Brief guide to referencing
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This document provides an overview of referencing and citation styles. It discusses why references are important, the different components of citations and references, and the key styles including alphabetical (e.g. Harvard) and numbered (e.g. Vancouver). The agenda covers citation items like quotations and paraphrasing, categories of styles, examples of references, and referencing software. The goal is to teach researchers how to properly cite sources and format reference lists in manuscripts and protocols.
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Brief guide to referencing
- 1. Ahmed Zeeneldin Prof of Medical Oncology March, 2014 “How to write a protocol” workshop
- 2. Agenda – ™ Why to reference? ™ Items – – – – – Citation اﺳﺘﺸﮭﺎد -ﺗﻨﻮﯾﮫ References ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ Bibliography ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ-ﻣﺼﺎدر Direct quotations “”اﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة Paraphrasing إﻋﺎدة ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ ™ Categories of Referencing styles – Alphabetical (author and date) – Numbered ™ Referencing style ™ Referencing software 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 2
- 3. Why should you reference? – ™ Authorize to your work, strengthens your argument and demonstrates the breadth of your research. ™ Give credit to original authors ™ Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of information. ™ Avoid being accused for Plagiarism 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 3
- 4. Citation and reference – Citation Citation Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) ……. Zeeneldin A (2013)………… 03/03/2014 1. Zeeneldin A ………… 2. Abdelwahaab A …….. Ahmed Zeeneldin 4
- 5. Categories of Referencing styles – Numbered Alphabetical Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) ……. Zeeneldin A (2013)………… Reference list 1. Zeeneldin A ………… 2. Abdelwahaab A …….. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 5
- 6. Categories of Referencing styles – ™ Alphabetical (author and date): – Used in Theses – In-text citations mention author last name and year – References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order. No numbers ™ Numbered: – Used in articles – In-text citations mention the reference number only – References are arranged in the reference list numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 6
- 7. Citing within the text (alphabetical) – Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky & Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968). According to Striver (2001 p 20) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” (Striver, 2001 p20) 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 7
- 8. Citing within the text (alphabetical) – ™ Rules – include the author’s surname and the year of publication and also any page numbers if you are quoting from a specific page – If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors surname and initials followed by et al. – If you state the authors name within your work then just include the date of publication to indicate the work being cited 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 8
- 9. Citing within the text (numbered) – Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men [1]. According to Striver (2001) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” [2]. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 9
- 10. Bibliography (reference list) – ™ Alphabetical (author and date): – References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers ™ Numbered: – References are arranged in the reference numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 10
- 11. Bibliography (reference list) – ™ Alphabetical (author and date): – References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers ™ Zeeneldin A (2006)....... ™ Zeeneldin A (2007a)....... ™ Zeeneldin A (2007b)....... ™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)...... ™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006)....... ™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006)....... 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 11
- 12. Essential components – ™ Who: ™ What: ™ Where: ™ When: 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 12
- 13. Essential components – ™ Who: Zeeneldin A ™ What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians ™ Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 ™ When: 2012 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 13
- 14. Essential components – Who Authors What Title (article, book, book chapter, thesis) Where Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact numbers when Year of publication 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 14
- 15. Essential components – ™ Who: Authors – Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA]) – List all authors without AND ™ Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M, Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA. – List some followed by et al. ™ 6: 5 et al. ™ 4: 3 et al. ™ Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 15
- 16. Essential components – ™ What: title – – – – – – 03/03/2014 Title of an article Book Book chapter Website Thesis Other Ahmed Zeeneldin 16
- 17. Essential components Where ™ Article: – ™ Book: – journal title (abbreviated e.g. NEJM). – Volume and issue – Page numbers – Edition number if not first (2nd ed.) – Publisher – City – Pages ™ Website: – [Online]. Available at: www……. – (Accessed 20 Nov 2013) 03/03/2014 ™ Book chapter – In: book authors (eds.) – Rest as the book Ahmed Zeeneldin 17
- 18. Essential components when: year – ™ ™ ™ ™ Who: Zeeneldin A What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 When: 2012 - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. 2012 - Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012; 13(7):23-29. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 18
- 19. Examples – ™ Book: – Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005) Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp 20-50. ™ Book chapter: – Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.) Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 23-66. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 19
- 20. Examples – ™ Article: – Kim, H.S. (2007) ‘A new model for communicative effectiveness of science’. Science Communication, 28(3), pp. 287-313. ™ Webpage: – Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm (Accessed 15 August 2007). 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 20
- 21. Examples – ™ Thesis – McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 21
- 22. Reference style – ™ Alphabetical: – Harvard ––- ™ Numbered – Vancouver ––- 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 22
- 23. Referencing software – ™ Endnote ™ Ref manager ™ Ref works ™™™- 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 23