This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education.
Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how we know what we know. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to groups of people and societies. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. Education is discussed through several philosophical quotes emphasizing its importance in developing virtue and judgment beyond just knowledge.
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
This document provides an overview of definitions related to philosophy and the philosophy of man. It discusses:
- Two types of definitions - nominal (based on name) and real (based on essence). Real definitions can be intrinsic (essential or descriptive) or extrinsic (based on origin, cause, purpose).
- Pre-Socratic views of human nature including that man has water, air, or fire essence. Pythagoras viewed man as body and immortal soul.
- Socrates defined man as a being that thinks and wills, emphasizing the attitudinal level of human nature over the somatic.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses some of the most notable ancient Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It also outlines some of the main branches of philosophy including aesthetics, logic, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of the human person. The document encourages philosophical thinking by asking questions about reality, knowledge, purpose, freedom, and the human person.
This document provides an overview of philosophy, including:
1) The origin and definition of philosophy, tracing back to ancient Greek philosophers and meaning "love of wisdom." Philosophy arises from wonder, curiosity, and a desire to understand.
2) The main branches of philosophy are discussed - ethics, logic, epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics. Each branch focuses on fundamental questions about its topic.
3) Reflection and questioning oneself are presented as important aspects of engaging with philosophy. Philosophers encourage examining one's life, experiences, beliefs and assumptions.
The document provides an overview of philosophy, including its definition and history. It defines philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom, and as a search for meaning that consumes one's whole attention. Philosophy was born when early humans started wondering about their world. It has four main branches - logic, ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics. The document then outlines the major philosophers and schools of thought throughout history, from the pre-Socratic period to contemporary philosophers. It concludes by reflecting on students' preconceptions of philosophy and the subjects it concerns.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy and views of human nature from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It summarizes that Socrates believed human nature involved reasoning and that people do not willingly do wrong. Plato saw human nature as depending on the tripartite soul and that people fulfill their nature based on the society they live in. Aristotle viewed humans as rational social animals that achieve success by fulfilling their telos/function through virtue.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of the human person and existentialism. It discusses how philosophy begins in wonder and aims to understand human life and reality as a whole. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's existence and freedom over rationalism. While existentialist philosophies diverge, they commonly focus on humans as actors and subjects rather than objects, and stress existence as situatedness and freedom in different ways. The document explores various existentialist thinkers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, and their views on authentic versus inauthentic existence.
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
This document provides an overview of definitions related to philosophy and the philosophy of man. It discusses:
- Two types of definitions - nominal (based on name) and real (based on essence). Real definitions can be intrinsic (essential or descriptive) or extrinsic (based on origin, cause, purpose).
- Pre-Socratic views of human nature including that man has water, air, or fire essence. Pythagoras viewed man as body and immortal soul.
- Socrates defined man as a being that thinks and wills, emphasizing the attitudinal level of human nature over the somatic.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses some of the most notable ancient Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It also outlines some of the main branches of philosophy including aesthetics, logic, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of the human person. The document encourages philosophical thinking by asking questions about reality, knowledge, purpose, freedom, and the human person.
This document provides an overview of philosophy, including:
1) The origin and definition of philosophy, tracing back to ancient Greek philosophers and meaning "love of wisdom." Philosophy arises from wonder, curiosity, and a desire to understand.
2) The main branches of philosophy are discussed - ethics, logic, epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics. Each branch focuses on fundamental questions about its topic.
3) Reflection and questioning oneself are presented as important aspects of engaging with philosophy. Philosophers encourage examining one's life, experiences, beliefs and assumptions.
The document provides an overview of philosophy, including its definition and history. It defines philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom, and as a search for meaning that consumes one's whole attention. Philosophy was born when early humans started wondering about their world. It has four main branches - logic, ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics. The document then outlines the major philosophers and schools of thought throughout history, from the pre-Socratic period to contemporary philosophers. It concludes by reflecting on students' preconceptions of philosophy and the subjects it concerns.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy and views of human nature from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It summarizes that Socrates believed human nature involved reasoning and that people do not willingly do wrong. Plato saw human nature as depending on the tripartite soul and that people fulfill their nature based on the society they live in. Aristotle viewed humans as rational social animals that achieve success by fulfilling their telos/function through virtue.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of the human person and existentialism. It discusses how philosophy begins in wonder and aims to understand human life and reality as a whole. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's existence and freedom over rationalism. While existentialist philosophies diverge, they commonly focus on humans as actors and subjects rather than objects, and stress existence as situatedness and freedom in different ways. The document explores various existentialist thinkers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, and their views on authentic versus inauthentic existence.
This document discusses several key concepts in environmental philosophy:
- Humans are interconnected with nature and impact the environment, while environmental changes also impact humanity.
- There are three main perspectives on the human-environment relationship: anthropocentrism focuses on human use of nature, biocentrism values all organisms, and ecocentrism emphasizes ecosystems and communities.
- As rational beings, humans have a responsibility to understand nature and address growing environmental problems through sustainable use of resources and international cooperation on issues like climate change.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It defines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document outlines the meaning, origins, goals, questions, importance, branches, and differences between philosophy, science, and religion. It notes that philosophy originated from the Greek words for "love of wisdom" and was used by Socrates to describe intellectual probing. The main branches of philosophy discussed are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology.
The document introduces philosophy by discussing its origins and aims. It states that wonder is the starting point of philosophy, as man began to wonder and inquire about the world upon his existence. The document then says that while philosophy arises from wonder, it aims at understanding rather than simple answers. It seeks enlightenment and truth about the whole of human life and the universe. Finally, the document defines philosophy as the oldest form of systematic inquiry, meaning the love of wisdom. It aims to be grounded in life and prove its practical importance.
The document discusses the philosophical enterprise and defines philosophy. It outlines that philosophy begins with questioning and the desire to understand one's identity. The document then presents the three disciplines of philosophy: 1) the discipline of questioning, which initiates philosophy through asking questions about oneself, 2) the discipline of liberation, which frees one from unquestioned conformity, and 3) the discipline of personhood, where each individual must philosophize to know and improve themselves. The goal of these disciplines is to philosophize through diversity rather than conformity and live a more meaningful life through questioning and liberation from ignorance.
Aristotle believed that virtue, or excellence of character (arete), was the key to human happiness (eudaemonia). He identified two types of virtue - intellectual virtues related to our professions, and moral virtues common to all humans. Moral virtue is developed through habituation starting in childhood. The virtuous mean between two extremes is the balanced, correct course of action. Achieving moral virtue through consistently choosing the mean requires good character, which in turn requires good habits developed over a lifetime.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
This document discusses different philosophical methods for determining truth: phenomenology bases truth on consciousness; existentialism bases it on personal freedom and choice; postmodernism rejects absolute truth and emphasizes cultures and power structures; analytic tradition views language as socially constructed. It also discusses logic and critical thinking as tools to reason, distinguish facts from opinions, and identify fallacies. Logical arguments can be deductive, moving from general premises to specific conclusions, or inductive, using observations to make probable claims.
Philosophy provides value in several ways according to the document:
1. Philosophy is the foundation of knowledge and the framework for understanding the world by establishing the premises and standards by which ideas are integrated.
2. It gives us a sense of direction and purpose in life by providing guidelines on how to live and a point of view.
3. Studying philosophy helps us to think, which is an important part of being human. It helps us to be human and leads us to be humane.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by defining what philosophy is and outlining some of its main branches and questions. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the science that studies beings through human reason alone. The core branches outlined are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines fundamental questions about existence, reality, and the nature of being. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning. Ethics explores questions of morality and right conduct. The document lists examples of basic questions addressed within each branch.
Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view.pptxMariaSuzanneHizole
The document discusses the definition and goals of philosophy. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom, where wisdom is the ultimate goal. It aims to study things systematically using human reason. Philosophers question all things and seek to understand first causes and highest principles. The goals of philosophy include gaining a holistic perspective by emptying oneself intellectually through simplicity, spiritually through compassion, and physically by refraining from misuse of the senses. True wisdom is attained by becoming holistic through various human dimensions.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - Introduction to PhilosophyJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the core subjects in the k-12 curriculum of the Senior High School: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. On this presentation, it discusses about the definition, history and nature of the philosophy.
Introduction to Philosophy and the Human personJayArGuzman
Pythagoras is credited with coining the term "philosophy" to describe the third class of people at the ancient Olympic Games - the "lovers of wisdom" who attended as spectators seeking truth. Philosophy derives from the Greek words for "love" and "wisdom," meaning a love of wisdom. It can refer to fundamental beliefs and assumptions that influence one's views, analyzing one's beliefs and reasons for actions, or reconstructing a belief system. Philosophy involves investigating or critiquing the meaning of concepts to advance areas of inquiry, with the question being what subjects can be talked about in a philosophical sense.
1. Philosophical inquiry is man's effort to integrate his experiences as a responsible agent through dynamic interaction with his environment and other people.
2. Inquiry requires being aware of past inadequacies and current uncertainties in order to thoughtfully react to problems while considering future impacts.
3. Inquiry is a communal process that examines shared experiences and traditions to address tensions and lift human life to greater integrity through perspectives beyond common sense.
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy and discusses its main branches, including metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. It also examines key principles of philosophy like the principles of identity, non-contradiction, and sufficient reason. Additionally, it explores concepts in Filipino philosophy such as loob, utang na loob, and bahala na. Finally, it discusses the idea of abundance in philosophy, describing abundance as something that comes from scattering rather than gathering and is found in sharing rather than holding.
Aristotle believed that happiness consists of living virtuously according to reason. He defined virtue as finding the golden mean between two vices - having too much or too little of a trait. Aristotle taught that humans become virtuous through practice and habit, and that developing moral virtues and intellectual virtues leads to eudaimonia, or human flourishing. The function of human beings is to act in accordance with reason using our rational souls.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
- Work Ethics and Community Service
- Research and Evaluation
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature and definitions of philosophy, examining perspectives from Pythagoras to modern existentialism. It explores major themes in the philosophy of man like embodiment, social nature, freedom, and the search for meaning and values. The document also outlines the major branches of philosophy and different philosophical approaches to studying human nature, shifting from a cosmocentric to a theocentric to an anthropocentric focus over time.
Introduction to the philosophy of the human personThess Isidoro
This document provides an introduction to a philosophy of the human person course. It covers several key topics:
- The human person in their environment, and how humans were created to live in harmony with nature. Respect for the environment is discussed.
- Freedom of the human person, including lessons on free will, voluntary actions and their consequences, and arguments for and against freedom of the will.
- Intersubjectivity, which examines human relationships and interactions between people.
Various learning activities are suggested such as poster making, travelogue creation, and recycling projects to reinforce the lessons. The document outlines rationales, objectives and content for each topic area.
The document discusses four methods of philosophizing: logic, existentialism, analytic tradition, and phenomenology. It provides details on each method:
- Logic uses premises and inferences to build arguments and draw conclusions. It teaches correct thinking.
- Existentialism asserts individual freedom and responsibility over one's choices and future.
- Analytic philosophy validates truths through scientific processes and experimentation rather than perception alone.
- Phenomenology seeks the essential meaning of things by examining different perspectives on them.
The document advocates using these philosophy methods, especially logic, to develop critical thinking skills and make reasoned judgments.
E-governance in the Philippines refers to the use of information and communication technologies by government agencies to transform relationships with citizens, businesses, and other government entities to improve service delivery. In 2007, the Philippines was ranked 17th among 191 countries in terms of quality of government websites and use of ICT tools, and 4th in Asia in terms of e-government readiness. The Philippines was also ranked 15th globally on an e-participation index measuring how well government websites promote participatory decision-making.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This document discusses several key concepts in environmental philosophy:
- Humans are interconnected with nature and impact the environment, while environmental changes also impact humanity.
- There are three main perspectives on the human-environment relationship: anthropocentrism focuses on human use of nature, biocentrism values all organisms, and ecocentrism emphasizes ecosystems and communities.
- As rational beings, humans have a responsibility to understand nature and address growing environmental problems through sustainable use of resources and international cooperation on issues like climate change.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It defines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document outlines the meaning, origins, goals, questions, importance, branches, and differences between philosophy, science, and religion. It notes that philosophy originated from the Greek words for "love of wisdom" and was used by Socrates to describe intellectual probing. The main branches of philosophy discussed are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology.
The document introduces philosophy by discussing its origins and aims. It states that wonder is the starting point of philosophy, as man began to wonder and inquire about the world upon his existence. The document then says that while philosophy arises from wonder, it aims at understanding rather than simple answers. It seeks enlightenment and truth about the whole of human life and the universe. Finally, the document defines philosophy as the oldest form of systematic inquiry, meaning the love of wisdom. It aims to be grounded in life and prove its practical importance.
The document discusses the philosophical enterprise and defines philosophy. It outlines that philosophy begins with questioning and the desire to understand one's identity. The document then presents the three disciplines of philosophy: 1) the discipline of questioning, which initiates philosophy through asking questions about oneself, 2) the discipline of liberation, which frees one from unquestioned conformity, and 3) the discipline of personhood, where each individual must philosophize to know and improve themselves. The goal of these disciplines is to philosophize through diversity rather than conformity and live a more meaningful life through questioning and liberation from ignorance.
Aristotle believed that virtue, or excellence of character (arete), was the key to human happiness (eudaemonia). He identified two types of virtue - intellectual virtues related to our professions, and moral virtues common to all humans. Moral virtue is developed through habituation starting in childhood. The virtuous mean between two extremes is the balanced, correct course of action. Achieving moral virtue through consistently choosing the mean requires good character, which in turn requires good habits developed over a lifetime.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
This document discusses different philosophical methods for determining truth: phenomenology bases truth on consciousness; existentialism bases it on personal freedom and choice; postmodernism rejects absolute truth and emphasizes cultures and power structures; analytic tradition views language as socially constructed. It also discusses logic and critical thinking as tools to reason, distinguish facts from opinions, and identify fallacies. Logical arguments can be deductive, moving from general premises to specific conclusions, or inductive, using observations to make probable claims.
Philosophy provides value in several ways according to the document:
1. Philosophy is the foundation of knowledge and the framework for understanding the world by establishing the premises and standards by which ideas are integrated.
2. It gives us a sense of direction and purpose in life by providing guidelines on how to live and a point of view.
3. Studying philosophy helps us to think, which is an important part of being human. It helps us to be human and leads us to be humane.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by defining what philosophy is and outlining some of its main branches and questions. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the science that studies beings through human reason alone. The core branches outlined are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines fundamental questions about existence, reality, and the nature of being. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning. Ethics explores questions of morality and right conduct. The document lists examples of basic questions addressed within each branch.
Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view.pptxMariaSuzanneHizole
The document discusses the definition and goals of philosophy. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom, where wisdom is the ultimate goal. It aims to study things systematically using human reason. Philosophers question all things and seek to understand first causes and highest principles. The goals of philosophy include gaining a holistic perspective by emptying oneself intellectually through simplicity, spiritually through compassion, and physically by refraining from misuse of the senses. True wisdom is attained by becoming holistic through various human dimensions.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - Introduction to PhilosophyJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the core subjects in the k-12 curriculum of the Senior High School: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. On this presentation, it discusses about the definition, history and nature of the philosophy.
Introduction to Philosophy and the Human personJayArGuzman
Pythagoras is credited with coining the term "philosophy" to describe the third class of people at the ancient Olympic Games - the "lovers of wisdom" who attended as spectators seeking truth. Philosophy derives from the Greek words for "love" and "wisdom," meaning a love of wisdom. It can refer to fundamental beliefs and assumptions that influence one's views, analyzing one's beliefs and reasons for actions, or reconstructing a belief system. Philosophy involves investigating or critiquing the meaning of concepts to advance areas of inquiry, with the question being what subjects can be talked about in a philosophical sense.
1. Philosophical inquiry is man's effort to integrate his experiences as a responsible agent through dynamic interaction with his environment and other people.
2. Inquiry requires being aware of past inadequacies and current uncertainties in order to thoughtfully react to problems while considering future impacts.
3. Inquiry is a communal process that examines shared experiences and traditions to address tensions and lift human life to greater integrity through perspectives beyond common sense.
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy and discusses its main branches, including metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. It also examines key principles of philosophy like the principles of identity, non-contradiction, and sufficient reason. Additionally, it explores concepts in Filipino philosophy such as loob, utang na loob, and bahala na. Finally, it discusses the idea of abundance in philosophy, describing abundance as something that comes from scattering rather than gathering and is found in sharing rather than holding.
Aristotle believed that happiness consists of living virtuously according to reason. He defined virtue as finding the golden mean between two vices - having too much or too little of a trait. Aristotle taught that humans become virtuous through practice and habit, and that developing moral virtues and intellectual virtues leads to eudaimonia, or human flourishing. The function of human beings is to act in accordance with reason using our rational souls.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
- Work Ethics and Community Service
- Research and Evaluation
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature and definitions of philosophy, examining perspectives from Pythagoras to modern existentialism. It explores major themes in the philosophy of man like embodiment, social nature, freedom, and the search for meaning and values. The document also outlines the major branches of philosophy and different philosophical approaches to studying human nature, shifting from a cosmocentric to a theocentric to an anthropocentric focus over time.
Introduction to the philosophy of the human personThess Isidoro
This document provides an introduction to a philosophy of the human person course. It covers several key topics:
- The human person in their environment, and how humans were created to live in harmony with nature. Respect for the environment is discussed.
- Freedom of the human person, including lessons on free will, voluntary actions and their consequences, and arguments for and against freedom of the will.
- Intersubjectivity, which examines human relationships and interactions between people.
Various learning activities are suggested such as poster making, travelogue creation, and recycling projects to reinforce the lessons. The document outlines rationales, objectives and content for each topic area.
The document discusses four methods of philosophizing: logic, existentialism, analytic tradition, and phenomenology. It provides details on each method:
- Logic uses premises and inferences to build arguments and draw conclusions. It teaches correct thinking.
- Existentialism asserts individual freedom and responsibility over one's choices and future.
- Analytic philosophy validates truths through scientific processes and experimentation rather than perception alone.
- Phenomenology seeks the essential meaning of things by examining different perspectives on them.
The document advocates using these philosophy methods, especially logic, to develop critical thinking skills and make reasoned judgments.
E-governance in the Philippines refers to the use of information and communication technologies by government agencies to transform relationships with citizens, businesses, and other government entities to improve service delivery. In 2007, the Philippines was ranked 17th among 191 countries in terms of quality of government websites and use of ICT tools, and 4th in Asia in terms of e-government readiness. The Philippines was also ranked 15th globally on an e-participation index measuring how well government websites promote participatory decision-making.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This presentation has been prepared to give a glimpse of Union Budget 2017-18. It will come handy for management students who have Finance as one of their subjects.
This document defines and discusses various aspects of e-governance. E-governance refers to the use of technology like the internet and mobile devices by government to improve efficiency and services for citizens, businesses, employees, and other government agencies. It discusses the different types of e-governance like G2C (government to citizen), G2B (government to business), G2E (government to employee), and G2G (government to government). Challenges to e-governance implementation include lack of clarity, security threats, localization issues, and underutilization of infrastructure. Successful e-governance can provide many benefits to India's large population across its states and territories.
The document provides an overview of the political and administrative structure of the Philippines. It discusses the unitary presidential system and the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It describes the structure and powers of each branch. The executive branch is led by the President. The legislative branch is a bicameral Congress consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court and includes lower courts.
The document describes the three branches of government in the Philippines: the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives; and the judicial branch, headed by the Supreme Court. It provides details on the structure and roles of each branch, including the powers of the President and members of the Cabinet, composition of the Senate and House of Representatives, and hierarchy of the court system.
The document discusses the structure and powers of the Philippine government. It is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others to prevent arbitrary rule. Officials of each branch have qualifications like age, residency, and term limits. The legislative branch has the power to enact laws, taxation, confirm appointments, declare war, and impeach. The executive branch includes the President and exercises powers like veto and pardon. The judicial branch settles disputes and determines constitutionality of laws.
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses several major branches of philosophy including metaphysics, logic, ethics, epistemology, and aesthetics. For each branch, it outlines some key questions addressed within that field. Overall, the document serves to introduce the major topics and questions of philosophy with a focus on understanding the human person.
The document is a collection of philosophical questions intended to provoke thinking about thinking. It includes over 100 questions across a wide range of philosophical topics, such as the nature of reality, knowledge, science, ethics, politics, aesthetics, language, religion, human nature, and more. The questions are brief and aim to explore fundamental issues and concepts in philosophy through inquiry and examination of basic assumptions.
The document is a compendium of philosophical questions compiled by Mike Gershon that is intended to get the reader thinking about thinking. It contains over 100 questions across a wide range of philosophical topics, including questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, science, ethics, politics, aesthetics, language, religion, human nature, and more. The questions are meant to provoke thought and discussion about fundamental philosophical issues.
2 Major fields of philosophy METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY ONLYApril Centes
This document provides information on different branches of philosophy and how they relate to education. It discusses metaphysics, which encompasses existence and reality, and asks questions about the nature of knowledge, people, and the world. It also discusses epistemology, which is the study of knowledge acquisition and whether knowledge comes from rationalism or empiricism. Epistemology questions how we learn and what constitutes truth. The document provides examples of how metaphysical and epistemological questions could inform educational practices and curriculum development.
This document provides an overview of philosophy and its main branches. Philosophy is defined as the systematic, critical examination of how we think and act to become wiser. The five main branches discussed are: Metaphysics, which studies reality and existence; Epistemology, which is the study of knowledge; Logic, which examines valid reasoning; Ethics, which is the study of morality; and Aesthetics, which concerns beauty, art, and taste. Each branch seeks to answer fundamental questions about its subject area through philosophical inquiry and rational thought.
The document discusses Aristotle's concept of virtue ethics. It explains that for Aristotle, achieving virtue and excellence as a human involves functioning according to reason. True virtue is developed over time through habituation, not instantly. There are two types of virtue - moral and intellectual. Moral virtue concerns actions and is developed through habit, while intellectual virtue involves knowledge and reasoning. Practical wisdom is an intellectual virtue that guides one's moral actions and choices. For Aristotle, virtue involves moderation between extremes of excess and deficiency, targeting the mean appropriate to each situation through practical wisdom.
Logic is the study of evaluating arguments and determining good thinking. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, truth, and how we can know things. It examines questions about what knowledge is and where it comes from. Metaphysics is the study of ultimate reality and examines questions about what reality is and whether things like God, freedom, and the soul exist. Axiology is the study of values and includes ethics, which examines moral principles and right vs wrong, social and political philosophy, which examines value judgments in society, and aesthetics, which examines the nature and value of art.
Ethics and psychology are related fields that study human behavior and the mind but have key differences in their perspectives and aims. Psychology is a positive science that examines the actual processes of feeling, desiring and willing without judgment of right and wrong. Ethics is a normative field that searches for ideals of human behavior and determines what actions people should and should not take based on an ultimate conception of the good. While psychology describes human behavior factually, ethics contends with how people ought to behave. They draw on each other with ethics relying on psychology to understand the psychological basis of ethical decision-making and psychology benefiting from ethical insights into topics like research ethics.
This document discusses perspectives in education and educational philosophy. It begins by defining philosophy and explaining how philosophers think about meaning and interpretation. It then outlines four major educational philosophies: Perennialism, which focuses on teaching enduring ideas and cultivating the intellect; Essentialism, which emphasizes transmitting a core body of knowledge; Progressivism, which emphasizes learning through experience and the interests of the student; and Reconstructionism/Critical Theory, which focuses on social reform and addressing real problems. The document also discusses related theories of learning, including Information Processing, Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Humanism. Each provides a different perspective on how learning occurs.
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This document contains an outline for a course on ethics. It includes sections on the difference between moral and non-moral standards, ethics and morality, morality and human existence, man as the only moral being, man as an animal, man as a rational animal, and several topics on Christian ethics such as the ethical teachings of Jesus Christ, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas. It also lists sections on types of moral dilemmas, levels of moral dilemma, human freedom, moral agency, elements of interhuman relations, love and justice, culture and morality, understanding human acts, moral courage, and how courage is developed.
The document provides an introduction to ethics and moral philosophy. It discusses what ethics involves, including examining questions about right and wrong conduct and good and bad values. It also outlines ethics' three basic aspects: human nature, theoretical approaches, and practical applications. Additionally, it addresses key topics in ethical language, dilemmas, reasoning, and distinguishing between values and preferences.
There are six major branches of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, axiology, ethics, and aesthetics. Metaphysics deals with concepts like existence, reality, time, and causation. Epistemology is the study of knowledge - what can be known and how we know it. Logic studies reasoning and arguments. Axiology examines values and is divided into ethics, which analyzes morality, and aesthetics, which considers beauty. Each branch seeks to answer fundamental questions about its subject area. A philosophy of education guides educational planning, programs, and processes by clarifying a teacher's beliefs, values, and understanding regarding education. It serves as a compass for teachers in how they approach their work
Realism holds that reality exists independently of human minds and perceptions. It asserts that objects have intrinsic natures that are not dependent on beliefs, perceptions, or interpretations. According to realism, reality behaves in predictable and repeatable patterns regardless of human sensory experiences. The key principle of realism is independence - that reality exists on its own and is not contingent on the human mind. Realism favors an education system focused on teaching objective facts and truth through a standardized curriculum emphasizing sciences and the liberal arts.
The document discusses the meaning of ethics and provides various perspectives on what ethics entails. It begins by describing a study where business people were asked about the meaning of ethics and provided differing answers. It then explains that ethics is a branch of philosophy that examines concepts of right and wrong conduct. The document outlines that ethics asks how people should live and determines right and wrong actions. It discusses three major areas within ethics: meta, normative and applied.
1) Finding a shared ethical framework in our interdependent and pluralistic world is crucial for our survival, not optional.
2) We must use all aspects of human understanding, including science, stories, imagination and moral intuition, to develop a shared sense of ethics.
3) Starting with a shared respect for nature and the innate human moral sense can help build the foundations for a global ethical system focused on our common humanity.
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Introduction to ethics (Term 30/11/2012 to 7/4/2013)MonyNeath Srun
This document provides an overview and syllabus for an Introduction to Ethics course at Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia. It includes information about the course lecturer, textbook, and topics that will be covered over the course of the semester. The course aims to provide students a fundamental understanding of major issues in ethics and help answer questions about morality, character, right and wrong actions, and living an examined life. It will examine theories of ethics and virtues, as well as issues of diversity, relativism, and religious ethics. The first chapter will define morality and ethics, and discuss morality in relation to self-interest.
The document discusses various topics in ethics, including:
1. It defines morality and ethics, explaining they concern concepts of right and wrong.
2. It outlines different branches of ethics - meta ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.
3. It discusses various normative ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
This document provides an overview of ethics by defining key terms, exploring various philosophical approaches, and distinguishing between different areas of ethics. It begins by defining ethics as rules or standards that govern conduct. It then discusses ethics as a branch of philosophy encompassing right conduct and the good life. The document outlines different theories like virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and describes metaethics, normative ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like ethical dilemmas and discusses influential philosophers like Aristotle, Socrates, and their contributions to understanding ethics.
2. What is Metaphysics? Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. It answers the question "What is?" It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It says whether the world is real, or merely an illusion. It is a fundamental view of the world around us. Why is Metaphysics important? Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. What are the key elements of a rational metaphysics? Reality is absolute. It has a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. It has a specific nature and it must be consistent to that nature. A proper metaphysical worldview must aim to understand reality correctly. The physical world exists, and every entity has a specific nature. It acts according to that nature. When different entities interact, they do so according to the nature of both. Every action has a cause and an effect. Causality is the means by which change occurs, but the change occurs via a specific nature. Metaphysics
3. Metaphysical Questions What is the origin of the universe? What are the ultimate material components of the Universe? What is its first cause? What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the universe? Does it have a purpose? Metaphysics
4. What is Epistemology? Epistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge. It answers the question, "How do we know?" It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of concepts, the validity of the senses, logicalreasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Why is Epistemology important? Epistemology is the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able to determine the true from the false, by determining a proper method of evaluation. It is needed in order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around us. Without epistemology, we could not think. More specifically, we would have no reason to believe our thinking was productive or correct, as opposed to random images flashing before our mind. With an incorrect epistemology, we would not be able to distinguish truth from error. The consequences are obvious. The degree to which our epistemology is correct is the degree to which we could understand reality, and the degree to which we could use that knowledge to promote our lives and goals. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything. What are the key elements of a proper Epistemology? Our senses are valid, and the only way to gain information about the world. Reason is our method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring understanding. Logic is our method of maintaining consistency within our set of knowledge. Objectivity is our means of associating knowledge with reality to determine its validity. Concepts are abstracts of specific details of reality, or of other abstractions. A proper epistemology is a rational epistemology. Epistemology
5. The Epistemological Questions Is it possible to have knowledge at all? Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? Does our knowledge represent reality as it is really is? Epistemology
6. What is Ethics? Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man. It answers the question, "What do I do?" It is the study of right and wrong in human endeavors. At a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we categorize our values and pursue them. Do we pursue our own happiness, or do we sacrifice ourselves to a greater cause? Is that foundation of ethics based on the Bible, or on the very nature of man himself, or neither? Why is Ethics important? Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is our means of deciding a course of action. Without it, our actions would be random and aimless. There would be no way to work towards a goal because there would be no way to pick between a limitless number of goals. Even with an ethical standard, we may be unable to pursue our goals with the possibility of success. To the degree which a rational ethical standard is taken, we are able to correctly organize our goals and actions to accomplish our most important values. Any flaw in our ethics will reduce our ability to be successful in our endeavors. What are the key elements of a proper Ethics? A proper foundation of ethics requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions can be compared to. This standard is our own lives, and the happiness which makes them livable. This is our ultimate standard of value, the goal in which an ethical man must always aim. It is arrived at by an examination of man's nature, and recognizing his peculiar needs. A system of ethics must further consist of not only emergency situations, but the day to day choices we make constantly. It must include our relations to others, and recognize their importance not only to our physical survival, but to our well-being and happiness. It must recognize that our lives are an end in themselves, and that sacrifice is not only not necessary, but destructive. Ethics Ethics
7. Ethical Questions Is an action moral or immoral? What are human rights and how do we determine them? Do individuals have the right of self-determination? Metaphysics Ethics
8. Politics What is Politics? Politics is ethics applied to a group of people. Why is this Important? Politics tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a society. Except for hermits, this comes up a lot. What is a rational Politics? The requirement for a political system is that the individuals within that system are allowed to fully function according to their nature. If that's not the case, they will either rebel, as in Czarist Russia, or the system will eventually collapse, as in Communist Russia. Reason is man's prime means of survival. A human being can not survive in an environment where reason is ineffective, and will thrive or starve to a degree in proportion to the effectiveness of reason. This means that the prime goal of a political system must be the preservation and enabling of the faculty of reason. Reason does not function under coercion. A man can be forced to act at the point of a gun, but he can not be forced to think. Likewise, in an environment where might makes right, reason can not function because the fruits of rationality can not be enjoyed. Why plant crops and domesticate animals if any raider can come by and take them from you? A moral political system must ban coercion. Or put another way, a moral political system must ban the initiation of force, since retaliatory force is both just and necessary. This means there must be some way to keep one person from killing, threatening, or robbing another. This is accomplished by bestowing on government a monopoly on retaliatory force and objectifying laws. Politics
9. Political questions What is the best kind of government? What is kind of relationship should ruler(government officials) have with the people (citizens)? What are the rights of the people? Politics
10. What is Esthetics? Esthetics is the study of art. It includes what art consists of, as well as the purpose behind it. Does art consist of music, literature, and painting? Or does it include a good engineering solution, or a beautiful sunset? These are the questions that aimed at in esthetics. It also studies methods of evaluating art, and allows judgments of the art. Is art in the eye of the beholder? Does anything that appeals to you fit under the umbrella of art? Or does it have a specific nature? Does it accomplish a goal? Why is Esthetics important? Art has existed through all of recorded human history. It is unique to humans because of our unique form of thinking. Its importance is based on this nature, specifically, man's ability to abstract. Art is a little understood tool of man to bring meaning to abstract concept. Esthetics is important because it delves into the reason why art has always existed, the burning need of mankind through the ages to see the world in a different, clear way. It further evaluates art by the standard of human life, and whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man's intellectual needs, or whether it tends to hurt or make worse those needs. What are the key elements of a proper Esthetics? Art is a selective recreation of reality. Its purpose is to concretize an abstraction to bring an idea or emotion within the grasp of the observer. It is a selective recreation, with the selection process depending on the value judgments of the creator. These value judgments can be observed and evaluated via the field of ethics. Aesthetics
11. Aesthetic questions What is art? Do they simply express individual or cultural tastes? Is art objective or are they simply “in the eye (or ear) of the beholder? How do arts relate to spirituality and religion? Is there a connection between morality and art? How do arts communicate emotions? How central is emotional communication to the nature of art? Aesthetics
12. Plants are shaped by cultivation and men by education. .. We are born weak, we need strength; we are born totally unprovided, we need aid; we are born stupid, we need judgment. Everything we do not have at our birth and which we need when we are grown is given us by education.(Jean Jacques Rousseau, Emile, On Philosophy of Education) "All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth." (Aristotle) Philosophical Quotations on Education
13. My dear children: I rejoice to see you before me today, happy youth of a sunny and fortunate land. Bear in mind that the wonderful things that you learn in your schools are the work of many generations, produced by enthusiastic effort and infinite labour in every country of the world. All this is put into your hands as your inheritance in order that you may receive it, honour it, and add to it, and one day faithfully hand it on to your children. Thus do we mortals achieve immortality in the permanent things which we create in common. If you always keep that in mind you will find meaning in life and work and acquire the right attitude towards other nations and ages. (Albert Einstein talking to a group of school children. 1934) Philosophical Quotations on Education
14. Somebody who only reads newspapers and at best books of contemporary authors looks to me like an extremely near-sighted person who scorns eyeglasses. He is completely dependent on the prejudices and fashions of his times, since he never gets to see or hear anything else. And what a person thinks on his own without being stimulated by the thoughts and experiences of other people is even in the best case rather paltry and monotonous. There are only a few enlightened people with a lucid mind and style and with good taste within a century. What has been preserved of their work belongs among the most precious possessions of mankind. We owe it to a few writers of antiquity (Plato, Aristotle, etc.) that the people in the Middle Ages could slowly extricate themselves from the superstitions and ignorance that had darkened life for more than half a millennium. Nothing is more needed to overcome the modernist's snobbishness. (Einstein, 1954) Philosophical Quotations on Education
15. I believe, indeed, that overemphasis on the purely intellectual attitude, often directed solely to the practical and factual, in our education, has led directly to the impairment of ethical values. I am not thinking so much of the dangers with which technical progress has directly confronted mankind, as of the stifling of mutual human considerations by a 'matter-of-fact' habit of thought which has come to lie like a killing frost upon human relations. Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity. (Einstein, 1953) Philosophical Quotations on Education
16. I think it better to say that the evil arises from their tackling the sciences in the wrong manner and that, from the way we have been taught, it is no wonder that neither master nor pupils become more able, even though they do know more. In truth the care and fees of our parents aim only at furnishing our heads with knowledge: nobody talks about judgement or virtue. When someone passes by, try exclaiming, ‘Oh, what a learned man!’ Then, when another does, ‘Oh, what a good man!’ Our people will not fail to turn their gaze respectfully towards the first. There ought to be a third man crying, ‘Oh, what blockheads!' (de Montaigne) Philosophical Quotations on Education
17. Socrates and then Archesilaus used to make their pupils speak first; they spoke afterwards. ‘Obestplerumqueissdiscerevoluntauthoritaseorum qui docent.’ [For those who want to learn, the obstacle can often be the authority of those who teach] (de Montaigne) The first lessons with which we should irrigate his mind should be those which teach him to know himself, and to know how to die … and to live. (de Montaigne) Philosophical Quotations on Education
18. Learned we may be with another man’s learning: we can only be wise with wisdom of our own:[I hate a sage who is not wise for himself] (Euripides) What use is knowledge if there is no understanding? (Stobaeus) ‘non vitae sedscholaediscimus’. [We are taught for the schoolroom not for life] (Seneca) Philosophical Quotations on Education