CT scans can be used to diagnose several brain disorders: - Seizures may be caused by abnormalities visible on CT scans, such as low-density areas indicating injuries. CT scans are also used to diagnose concussions by revealing bruising or bleeding in the brain. Meningitis can cause swelling visible on CT scans. Strokes appear as ischemic or hemorrhagic areas that differ between CT and MRI scans. Hydrocephalus enlarges ventricles visible on CT or MRI scans. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's involve degeneration that cannot be seen directly but may be suggested on scans.

1. COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY
Submitted by:Dr.Saira (MID)

2. BRAIN DISORDERS
SEIZURES
CONCUSSIONS
MENINGITIS
STROKE(CVA)
HEMORRHAGE
APHASIA
DYSLEXIA
HYDROCEPHALUS
PARKINSON

3. • a sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in
the brain.
• can cause changes in your behavior, movements
or feelings,and in the level of conciousness
• Seizure can happen after a stroke,a closed head
injury,an infection such as meningitis or another
illness.
• Many times,though,the cause of seizure is
unknown.
• If you have two or more seizures or a tendency
to have recurrent seizures you have epilepsy.

6. • Head CT performed after a
seizure showing a low-density
area in the left temporal lobe
DIAGNOSIS
CT scan
EEG
MRI
X-RAY

7. CONCUSSIONS
• A traumatic brain injury that affects brain
function
• Effects include hedache and problems with
concentration,memory and ccoordination
• Range in degree from severe to mild. The most
severe case may result in immediate or later
death of patient.
• Affects the brain in two major ways:
 First actual bruising or tearing of brain tissue
 Second, bleeding within or surrounding the brain
may occur with subsequent brainswelling(edema)

8. Brain
Damage
Vomiting Irritability
Temporary
Amnesia
Headache

10. • The yellow arrows show the
affected part of the brain.the
skull has swallowed causing
spinal fluids to build up around
the injury.
Diagsnosis
Imaging test
CT
MRI
Observation
Congnitive
testing
Neurological
Examination

11. • is an inflammation of the membranes(meninges)
surrounding y brain and spinal cord. The swelling
from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as :
 Headache
 Fever
 Stiff neck
• There are several causes of this disease, including:
 bacteria
 Viruses
 fungi

12. Bacterial
Meningitis
• In many cases,
bacterial meningitis
starts when bacteria
get into bloodstream
from y sinuses, ears,
or throat. The bacteria
travel through
bloodstream to the
brain
• It can be life-
threatening or lead to
brain damage
Fungal
Meningitis
• It usually happens
only in people whose
immune system has
been weakened.
• Fungal meningitis is a
rare form of the
disease.
• Some causes of fungal
meningitis include
Cryptococcus,
Histoplasma,
Blastomyces,
Coccidioides, and
Candida.
Viral
Meningitis
• It is usually mild and
often clears on its own.
• are caused by a group
of viruses known as
enteroviruses, which
are most common in
late summer and early
fall.
• Viruses such as herpes
simplex virus, HIV,
mumps, West Nile
virus and others also
can cause viral
meningitis.

14. • The arrows showing affected
part of brain with bacterial
meningitis
Imaging:
• Computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scans of the head may show swelling or
inflammation.
• X-rays or CT scans of the chest or sinuses also may show
infection in other areas that may be associated with meningitis.
Lumbar Puncture:
• For a definitive diagnosis of meningitis, you'll need a spinal tap
to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• In people with meningitis, the CSF often shows a low sugar
(glucose) level along with an increased white blood cell count
and increased protein.

15. • is a medical condition in which poor blood
flow to the brain results in cell death.
• occurs when the blood supply to part of
your brain is interrupted or reduced,
preventing brain tissue from getting
oxygen and nutrients.
• Brain cells begin to die in minutes.

16. Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke
• Occurs when a blood
vessel supplying blood
to the brain is
obstructed.
• It accounts for 87
percent of all strokes.
• Occurs when a
weakened blood vessel
ruptures.
• The most common
cause of hemorrhagic
stroke is uncontrolled
high blood pressure.

17. • The arrows showing ischemic
stroke in territory of left
middle cerebral artery
DIAGNOSIS
The first step in assessing a stroke patient is to determine whether the patient
is experiencing an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke so that the correct
treatment can begin. A CT scan or MRI of the head is typically the first test
performed.
Computed tomography (CT) of the head:
• Physicians use CT of the head to detect a stroke from a blood clot or
bleeding within the brain.
• To improve the detection and characterization of stroke, CT angiography
(CTA) may be performed. In CTA, a contrast material may be injected
intravenously and images are obtained of the cerebral blood vessels. Images
that detect blood flow, called CT perfusion (CTP), may be obtained at the
same time.

18. • A brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke.
• It is caused by an artery in the brain bursting and
causing localized bleeding in the surrounding
tissues. This bleeding kills the brain cells.
• are also called cerebral hemorrhages, intracranial
hemorrhages, or intracerebral hemorrhages.
• They account for about 13% of strokes.

20. • An impairment of language,affecting the
production or comprehension of speech due to
damage to specific region of brain
• People who have aphasia may have difficulty
speaking and finding right words to complete
their thought
• It is usually caused by stoke or injury to one or
more parts of brain

24. • is a learning disorder that affects the ability
to read,speak,spell and write.
• It affects the areas of brain that processes
language
• Dyslexia tends to run in families. It appears
to be linked to certain genes that affect how
the brain processes reading and language,
as well as risk factors in the environment.

26. DIAGNOSIS::
• Dyslexia is a difficult disorder to diagnose. There are
many factors the psychologist or other health
professional reviews to diagnose the disability.
• The testing determines the child's functional reading
level and compares it to reading potential, which is
evaluated by an intelligent test.
• The tests determine whether a child learns better by
 hearing information (auditory),
 looking at information (visual), or
 doing something (kinesthetic)

27. • It is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up
within ventricles (fluid-containing cavities), the build-up of CSF
can raise pressure inside the skull, which squashes surrounding
brain tissue.
• In some cases, this can cause the head to steadily grow in size,
convulsions, and brain damage.
• Hydrocephalus can be fatal if left untreated.es)of the brain and
may increase pressure within head.
• Other symptoms include headaches, vomiting, blurred vision,
cognitive problems, and walking difficulties.

28. TYPES OF
HYDROCEPHALUS
1. Communicating hydrocephalus/ Non
obstructive :
• occurs when the CSF flows out of the ventricles and into the
spinal canal, but it is not reabsorbed normally by the tissue
surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Sometimes this type of hydrocephalus corrects itself.
2. •Non communicating hydrocephalus/
Obstructive :
• ccurs when the CSF does not flow properly between or out
of the brain ventricles because of an obstruction, such as
from a malformation or narrowing.

29. DIAGNOSIS:
The most common initial diagnostic test to
determine hydrocephalus at any age is an
image of the brain using CT or MRI to
identify if the ventricles or spaces within
the brain are enlarged.

30. • is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and
difficulty with walking,balance,and coordination.
• Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly
causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
• The signs and symptoms include:
 tremors
 slowed movement
 rigid muscles
 impaired posture
 speech changes
 writing changes

31. DIAGNOSIS:

32. • it is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly
destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to
carry out the simplest tasks.
• it is the most common cause of dementia among older adults.
• Features of Alzheimer’s disease:
 the loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the
brain
 damage initially appears to take place in the hippocampus, the
part of the brain essential in forming memories
 As neurons die, additional parts of the brain are affected.
 By the final stage of Alzheimer’s, damage is widespread, and
brain tissue has shrunk significantly.

35. DIAGNOSIS:
There is no single diagnostic test that can determine if a person has Alzheimer’s disease.to
diagnose different tests are performed:
Medical
History Physical
Exam
Mental
Status Test
Brain
Imaging
Neurological
Exam

36. • Structural imaging can reveal tumors, evidence of small or large strokes, damage from severe
head trauma, or a buildup of fluid in the brain.
• In some circumstances, a doctor may use brain imaging tools to find out if the individual has
high levels of beta-amyloid, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s; normal levels would suggest Alzheimer’s
is not the cause of dementia.
BRAIN IMAGING: