma municipal authority through department of Environment health management and
Capital Development Authority (CDA) are taking conscious measures to set up the policies
necessary and incentives in a better management of the solid wasted wastes in Municipal
compounds. Government authorities provides different incentives for managing solid wastes
which includes, provision of education concerning solid wastes management and allocating
material incentives and fund in managing the problem of solid wastes management. Despite all
incentives and investment in Solid Wastes Management services are not likely sufficient as
quickly as the population increase and increase of quantity of Solid wastes produced in the
Compound, this situation makes ineffectively performance in delivering the solid wastes
management services by local authority

4
Despite the different efforts and measures that local authorities and central government put in
managing municipal solid wastes, the increasing population and economic development in
Dodoma has increased the volume of wastes produced and to be managed. Current solid wastes
management services provided by public authority in place has not met the excess demand for
proper waste collection and disposal in locality, which creating a backlog of wastes that
accumulated within the urban environment and causing immense health and environmental
hazards
An increase of produced wastes in Dodoma municipal overloads the responsible authorities
(public sectors) that led to unimpressive performance of the public sector in the provision of
sustainable municipal solid wastes management services on their own. Following unimpressive
performance of the public sector in the provision of municipal services in many cities of middle
and low-income countries, the suggested alternatives is private sector participation in urban solid
waste management which has also been strongly advocated by the World Bank (Cointreau1994).
The partnership between public and private sectors is argued that leads to improvement in the
delivery of solid waste services in many areas in the world. Considering that fact the study is
therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of involving the private sectors in ensuring the
sustainable municipal solid wastes management.

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1.3. Objective of the research.
1.3.1 General objective
The main objective of the study is to assess the contribution of Public-Private Partnership
towards Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Majengo Ward.
1.3.2 Specific objectives.
Thus the specific objectives of the study are:
i. Identifying gap of public sectors in MSWM.
ii. Assessing the role of PPP in MSWM.
iii. Examine the benefits of PPP in MSWM.
iv. Examining the problems hindering the effectiveness of PPP.
1.4 Research questions.
i. What is the shortfall of the public sector in SMW?
ii. What is the role of PPP in MSWM ?
iii. What are the benefits of PPP?
iv. What are problems likely to hinder/hindering private sector participation in SWM?
1.5 Significance of the study.
The study basically concerned with the current issues of environmental pollution due to rapid
population growth within the big cities and town in Tanzania especially in Dodoma municipal.

6
The study interested much in solid wastes management that are seems to be not easy to manage
them because many of them are not decomposable. The study will be essential because it focuses
on the contribution of Public private partnership (PPP) in municipal solid waste management,
Public Private Partnership (PPP) is conceptually the collaboration between public and private
sector organizations in public service delivery. (Commonwealth, 2003) and (Nkya, 2000).
According to Gildman et al (1995), admitted four groups of actors are relevant in PPPs. These
groups are the Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based
Organizations (CBOs) and formal sectors and informal sectors
The significance of this study is to review recent experiences, add knowledge in this field,
highlighting lessons learned and identify critical gaps to be addressed. This study is important
because it will add to existing knowledge on the problem of waste management and justify with
evidence the contributing factors and its effects in relation to national policies and programs. The
recommendations of the study will help the governments, non-government organizations,
communities, private enterprises and programmers dealing with waste management projects to
design appropriate strategies so as to solve the problem.
1.6 Delimitation of the study.
This project tries to study the effectiveness of private sector participation in solid waste
management sector and intends to focus on the public private partnership in solid waste
management as a possible alternative and solution for the waste management problems in
Majengo ward in Dodoma municipality. The main purpose of this study is to focus on the
possible solutions to either improve or make more efficient waste management practices in the
above mentioned ward. The study includes acquisition of data from selected public sectors,

7
private sectors and other solid wastes management stakeholders found in municipality. These
sectors include Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital Development Authority
(CDA), NEMC, local authorities, formal and informal private sectors, donor agencies and other
authorities responsible for environmental management.

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CHAPTER TWO.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.
This section attempts to describe a wide literature search related to the study. It begins with a
definition of the terms, theoretical review, environmental ethics and environmental justice theory
in relation to Solid Waste Management, Overview of waste management and associated
problems globally, Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium
Development Goals,
2.1 Definition of terms.
Municipal Solid wastes are material such as household garbage, food wastes, yard wastes, and
demolition or construction debris. It also includes discarded items like household appliances,
furniture, scrap metal, machinery, car parts and abandoned or junk vehicles. (Zurbrugg, 2003),
These solid wastes are emitted from different sources like households, hospitals, business places,
industries and other institutions like offices and university.
Solid waste management is a methodology used to achieve waste reduction, primarily through
reduction at source, but also including recycling and re-use of materials. Also waste management
refers to the storage, collection, transfer, recycling, and final disposal of wastes from households,

9
industrial and commercial establishments, and refuse from institutions (including nonpathogenic
waste from hospitals), market waste, yard waste, and street sweepings. (Zurbrugg, 2003),
Puplic Private Partnership (PPP) is conceptually the collaboration between public and private
sector organizations in public service delivery. (Commonwealth, 2003) and (Nkya, 2000).
According to Gildman et al (1995), admitted four groups of actors are relevant in Puplic Private
Partnership. These groups are the Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs),
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and formal sectors or informal sectors
2.2 Theoretical literature review.
The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an
issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what
theories already exist, the relationships between them to the research issue, to what degree the
existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.
2.2.1 Waste management theory.
For sustainable solid waste management some theories are also so important to consider, Theory
of Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management, and
it is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to
human health and the environment and promote resource use optimization. Waste Management
Theory is to be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology as Industrial Ecology is
equally adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and/or resource use optimization goals and
values. (E.P.A, 1980)

10
The Theory of Waste Management represents a more in-depth account of the domain and
contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of
waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation that waste
management is important in preventing the effects of waste to human being and environment at
large
2.2.2 Environmental social justice theory.
Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless
of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and
enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment means that no group
of people, including racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic group should bear a disproportionate share
of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and
commercial operations or the execution of ( E.P.A, 1980)
The interest for environmental and social justice begun in the United States in the 1980s, which
was the result of growing frustration of the African-Americans in the US with the placement of
toxic landfills and garbage incinerators in the neighborhoods or communities of minority
population. Therefore, the concept of environmental equity was presented as a fight against
environmental racism (Hannigan, 2008). Environmental equity argues that all people have the
equal right to natural resources such as clean air, land, water and food, and the right to live and
work in a clean and safe environment, regardless of their race, color, national origin and wealth.
2.2.2.1 Environmental Social Justice theory and Municipal Solid Waste Management.
Public private partnership (PPP) will be in good position to thrive and termed sustainable if it
will consider the environmental social justice theory. Solid waste management without

11
considering the environment social justice will lead to poor solid wastes in some social class of
people
It is desirable for most of the people in a society that the collective benefits (such as natural
resources) and the collective burdens (such as pollution) are equally distributed between the
members. But in the real world, the poor and most vulnerable groups of society are discriminated
against as they receive fewer benefits and bear more burdens in their societies (Tilly, 2004). This
discrimination against a poor and vulnerable group of people in a society, who are not able to
protest or defend themselves, has been conceptualized as social injustice (Miller, 1999, Syme
and Nancarrow 2001). According to Miller social injustice refers to “Perceived unfairness or
injustice of a society in its distributions of benefits and burdens” (Miller, 1999), while Syme and
Nancarrow defines social injustice as “When not all people within a society have equal access to
facilities, services or systems within that society” (Syme, et al 2001). And it is exactly what is
happening in the developing countries, a great portion of the people who are the poor and most
vulnerable groups of society have not access to solid waste service (Cointreau 2007, UN-
HABITAT 2003, Khatib, 2010, Zurbrugg 2003). For instance in Mumbai, one of the mega cities
in India, there are highly-serviced areas, medium-serviced areas and very low-serviced areas. It
is worth to mention that the low served areas are mostly slums. According to Mukherjee, slums
are not seen as the rightful recipients of the formal systems of solid waste management. It means
that a huge area of the city and a significant number of the population do not receive municipal
solid waste services, since slums form 60% of Mumbai`s population (Mukherjee, 2005).
Therefore, the social injustice is only way that can hold the sustainable solid waste management
into the success.

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2.2.3 Environmental Ethics and Municipal Solid Waste Management.
Environmental ethics is important thing to consider in solid wastes management. Environmental
ethics refers to the moral relationship between human beings and nature (Lundmark, 2003).
Environmental ethic discourse mainly focuses on two systems of belief, anthropocentrism and
ecocentrism.
The anthropocentrism belief considers human beings separate from the nature and more
important and worth than the other organisms. In this belief the nature is seen as a source of
providing the resources which can be used for human purposes. Anthropocentrism judges our
acts towards nature on the basis of how they affect us, not on how our acts affect other beings
(Lundmark, 2003). Anthropocentrism considering much on how environment can help human
being to meet his demand without considering the fact that human being should also consider
environmental conservation is important for survival of human and environment.
But in contrast, an ecocentrism belief sees the environment consisting of complex system of
ecological interdependence (ibid). In this belief each organism and environment are given
intrinsic value and it says that pollution and other forms of human interventions can have
multiple ecological effects, therefore ecocentrism is disagree with the anthropocentrism belief
which puts and absolute dividing line between nature and human beings (ibid),. This study is
based on ecocentrism ideas which strongly believe that all living creature have the same right to
live in this planet and Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the way of keeping e
2.3 Overview of waste management and associated problems globally.
Waste management is a methodology used to achieve waste reduction, primarily through
reduction at source, but also including recycling and re-use of materials. Waste management

13
refers to the storage, collection, transfer, recycling, and final disposal of waste. Solid waste is
taken to include refuses from households, no hazardous solid (not sludge or semisolid) waste
from industrial and commercial establishments, and refuse from institutions (including
nonpathogenic waste from hospitals), market waste, yard waste, and street sweepings. Liquid
waste includes no hazardous foul water and sewage generated by urban households and
commercial and industrial establishments. (Zurbrugg, 2003),
The challenges in municipal solid waste management have attracted attention of many scholars,
writers and other environmental conservation association. Hua Wang et al (2011) perceived the
solid waste management as the global challenges that affect the large cities and towns in the
world. And they mentioned the least developed countries are very vulnerable to the problem than
developed countries. Developing countries do not produce much solid wastes than developed
countries but are subjected to disproportionately high share of the world’s solid waste generation
relative to their share of world income. Also they went far in economically justification need for
better SWM services in the developing countries by arguing on good valuation studies on the
potential benefits of such services. Several techniques for assigning economic values to SWM
services as suggested in the literature, including contingent valuation, travel cost, hedonic
housing price and choice modeling or experiments.
The same study was developed by Chris Zurbrugg,(2003) in association with SANDEC
(Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries at the Swiss Federal Institute of
Aquatic Science and Technology {EAWAG}) when they examine the state of the solid wastes
management in developing countries in terms of sources of solid wastes and challenges to solid
wastes management. Also the argument was raised upon the alternative methods of solid waste

14
management like reuse, reduce, recycling of inorganic materials instead of landfills methods of
management which is not much good for land.
Human activities create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and
disposed of, which can pose risks to the environment and to public health. In urban areas,
especially in the rapid urbanizing cities of the developing world, problems and issues of
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) are of immediate importance. This has been
acknowledged by most governments, however rapid population growth over-whelms the
capacity of most municipal authorities to provide even the most basic services. Typically one to
two thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected. As a result, the uncollected waste, which
is often also mixed with human and animal excreta, is dumped indiscriminately in the streets and
in drains, so contributing to flooding, breeding of insect and rodent vectors and the spread of dis-
eases. (Zurbrugg, 2003).
Most studies report about the problems of solid wastes in urban areas. The increase of population
in urban areas came up with the increase of the solid wastes in the streets and dumping places.
Due to this situation scavenging is a widely spread in third world countries, one can find on the
streets or in garbage dumps of third world cities people collecting all kinds of materials for reuse
or recycling. It has been estimated that up to 2 % of the population in Third World countries
survives by recovering materials from waste (Bartone, 1995). Scavengers face multiple hazards
and problems. Due to their daily contact with garbage, scavengers are usually associated with
dirt, disease, squalor and perceived as a nuisance, a symbol of backwardness or even as
criminals. They survive in a hostile physical and social environment. Even though scavengers are
not always the poorest of the poor, their occupation is generally ascribed the lowest status. There
is high health risks associated with this type of labor. (Medina et al, 2007). According to Castillo

15
(1990), Mexico City scavengers have a life expectancy of 35 years which is less than the general
population's life expectancy which is 67 years because the prevalence of infectious diseases is
high.
In countries where local authorities are not able to adequately address the solid waste problem,
private companies fill this gap. This is especially the case in Africa, where municipalities are
often unable to fulfill their service mandates. In Guinea Bissau for example, waste collection is
only carried out on a temporary basis when a local private company has a contract paid for by the
World Bank. Available data reveal that Nigeria’s urban population has been growing at an
alarming rate. For instance Nigerian towns and cities are exploding growing in leaps and bounds.
A little more than 50 years ago, fewer than 7% of Nigerians lived in urban centers (that is
settlements with populations of 20 000 or more). This proportion rose to 10% in 1952 and 19.2%
in 1963. It is now estimated at about 40% and is expected to be as high as 45% by 2000. In fact,
Nigerian cities are among the fastest growing in the world. Nigeria now has 7 cities with
populations at 1 million; 18 cities, at more than 500 000; 36, at more than 200 000; and 78, at
more than 100 000. As well, there were 5 050 towns with more than 20 000 people (Babayemis
& Dauda, 2009). The municipal service that has seemed to fail most strikingly is waste collection
and disposal. The service is frequently inadequate, with a preponderant proportion of the refuse
generated remaining uncollected and with large parts of cities, particularly the low-income areas,
receiving little or no attention. In most towns, the service is unreliable, irregular, and inefficient.
The onus is often on the local government to provide a service for solid-waste management, but
a fundamental deficiency of this system is the failure of governments to assume basic
responsibility in raising sufficient funds to provide acceptable levels of service (Stren et a,.
1994).

16
As well Solid waste management in Delhi in India has been a very poorly planned affair with
onus on simply transporting the mixed waste by trucks and disposing it in sanitary landfills
(SLF). Complete negligence of waste minimization and recycling over the years gave way to a
whole lot of problems with disposal emerging as a major one. Since 1975, 20 Sanitary Landfills
have been created of which 15 are exhausted, while 2 are suspended. Only 3 are operational at
Bhalaswa, Ghazipur, and Okhla, and even these are close to exhaustion. (Ankur et al 2007).
Delhi government in its attempt to overcome the grim scenario signed agreements with three
private companies for collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of municipal solid
waste in six zones on January 31 2005. Aimed at increasing efficiency and effectiveness of its
waste management activities. The agreement also contained a performance evaluation and
monitoring mechanism where the monitoring of the project was to be carried out by an
independent engineer appointed by mutual consent of the corporation and the companies. (ibid).
2.4 Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium Development
Goals
Sustainable development refers to “development that meets the need of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland
Commission, 1987). In order to achieve sustainable development, having an appropriate
approach and strategy for solid waste management is essential. OECD environmental outlook
2020 listed municipal waste generation among the “red light” pressures on the environment and
one of the problems that need to be addressed urgently. A waste management policy towards
waste minimization and changing patterns of consumption was recognized among the solution to
the environmental problems by OECD (OECD, 2001).

17
Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization and population growth has significantly increased the
amount of solid waste produced daily in the cities of developing countries. When improperly
managed, waste has very serious impacts on people’s well-being and implicitly on the
achievement of the MDGs (Millennium development goals) (Coad and Gozenbach, 2007).
Proper solid waste management can contribute to achieve the following Millennium
Development Goals.
2.4.1 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger.
Although indirect, the impact of improper waste management on poverty is even more insidious
and long lasting. It has been proven that healthier people are more likely to escape poverty. Thus
well management of municipal solid waste and removing the effects of waste on health would
have positive implications on poverty reduction, which is the first of the eight MDGs.
Furthermore, waste management provides employment opportunities for cities` poor in activities
such as sweeping, collection and recycling (Coad et al, 2007). By improving their working
conditions, waste management can contribute to reducing poverty and improving the quality of
life of the people. For instance, in India about one million people find livelihood opportunities by
collecting and recycling of waste. Though informal in nature but still is a source of income for
them.
2.4.2 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality.
One of the initial reason for better management of solid waste is to protect people`s health.
Improperly managed solid waste makes a good breeding place for houseflies and other insects,
which are a major vector for different diseases such as diarrhea and outbreaks of plague, which
are deadly infectious disease and particularly affect children, so proper waste management can

18
reduce child mortality (Coad et al 2007). Furthermore, drains blocked by dumped waste cause
flooding and are favorable breeding places for mosquitoes spreading Malaria, dengue, and other
diseases and burnt waste causes respiratory illnesses, especially affecting waste workers and
those living in vicinity of dumps. (ibid). Additionally, waste causes surface and ground water
pollution, which is one of the major sources of health problems in the developing countries.
2.4.3 Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
Proper and sound solid waste management can also contribute to the achievement of the
environmental sustainability, for instance, recycling reduces the demand for raw materials and
saves energy. Forests can be protected by using recycled pulp and use of biogas produced by
anaerobic digestion process of biodegradable waste instead of using wood for cooking. Proper
disposal and treatment avoids surface and ground waters pollution, created through dumping
waste into rivers and lakes, and leachate from landfills (also a source of methane emissions)
(Awomeso 2010, Narayana 2008). Uncollected waste which is carried away to rivers, lakes and
sea affects the ecosystems. Composting is also one of possible options which reduces the need
for chemical fertilizers, has positive spill-over effects on health, as the use of good quality
compost in agriculture and food production process improves nutrition environmental safe for
sustainable environmental conservation for all creature.

19
CHAPTER THREE.
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
Research methodology is a systematically way of solving the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically (Kothari, 2004). Research
methodology involves the systematic procedures by which the researcher starts from the initial
identification of the problem to its final conclusion. Research methodology involves such general
activities as identifying problems, review of the literature, formulating hypotheses, procedure for
testing hypotheses, measurement, data collection analysis of data, interpreting results and
drawing conclusions (Singh, 2006).Thus, research methodology consists of all general and
specific activities of research. The aim of research methodology is to present the structure of the
report, provide a description about the research methods used in order to answer the project’s
research questions as well as clarify the reasoning behind choosing each of these methods.
3.1 Report Structure.
Chapter one of report provides an introduction, highlighting the main problems and issues
regarding the municipal solid waste management in developing countries mainly caused by
urbanization and population growth. A statement of the problem, objective of research and
research question and significance of the study also form part of this chapter.

20
Chapter two presents the literature review on the issues related to research tittle in other areas.
Also chapter two explains some other relevant concepts related to solid wastes management, like
solid wastes management and millennium development goals, environmental ethics and solid
waste management and environmental justice and social justice theories which is theories used to
identify current set up of solid waste management from a social and environmental justice
perspective in developing countries.
Chapter three presents the methodology of the research which was used, based on both
qualitative data collection and quantitative data collection through observation, questionnaire,
interview and focus group discussion.
Chapter four presents an analysis of the results/findings of the research while chapter five will
finally draw together a conclusion and recommendation of the study.
Figure 1. Report structure.
Source: Researcher own creation.

21
3.2 Research design.
Research design is a mapping strategy which is based on sampling technique. It essentially
includes objectives, sampling, research strategy, tools and techniques for collecting the
evidences, analyzing the data and reporting the findings. Thus, research design is the statement
of the object of the inquiry and how a satisfactory culmination to be effected. (Singh, 2006).
Research design states the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The
preparation of such a design facilitates research to be as efficient as possible yielding maximal
information. In other words, the function of research design is to provide for the collection of
relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money (Kothari, 2004).The study
used cross section design which is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data
collected from a population, or a representative subset at one specific point of time.
3.2.1 Study Area.
This study will be conducted in Dodoma Municipal Council where in Majengo ward. Dodoma
Municipal Council is among the five councils of Dodoma Region, others include Kongwa,
Kondoa, Mpwapwa and Dodoma district councils (two other councils will be established
following the establishment of two new districts of Bahi and Chamwino).
Majengo ward is situated at the center of Dodoma Municipal. It has 4 Mitaa which are Fatina,
Mausi, Kitenge, and Mnyampara. The ward is very populated. The Ward has 660 households,
average household size of 3.9; and the population is 6901 out of which 3,308 are male and 3,593
are female. The congestion of people and different economic activities at Majengo Ward
increases the amount of wastes. Considering that fact that’s why the research was interested the
study location of Majengo than other.

22
Figure 2. Map: showing administrative boundaries of Dodoma municipal (urban district)
Source. Capital development authority DODOMA (CDA) library
3.3 Research strategy.
Research strategy is a generalized plan for a problem analysis in research which includes
structure of the research, desired solution in terms objectives of research and an outline of
planned devices necessary to implement the strategy .The research strategy is a part of a larger

23
development scheme of research’ approach (Singh, 2006). Research strategy can be quantitative,
qualitative or combined. The study used the combined research strategy; this is due to the nature
of the study will use an open ended and closed ended questionnaire and focus group discusion as
data collection tools
3.4 Research design.
The function of the research design in the research is to provide measures for collection of
relevant evidences with minimal expenditure of effort, time, and money, (Kothari, 2009).
Research design contains some methodologies that acts as coherent rules and procedures
followed for investigating or conducting research. Research methodology explains on how and
where research or study will be conducted. The study used the design that depicted real current
situation of the problem and how the authorities and private sectors take measures to manage the
problem. The study used cross section design this is due to the time and financial constraints
3.5 Data required.
The study used two types of data: primary data and secondary data. Primary data are data that
will be collected directly from the respondents through questionnaire, interview and personal
observation. Secondary data are data that obtained through reading various written documents
such as journals, books, pamphlets and researches report which are concerned solid waste
management (Kothari, 2009).
3.5.1 The source of data.
The study obtained data from selected organizations deals with solid waste management that
were public sectors, private sectors and other solid wastes management stakeholders found in

24
municipality. These organizations include Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital
Development Authority (CDA), local authorities, formal and informal private sectors.
3.6 Sampling design.
Sampling design is plan that shows a systematic ways of choosing small portion to study from
the total population. In the social sciences, it is not possible to collect data from every respondent
relevant to the study but only from some fractional part of the respondents. The process of
selecting the fractional part from the entire population is what is called sampling (Singh, 2006).
The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or what is popularly known as the
sample design. In other words, a sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are
actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population (Kothari, 2004).
3.6.1 Study population
Population or universe means the entire mass of observations which is the parent group from
which a sample is to be formed. The sample observations provide only an estimate of the
population characteristics. A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or
objects that is the main interests for a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the target population
that researches are done (Singh, 2006). The study population will be actors of water sectors at
Dodoma region. The study population was solid waste management actors in Dodoma municipal.
These includes officials and workers in some public sectors, local authorities, and private formal
and private informal sectors that deal with solid wastes management in Dodoma Municipal

25
3.6.2 Sampling procedure.
Sampling procedures refers to the ways that used to select the sample in the study population.
Sampling can be either random probability sampling or non-random probability sampling
(Kothari, 2004).The sampling method was used is the study is non-randomly (purposive
sampling). Purposive sampling occurs when the researcher picks a specific group to study
because it is known to be of the type that is wanted (Kothari, 2004). Sample was taken from the
officials and workers in some public sectors, local authorities, and private formal and private
informal sectors that deal with solid wastes management in Dodoma..
3.6.3 Sample frame.
Sampling frame is the complete list of all units or element from which sample is drawn. It helps
to make comparison of information derived from the sample because all detail from the sample
will reflect the characteristics of entire population such as level of education, economics status
and income. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include
individuals, households or institutions. (Kothari, 2004) sampling frame were officials in local
authorities, formal and informal private sectors, donor agencies and other key informants in
authorities’ responsible sectors including Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital
Development Authority (CDA), NEMC, for environmental management.
3.6.4 Sampling unit.
Sampling unit is the unit that a researcher selecting the sample from. A decision has to be taken
concerning a sampling unit before selecting sample. Sampling unit may be a geographical one
such as state, district, village, or a construction unit such as house, flat or it may be a social unit
such as family, club, school or it may be an individual. The researcher will have to decide one or

26
more of such units that he has to select for his study. (Kothari, 2004). The study sampling unit
was Majengo ward that is found at the center of Dodoma municipality.
3.6.5 Sample size.
Sample size is a portion or an element of the population to be studied to represent the entire
population, the size of sample depends on the number of factors like the size of the population,
purpose of the study accessibility of the element as well as the costing of obtaining elements.
(Rwegoshora, 2006). The study used purposive sampling method and data collection tool will
key informant interview, direct observation, focus group discussion and questionnaire where by
data from 18 key informants from private organization, local authorities, formal and informal
private sectors.
3.6.6 Unit of analysis.
The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analyzed in a study. It is what or who that is
being studied. In social science research, typical units of analysis include individuals (most
common), groups, social organizations and social artifacts. Unit of analysis embody the type of
object whose characteristics we measure and we are interested in the study. (McNeill and
Chapman 2005). In this research the unit of analysis was waste management actors in Dodoma
municipal these are private and public organization deals with solid waste management in
Dodoma municipality.
3.6.7 Parameters of interest.
In determining the sample design, research must consider the question of the specific population
parameters which are of interests. (Kothari, 2004). The study was interested on waste

27
management actors (public sectors, private formal and informal sectors) in Dodoma municipal
and the purposive sampling was drawn from them and 18 key informants were interviewed.
3.7 Data collection design.
The central focus of any research activity is the gathering of data as the production of
knowledge. The study based on two types of data, primary data and secondary data. Secondary
data are data that collected through the already written documents such as journals, books,
pamphlets, reports concerned with the specified topic of municipal solid wastes management and
primary acquired direct from the field concerning public private participation in their activities to
the municipal solid waste management. Primary data are those obtained through questionnaire,
interview and personal observation (Kothari, 2009).
3.7.1 Data collection methods.
Data collection methods are the techniques that allow systematic collection of information about
the study from the different sources (Kothari, 2009).
3.7.1.1 Survey.
Survey is the method of data collection which involves the use of questionnaire to extract
information from respondents. Survey method used because is effective method in finding
comparative information through questionnaire tool.
3.7.1.2 Key informant interview.
Key informant interviews are qualitative in depth interviews with people who know what is real
going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information

28
from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have
first-hand knowledge about the community. These community experts, with their particular
knowledge and understanding can provide insight on the nature of problems and give
recommendations for solutions. (USAID, 1996). Key informant interview was conducted to the
key informants of public and private formal and informal organization that deals with solid
wastes management in Dodoma.
3.7.1.3 Personal observation.
Direct observation technique also was employed in collection of primary data during the field
work of observing the activities performed by the assigned sectors in municipal solid wastes
management. Personal observation upon all activities performed for solid wastes management
within the municipal including solid wastes collection, transportation and solid wastes disposal
will be check listed.
3.7.1.4 Focus group discussion.
The study considered the focus group discussion as one of the best means of data collection. The
focus group discussion (FGD) is a rapid assessment, semi‐ Structured data gathering method
in which a purposively selected set Of participants gather to discuss issues and concerns based
on a list of key themes drawn (Kumar, 1987). focus group discussions were conducted between
officials/leaders of private and public organizations involves in solid waste management at
Majengo ward.

29
3.7.2. Tools for data collection.
Data collection tools are the techniques used to extract the information from the source. (Kumar,
1987). The research used questionnaire, interview guide as a tool for survey, interview and
observation respective. Also the researcher used focus group discussion guide for obtaining
information from focus group discussion method.
3.7.2.1. Questionnaire.
Questionnaires consists of the number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form
or set of forms. (Kothari, 2009). It is just a structure of getting information directly from the
respondents by interviewing with fixed questions which need precise answer to each question.
The interviewer choose to make sample from some workers in public sectors, privates’ formal
sectors and private informal sectors and local authorities’ deals with solid municipal wastes
management. The questionnaires were translated into Kiswahili language and were given to
interviewee as reference documents for them during interview.
3.7.2.2. Interview guide.
Interview guide is a tool that guides researcher’s conversation toward the topics and issues
she/he wants to learn about from respondents. Interview guides vary from highly scripted to
relatively loose, but they all share certain features: interview guide helps researcher to know
what to ask about, in what sequence, how to pose the questions, and how to pose follow-ups.
They provide guidance about what to do or say next, after your interviewee has answered the last
question. (Kumar, 1987). Interview guide used to get information from respondents.

30
3.8. Data Analysis design.
After the collection of data from direct observation, interview, focal group discussion and
questionnaire of responses and the transcription of the interviews, the quantitative data were
stored in Microsoft excel and qualitative data were stored in table format for analysis.. Also
some closed ended questions in questionnaire were processed by using SPSS (statistical package
for service and solution) to provide an output. Also pictures and diagrams used as the main data
to present direct observations.

31
CHAPTER FOUR
4. ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.
4.1. Introduction.
This chapter summarizes the findings of the study. The main goal of this study was to find out
whether and how public private partnership leads to improvement of solid waste management in
Majengo ward in Dodoma municipality. Public private partnership has been well studied in this
study. In such partnerships responsibility of providing some of the municipal services are passed
to the private sector, formal and informal sectors. The reason for establishing such partnerships
in the waste management sector is to improve operation and maintenance of the municipal
services concerning solid waste management.
Challenges that the municipality are currently facing in provision of municipal services for their
residents, has been discussed. Public awareness and community involvement in the solid waste
management process were also of critical importance in the study.
4.2 Solid Wastes Generation, collection and transportation at Majengo ward.
4.2.1. Solid Wastes Generation.
Due to increase of urbanization Dodoma is highly affected by the solid wastes generated from
households, markets, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other Institutions like colleges and
universities. Solid wastes from that different source are increasing day to day due to increase of
socio-economic activities within the area. Also unprecedentedly population increase led to
increase of solid wastes in all streets of ward, especially in Fatina Street and Mausi Street which
are near Majengo market which is center of trading activities in Dodoma region.

32
Picture 1. Congestions of people and socio economic activities at Majengo increase solid wastes
generation.
Source: Researcher field data, 2013.

33
Picture 2. Solid wastes and some organic wastes situation at Majengo market dumping place
generated (from market only) for the less than a week.
4.2.2. Solid Wastes Segregation and Collection.
The responsibility of collecting wastes generated from different sources except from market
dumping place is assigned to private organization while government collects waste from
dumping place at market place only. Private community based organization like Fatina USAFI
group and Mazingira women group are responsible in solid waste collection and sweeping all
streets at Majengo ward.

34
Private organizations collects wastes from households, bars, offices, hotels, shops, schools,
streets and other Institutions and those wastes producers pays service charge of 500 shillings for
small producers like households and 1000 shillings for large producers like bars, guest houses
and hotels.
Also Informal waste collectors including scavengers working in streets and at the landfills who
collect the recyclable waste around the city and sell to some businessman who transport them to
Dar es salaam for recycling. Unluckily these informal waste collectors are not recognized by any
existing policies and in most cases they are harassed by people in the society. Scavengers are
mainly from minority groups of society who are socially and economically most vulnerable
people. There are many waste pickers and scavenger at Majengo ward which can extremely
contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality.
Picture 3. Scavengers at Majengo street (on left) and from Mlimwa landfill (on right) which can
extremely contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality.

35
4.2.1. Problems in Solid Wastes Collection at Majengo ward.
Waste collection at Majengo ward encounters some problems. The recognized problems
includes, Ward community has been reluctant to pay for the services charge (for collection of
garbage). The set waste collection fee is 500/- per house per week, which become a huge
problem for some community members, especially men because many organizations for solid
waste management in Majengo area are owned and ran by women groups. Even those who
operate shops and therefore have no excuse of having no money, refuse to pay 1000/= giving
reasons that they have already paid at the Municipal Council, while in actual fact they are
supposed to pay for the service providers which are private organizations. This reluctance to pay
is because of habits that have been built within the community. This is a major problem for the
sustainability of the waste management project; because the project uses service charges to pay
the wastes collectors, sweepers and cart pusher's allowances and to pay the amount of money for
rented carts because all community based organizations at Majengo do not have their own carts.
If people do not pay the service charges, then it means the project will not be able to sustain itself
in terms of operations and management.
Also there is no effective law enforcement organs for those who denies or delay to pay service
charges, even though at Majengo ward just like any other ward has Mitaa chairpersons who has
an authority at that particular level but still people are rigid to deliberately pay service charges to
private organizations which led the management of solid wastes to be not easy. Also some
people within the community opted to dump wastes near roads during night to escape to be
charged the service charge for their wastes. This problems occurs because of low awareness to
many people in the community about the effects of dumping waste haphazardly in streets

36
Also the relationship between the organizations and the community is not good probably, even
though members of these organisation are also members of Majengo community as well, the
system of service charger collection led to hostility between organization and some people in
community especially those people who being sued by legal system for not paying service
charges or those who dumps wastes in open spaces.
Other problems are organizational basis like lack of funds, lack of equipment like boots, cars,
carts, gloves which reduces the efficient in solid waste management. Also the huge problem is
the distance from the ward area to dumping place at Mlimwa increases operational costs which
in turn can make organizations to work under loss.
Picture 4. Workers of Mazingira women organization in solid waste collection process at
Mnyapara Street, Majengo.

37
4.2.3. Solid Wastes transportation and disposal.
Solid Wastes collected from households, markets, offices, hotels, shops, schools, streets and
other Institutions like colleges and universities must be transported to the municipal landfills at
Mlimwa area. This is according to municipal regulations because there is no any temporally
place to dispose wastes near town areas. Private organizations transports solid wastes from
Majengo area to Mlimwa landfill by using carts pulled by human being and the study recognized
that municipal council transports wastes from market temporal dumping place to Mlimwa by
using single car that serves the whole municipal.
4.2.3.1. Problems in Solid Wastes transportation and disposal.
Process of transporting solid wastes from community area and disposing to the landfill faces
some serious problem. Distance from community where solid wastes are collected to disposing
place at Mlimwa is very far compared to the means used for transporting solid wastes, this
become a huge problem. Carts and wheelbarrows are the main means of transportations if
compared to the distance increases operational costs and became a big problem for sustainable
solid waste management. Uses of carts as main means of transportation became problem because
carts are not covered at the bottom this led to wastes spillage during transportation; Waste
spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously cleaned localities dirty again.
Solid wastes disposal also is recognized as the problem, firstly landfill area at Mlimwa is at the
open space, which make some light wastes like plastic bags to be moved out by wind motion,
also there is no systematic way of dumping solid wastes, some people dumps the wastes outside
the dumping area where it led to effects on people’s crops because there is farms around landfill,

38
Picture 5. Solid wastes transportation to disposal at Mlimwa landfill.
Source: field data, 2013.

39
Picture 6. Waste spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously
cleaned localities dirty.
Picture 7.Mlimwa landfill.

40
4.3. Current solid Waste Situation at Majengo ward.
From the case study the interviews conducted with the solid waste sector experts in Majengo, It
has been observed that the general solid waste management situation is highly unsatisfactory
over the entire streets of Majengo, in all Fatina street, Mausi street, Mnyapala street and Kitenge
street.
There are many solid wastes from households and other dumped by the people along the streets.
These wastes include plastic bags, plastic bottles, glasses, piece of woods and building remains
materials. During rain seasons the situation becomes much worse. Public health and aesthetics
are compromised when the wastes from transfer stations are not collected according to schedule
because they are located along main streets and near houses in small dust bins and plastic bags
which are from households and mostly are used by many people. Government do not have a
specific areas for temporary disposing wastes, Also wastes spillage from the uncovered carts
while in transit makes previously cleaned localities dirty. There are also some managerial
problems in regard to the health protection of the collection staff. The municipalities are
reluctant to enforce measures aimed at protecting the health of collection staff.
According to a study conducted, people willingness for reduction, reusing and recycling of waste
at Majengo also is very low it depends on their level of knowledge. People who were more likely
to reusing waste were those who fully understood the proper way and the reasons to do it.
Therefore conducting public awareness and educational campaigns looks extremely necessary
and useful. For instance people can contribute to a successful waste management by reduction,
reusing, recycling and proper segregation of waste at source. Also households was recognized
that can play a significant role in cooperating with waste collection staff by putting placing their
wastes on the right place and right time outside the house.

41
Considering the fact that the main solid waste management practiced in Majengo is collection of
wastes, transportation and disposing of wastes at Mlimwa landfill. Recycling, reusing and
reducing are not mostly applicable even though some people with knowledge about important of
3RS methods they use those methods but are not many at study area.
Despite doing a significant job, informal waste collectors including scavengers working at the
landfills and those who collect the recyclable waste around the city are not recognized by any
existing policies and in most cases they are harassed by people in the society. Scavengers are
mainly from minority groups of society who are socially and economically most vulnerable
people. There are many waste pickers in Majengo ward which can extremely contribute to
improvement of solid waste management in locality.
4.4. Government/Public Sectors and Solid Wastes Management at Majengo ward.
Due to rapid urbanization and population growth in the recent years in Dodoma municipal, the
amount of wastes being generated has significantly increased while the capacity of municipal
authorities in delivering waste services for their residences remains undesirably low. The
problems facing solid waste management in Majengo ward can be categorized as political,
technical, organizational, institutional, socioeconomic and managerial problems, which faces
municipal to deliver good services to populated areas like Majengo ward.
This inability in delivering the services is caused by different factors such as lack of institutional
capacities in government, technical capacitates and lack of proper knowledge among the
municipal officers and workers concerning solid wastes management, lack of law enforcement
for those people who are against laws governing solid wastes management and in some cases
lack of financial resources, equipment for workers, trucks and vehicles for waste transportation,

42
small number of workers for instance according to the municipal cleansing office, in year 2013,
124 workers only are temporally employed for sweeping and collection of wastes for some
places in municipal area. Also lack of public awareness about adverse consequence of inadequate
waste management, lack of community participation and people cooperation has further
worsened the situation of solid waste management in the area.
Lack of long term vision and goals also is recognized as problem that encounters municipal
council in solid waste management sector. Municipal council and local government all lacks of
ability to understand that long-term vision for solid waste management is very important. It is
highly recognized that the Municipal council and local government had always given attention
on short-term solutions only and have not considered the waste management issues as a priority.
In other words solid waste management is a highly political neglected issue and the government
left the management to be done with private sectors only to great extent.
Lack of proper plan for solid waste programs in the municipalities and inter organizational
complications which is due to structural problems has been observed the most important issues.
Lack of cooperation and coordination between the departments involved in the management of
solid waste and private organization creates huge managerial problems. Municipality
environmental health departments and private sectors blaming each other for not performing well
their activities when issues such as public awareness, community mobilization, and training of
education programs for people are mentioned also as the problem for sustainable waste
management.
Picture 8. Wheelbarrows, few safe vest and spades outside municipal cleansing offices, tools for
municipal solid wastes collection for part time workers.

43
4.4.1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities.
Researcher interviewed 16 experts and also sent 2 questionnaires to some officials to make the
total of 18 experts, about the capability of municipality in monitoring solid wastes management
activities in Majengo. The distribution was as outlined in a chart below about the responses about
the capability of government in monitoring the solid wastes management activities at majengo
ward.

44
Chart, 1.
Source: Field data, 2013.
Data obtained showing that the government capability in monitoring the solid wastes
management is not good enough. For the overall data obtained from response of solid wastes
experts from private and public sectors. 61% of them blamed government to be incapable in
monitoring activities while 39% showed that government is capable in monitoring and
management of the solid wastes activities in the locality. That shows that capability of
government in monitoring solid wastes activities is very low.

45
4.5. Public private partnership analysis.
4.5.1. Introduction.
Public private partnership is a long or medium term arrangement between the public and private
sectors whereby public sector transfers part of its responsibilities to the private sector (World
Bank 2011). These arrangements are typically formed with clear goals and agreements for
delivery of public services.
4.5.2. Opportunities for Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management.
On assessing the opportunity for public partnership in Majengo, study recognized that the room
for Public private partnership to thrive in solid wastes management is still doubtable.
Government and well invested private sectors perceive as an opportunity while the community
based organizations (CBO’S) perceive as a problem to them.
Well invested Private organizations are very eager for collaborative responsibility for solid
wastes management in the city; because for them the public private partnership is like business
oriented and customer based activities which they can get and maximize profit while maintaining
sustainable solid waste management. This is due to the fact that they have high qualified
personnel and high investment in transportation facilities which can ease the solid waste
management and perform activities quickly and precisely by using low cost.
Community based organizations which are not well invested they use poor tools that lead to
poor working conditions and increase of operational costs which make them to work under loss
sometimes. Also the study recognized the gap of cooperation between government and
community based organizations. Communities based organization at Majengo blaming
government for being not cooperative in solid wastes management. This situation make

46
community based organizations to work under unfavorable condition which in long run can put
the partnership jeopardy.
Government authorities are in favor to the PPP to be an alternative good way of solid wastes
management because it reduces time of government to consume much time in dealing solid
wastes management. Also it is an effective precise way for solid wastes management.
4.5.3. Benefits of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management.
Public Private Partnerships aimed at providing good public services. Such partnerships are
characterized by the sharing of risks, responsibilities and reward between the partners for
sustainable services provision.
Collaboration between public private combines the skills of both public and private sectors that
improves the solid waste management situation, thus public private partnership recognized as a
better alternative model for solid waste management that all stakeholders agreed with it. From
the data obtained from the field all respondent agreed with the public private partnership to the
best way for sustainable solid wastes in the city (Majengo ward). Also in case usefulness of the
private public partnership model all respondent was pro-ideas as the best model of solid waste
management.
This idea has been proven in practices in the public private partnership in Majengo ward. After
partnership collection, transportation practices have been significantly improved and have
resulted in huge reduction in the amount of waste on streets. According to the different sources
the situation of solid wastes at Majengo in year 2005 and backward the situation of solid waste
was worse compared to now, because during that time there were few private organizations to
work in partnership with government for sustainable solid wastes management.

47
The partnership led to better management system, better services, Speedy, efficient and cost
effective delivery of projects objectives. Public private partnership increases accountability and
competition for the provision and delivery of quality public services through performance of
incentive management which in turn led good service which can automatically led to sustainable
solid wastes management in the ward and city at large.
4.5.4. Problems hindering effectiveness of Public private partnership in Municipal solid
wastes management.
The study reveals some problems and constrains for effective public private partnership for
sustainable solid wastes management.
Relationship between private sectors and government it was recognized as a barrier for effective
PPP. The department of environment health and safety at municipal council are blamed to be not
supportive and collaborative enough to the community based organization working at Majengo
concerning solid wastes activities in locality. Monitoring and motivations for community based
organization doing solid wastes management is very low which became a problem for
sustainable solid wastes management because the owner and workers of organization they feel
like are unprivileged by the government which led them to be despaired to perform well their
works which in turn could put PPP into jeopardy.
Shortage of fund is the most ranked barrier which affects the effectiveness of private
organizations. This barrier affects many organisations because they need money for operation
costs and once they do not have enough fund efficiency in service provision is affected.
Due to shortage of funds private sectors faces some difficulties in covering costs for maintenance
of collection trucks, fuels, carts and paying for human labour which affect the collection and

48
transportation of solid wastes from the collection points to the dumping sites for disposal. Most
of the funds used by private sectors operating at Majengo are obtained from service charge
collection from the wastes producers, meaning that they depend much on willingness of the
community to contribute for the services.
Inadequate equipment for waste collection is another critical barrier ranked by the respondents
and affects the effectiveness of private contractors in solid waste management. Equipment
including trucks, collection equipment and safety measures that are necessary for the solid waste
management in all the areas researched. Other barriers including population growth, low
education to people on solid waste management issues, poor technology, poor sanitation
infrastructure and lack of experienced and competent personnel in SWM also affects the
effectiveness in other way around but they can be solved once the private contractors build
capacity in getting enough funds and equipment for the sustainable services provision.

49
CHAPTER FIVE.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
5.1. Conclusion.
The goal of this study was to study the solid waste management practices and its associated
problems in Majengo ward, Public private partnership for solid waste management has been
studied with the aim of exploring its efficiency towards sustainable solid waste management also
to assess whether it is possible better alternative model for the public sector controlled system to
work in partnership with private sectors.
Solid waste management is not only the responsibility of public sector because everybody who
generates waste is a stakeholder and needs to bear some responsibility. It has repeatedly been
pointed out by most influential organizations such as World Bank and European Commission
that there is a need for a change and different approach in order to overcome the increasing
problem of solid waste management in most of developing countries. From social point of view
they emphasize on community and private sector participation in the form of partnerships. This
participation and partnership stems for the following situation: Firstly, the growing deterioration
in the environment due to population growth, uncontrolled rapid urbanization and economic
growth has challenged the capacity of public sector to work up to the expectation of the people.
Secondly, private sector is believed to have the ample time, resources, technologies, capacities,
efficiency and expertise needed for more effective management of solid waste, while
government/public sector can play a significant role in making the regulations and retain the

50
authority of monitoring over the private sector contractors and organization. Such distribution of
responsibilities can be arranged in the form of public private partnership.
Generally, until all stakeholders Such as public and private sectors (both formal and informal),
NGOs and communities are involved in the solid waste management process, a durable and
sustainable solid waste management system is not possible. Public private partnership is a good
alternative model for solid waste management in any urban area, but at the same time one
important issue worth mentioning that capacity building in the public sector is also very
important for having a successful partnership with private sector. Without institutional capacities
public sector cannot be a strong partner to properly manage the contract and monitor the quality
of services provided by the private sector.
5.2. Recommendations
Basing on the findings from this study, review of literature, and views obtained during survey
and conclusion of the study, various recommendations are given below on what should be done
so as to have effective PPP in solid waste management services provision, Private organizations
should employ better ways of motivating the residents to contribute for the services by educating
them on the necessity of paying services charges instead of blaming in the rigidity of people to
contribute. Different ways such as public meetings, interest groups meetings and conducting
workshops for leaders are suggested to be used so as to make residents aware of the services
contribution for effective service provision. The government should make sure that there are
rules and regulation to govern private contractors on coverage of the services so as enable equal
distribution of the services regardless of the income status of the areas. Private sectors should
invent different and better ways of services charges collection so as to have enough funds for

51
providing the services instead of door to door visiting which sometimes has resulted into failure
in collection due to rigidity of some residents especially those living in medium and low income
areas. Considering the results from findings, analysis and conclusion solid wastes collection
using trucks and carts moving around the sub wards on set days has been facing many challenges
the biggest being high operating costs. Because of that the researcher advises on the use of the
communal temporary containers method as a simple ways of waste collection. Through this
method, residents will collect their wastes in the containers distributed around their sub wards
and collectors will pick them from those areas. Municipal governments should plan and design
proper waste disposal sites in some areas in their municipality and can arrange proper transport
to the landfill, so as to reduce the transportation of wastes by organization which led to more
costs and disturbance which results into dropping of wastes on other areas during transportation
to disposing site.
Regular public awareness campaigns are needed to motivate the community to participate in
paying service charge payment and cleanliness maintenances, not just on their own premises but
also in open and public areas so as to reduce the amount of solid wastes spreading around the
areas. In the contemporary world where the environment is at stake and where sustainable
development is the way to go, it is time now that solid waste management is prioritized and
budgeted in development plans. This is because it is one of the problems that have far- reaching
effects on the environment and when not mitigated the problem results into adverse effects. The
main researcher’s suggestion is that Dodoma Municipal Council should have long term vision
for MSWM and council should deliberately include solid waste management as a priority in its
annual budgets for sustainable MSWM.

52
REFFERENCES.
Ankur, G. Kumar, V. & Verma, V. (2007), Public Private Partnership for Solid Waste
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Delhi, India.
Awomeso, J., A. Taiwo, A. Gbadebo, and A. Arimoro. 2010. “Waste disposal and pollution
management in urban areas: A workable remedy for the environment in developing countries.”
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Bartone, C.R. (1995), the role of the private sector in developing countries: Keys to success.
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Coad, Adrian and Gonzenbach. Barbara. 2006. Solid Waste, Health and the Millennium
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Lundmark, Carina. 2003. The Politics of Recycling – a Liberal Democratic Dilemma? European
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UN-HABITAT, 2003. The Challenges of Slums. Global Report on Human Settlement. London:
Earthscan.
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public-private-partnerships
Zurbrugg, C. (2003), Basics of Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries. Swiss land.
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Technological University
.

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APPENDIX.
______________________________________________________________________________
KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PUBLIC SECTORS:
i. Please explain a little bit about yourself and your organization activities concerning solid
wastemanagement?............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Ii.Solid waste management has become unprecedentedly huge problem in developing countries.
What are the current problems for sustainable municipal solid waste management in your
municipal?..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
iii.What are the causes of these
problems?...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
iv.What are the current solid waste management practices
employed?..........................................................................................................................................

56
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
v.What are the main shortfalls of public sector for successful solid waste management in
Majengoward?....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
vi. Do you think involvement of private sector in solid waste services is useful? YES( ) /
NO ( )
Please
explain.......................................................................................................................................
vii. What should be done to encourage private sector participation in municipal solid waste
management?
............................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
viii. How can the private sector complement the work of the public sector in
SWM?................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ix. What are the consequence of private sector involvement in municipal solid waste
management in
general?..............................................................................................................................................

CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

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