BP FOR BCVT.pptx
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Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on vessel walls as the heart pumps and relaxes. Systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while diastolic pressure is when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure ensures blood flow to organs and facilitates gas/nutrient exchange and urine/lymph formation. Common types include normal, high (hypertension), and low (hypotension) blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured non-invasively with devices and following guidelines around patient position and state. Factors like stress, diet, exercise impact blood pressure, which baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes along with the renin-angiotensin system help regulate.
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BLOOD PRESSURE.pdf
Blood pressure is measured by a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. It involves two readings: systolic (top number) which is the pressure when the heart contracts, and diastolic (bottom number) which is the pressure when the heart relaxes. Sounds known as Korotkoff sounds are used to determine these readings as the cuff is deflated. Blood pressure is written as the systolic over the diastolic pressure in mmHg and is influenced by factors like age, stress, and medications. Abnormal blood pressures include hypertension (high) and hypotension (low).
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Bp pulse and cardiac output
Cardiac output as you know is made up of heart rate and stroke volume. At rest, these are relatively constant however with exercise the heart beats faster, and more blood is pumped out with each beat. These factors both contribute to a rise in BP, as would any other factor that caused the heart to speed up
Blood pressure measurement | methods | calculations |common problems | kortko...
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
please comment
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Blood Pressure
BLOOD PRESSURE
BY: SAIYED FALAKAARA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH
Definition
Arterial blood pressure can be defined as the lateral pressure exerted by moving the column of blood on the walls of the arteries.
Significance
To ensure the blood flow to various organs
Plays an important role in exchange of nutrients and gases across the capillaries
Required to form urine
Required for the formation of lymph
Normal values
Normal adult range can fluctuate within a wide range and still be normal
Systolic/diastolic
100/60 – 140/80
Unit - mmHg
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Arterial blood pressure
The document discusses the physiology of the cardiovascular system, specifically arterial blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. It describes the functions of arterial blood pressure in maintaining tissue perfusion and capillary hydrostatic pressure. It also discusses various physiological variations in arterial blood pressure related to factors like age, sex, body region, meals, exercise, sleep, emotions, temperature, position, and respiration. Finally, it outlines the rapid mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure, including the baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor mechanism, central nervous system ischemic mechanism, adrenal medulla hormones, and antidiuretic hormone.
Recommended
BLOOD PRESSURE.pdf
Blood pressure is measured by a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. It involves two readings: systolic (top number) which is the pressure when the heart contracts, and diastolic (bottom number) which is the pressure when the heart relaxes. Sounds known as Korotkoff sounds are used to determine these readings as the cuff is deflated. Blood pressure is written as the systolic over the diastolic pressure in mmHg and is influenced by factors like age, stress, and medications. Abnormal blood pressures include hypertension (high) and hypotension (low).
Hemodynamics Lecture ARMC
This document provides an overview of hemodynamic principles and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. It defines key terms like preload, afterload, contractility and discusses how they impact cardiac output. Specific monitoring tools like arterial lines, central venous pressure monitors and pulmonary artery catheters are explained. Treatment strategies to optimize cardiac output by manipulating heart rate, contractility, preload and afterload are outlined.
Bp pulse and cardiac output
Cardiac output as you know is made up of heart rate and stroke volume. At rest, these are relatively constant however with exercise the heart beats faster, and more blood is pumped out with each beat. These factors both contribute to a rise in BP, as would any other factor that caused the heart to speed up
Blood pressure measurement | methods | calculations |common problems | kortko...
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
please comment
thank you
Blood Pressure
BLOOD PRESSURE
BY: SAIYED FALAKAARA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH
Definition
Arterial blood pressure can be defined as the lateral pressure exerted by moving the column of blood on the walls of the arteries.
Significance
To ensure the blood flow to various organs
Plays an important role in exchange of nutrients and gases across the capillaries
Required to form urine
Required for the formation of lymph
Normal values
Normal adult range can fluctuate within a wide range and still be normal
Systolic/diastolic
100/60 – 140/80
Unit - mmHg
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Arterial blood pressure
The document discusses the physiology of the cardiovascular system, specifically arterial blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. It describes the functions of arterial blood pressure in maintaining tissue perfusion and capillary hydrostatic pressure. It also discusses various physiological variations in arterial blood pressure related to factors like age, sex, body region, meals, exercise, sleep, emotions, temperature, position, and respiration. Finally, it outlines the rapid mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure, including the baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor mechanism, central nervous system ischemic mechanism, adrenal medulla hormones, and antidiuretic hormone.
blood pressure.pptx
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is written as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while the diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure is dependent on factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, and blood volume. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and listening for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen and is measured noninvasively using a pulse oximeter.
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This document discusses the regulation of arterial blood pressure. It defines arterial blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean blood pressure. It describes factors that affect blood pressure such as age, sex, body build, climate, exercise, emotions, and others. It explains the roles of cardiac output and peripheral resistance in determining blood pressure. It outlines the nervous, hormonal, and renal mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term respectively. Finally, it discusses considerations for dental treatment of patients with high or low blood pressure.
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Methods to screen Blood Pressure outlines various methods for measuring blood pressure, including direct and indirect techniques. Indirect techniques include palpatory and auscultatory methods using a sphygmomanometer. The auscultatory method, developed by Korotkoff, involves listening with a stethoscope over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated to determine systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure ranges from 100/60 to 140/80 mmHg, with systolic pressure reflecting heart contraction and diastolic reflecting vessel relaxation between beats.
Blood pressure and its regulation .
Blood pressure is regulated through both short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term regulation involves neural mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptor reflexes which sense changes in blood pressure and heart rate. It also involves vascular mechanisms like changes in capillary fluid and stress relaxation as well as hormonal mechanisms like catecholamines and renin-angiotensin system. Long-term regulation is controlled by the kidneys and renal mechanisms as well as hormones like aldosterone, ADH, ANP and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Together these mechanisms tightly control blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion to tissues.
Vital Signs Lecture.pdf
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It defines key terms like pulse, blood pressure, and their normal ranges. Factors that can affect pulse and blood pressure are discussed, like age, exercise, medications, and medical conditions. Methods for assessing pulse and blood pressure are presented, including appropriate sites and techniques. Indications for assessing apical pulse versus peripheral pulse are outlined. Overall, the document aims to describe important concepts for understanding, measuring, and interpreting pulse and blood pressure.
Clinical approach to cardiac patients and
1) The document provides guidance on performing a physical examination for cardiac patients, including assessment of general appearance, vital signs, neck veins, precordial examination, and auscultation of heart sounds.
2) Key assessments include blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, jugular venous pressure, point of maximal impulse, thrills, and the first and second heart sounds.
3) Findings are compared to normal values and associated with various cardiac conditions to help evaluate patients.
BP Lec for Vital Signs 2 lab.ppt
The document provides information on measuring blood pressure, including:
- Defining systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the pressure when the heart contracts and relaxes. Normal ranges are less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Explaining methods of measurement, including using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope on the brachial artery. Factors that can affect readings are also discussed."
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
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This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring components used to evaluate the cardiovascular system. It describes how components such as heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressures are measured and used to establish baseline values, evaluate trends, determine dysfunction, and guide interventions. Factors that influence hemodynamics like preload, afterload, contractility and resistance are also explained. Normal ranges for various measurement values are provided.
Physical characteristics of systemic circulation
The document discusses various physical characteristics of the systemic circulation including cross-sectional area, pressure, resistance, blood flow, and vascular compliance and distensibility. It provides details on blood pressure, pulse pressure, factors affecting venous return, vascular resistance according to Ohm's law, and the distensibility and compliance of arteries and veins.
Determinants of cardiac output for captivate
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure is regulated through both immediate mechanisms like baroreceptor reflexes and delayed mechanisms involving the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and other hormones. Factors that affect blood pressure include cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, vessel elasticity, and viscosity. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke if left untreated.
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bpmonitoring.pdf
This document discusses non-invasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring. Non-invasive methods include auscultation, oscillometry, plethysmography, and tonometry. Invasive arterial monitoring requires an arterial catheter and is used when frequent measurements are needed or patients have conditions affecting blood pressure stability. The radial, femoral, axillary, and pedal arteries are common sites. Waveform analysis provides additional clinical information. Maintaining catheter patency and proper transducer leveling, zeroing, and testing ensures accurate invasive pressure readings.
Ppt
Blood pressure refers to the force that blood exerts against vessel walls, represented by systolic and diastolic pressures. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Postural hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from lying to standing. Hypovolemia and hypervolemia refer to abnormally low or high blood volume. Measuring blood pressure involves using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to listen for sounds over the brachial artery at different cuff pressures.
Commit to be Fit
Blood pressure refers to the force that blood exerts against vessel walls, represented by systolic and diastolic pressures. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Postural hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from lying to standing. Hypovolemia and hypervolemia refer to abnormally low or high blood volume. Measuring blood pressure involves using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to listen for sounds over the brachial artery at different cuff pressures.
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blood pressure.pptx
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is written as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while the diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure is dependent on factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, and blood volume. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and listening for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen and is measured noninvasively using a pulse oximeter.
Hemodynamics and Shock
Hemodynamic monitoring involves measuring and monitoring the factors that influence blood flow and pressure in the body. It is concerned with five main areas: the right heart, lungs, left heart, fluid status, and blood pressures. Normal hemodynamic values include a central venous pressure of 2-6 mmHg, pulmonary artery pressure of 6-15 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 6-12 mmHg, and a cardiac output of 4-8 L/min. Treatment for different types of shock depends on the underlying cause but may include inotropes, vasopressors, antibiotics, and fluid resuscitation.
Hemodynamics presentation
The document discusses hemodynamic definitions and their indications for monitoring in respiratory patients. It defines terms like cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, afterload, contractility, right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Abnormal values of each parameter are provided, along with their clinical significance in assessing a patient's cardiovascular status.
Vital Signs Lecture.pptx
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It discusses the importance of vital signs in health assessment and outlines learning objectives related to discussing factors that affect pulse and blood pressure, identifying variations across age groups, and explaining appropriate nursing care for alterations. Key topics covered include the anatomy and physiology of pulse and blood pressure, factors that influence each vital sign, sites used for assessment, methods for measuring pulse and blood pressure, normal and abnormal ranges, and nursing considerations for assessment and patient education.
The arterial blood pressure.pptx
This document discusses the regulation of arterial blood pressure. It defines arterial blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean blood pressure. It describes factors that affect blood pressure such as age, sex, body build, climate, exercise, emotions, and others. It explains the roles of cardiac output and peripheral resistance in determining blood pressure. It outlines the nervous, hormonal, and renal mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term respectively. Finally, it discusses considerations for dental treatment of patients with high or low blood pressure.
Blood pressure regulation 2013
Blood pressure variation and homeostasis - physiological basis for medical and health sciences students and professionals
Methods to screen blood pressure
Methods to screen Blood Pressure outlines various methods for measuring blood pressure, including direct and indirect techniques. Indirect techniques include palpatory and auscultatory methods using a sphygmomanometer. The auscultatory method, developed by Korotkoff, involves listening with a stethoscope over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated to determine systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure ranges from 100/60 to 140/80 mmHg, with systolic pressure reflecting heart contraction and diastolic reflecting vessel relaxation between beats.
Blood pressure and its regulation .
Blood pressure is regulated through both short-term and long-term mechanisms. Short-term regulation involves neural mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptor reflexes which sense changes in blood pressure and heart rate. It also involves vascular mechanisms like changes in capillary fluid and stress relaxation as well as hormonal mechanisms like catecholamines and renin-angiotensin system. Long-term regulation is controlled by the kidneys and renal mechanisms as well as hormones like aldosterone, ADH, ANP and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Together these mechanisms tightly control blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion to tissues.
Vital Signs Lecture.pdf
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It defines key terms like pulse, blood pressure, and their normal ranges. Factors that can affect pulse and blood pressure are discussed, like age, exercise, medications, and medical conditions. Methods for assessing pulse and blood pressure are presented, including appropriate sites and techniques. Indications for assessing apical pulse versus peripheral pulse are outlined. Overall, the document aims to describe important concepts for understanding, measuring, and interpreting pulse and blood pressure.
Clinical approach to cardiac patients and
1) The document provides guidance on performing a physical examination for cardiac patients, including assessment of general appearance, vital signs, neck veins, precordial examination, and auscultation of heart sounds.
2) Key assessments include blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, jugular venous pressure, point of maximal impulse, thrills, and the first and second heart sounds.
3) Findings are compared to normal values and associated with various cardiac conditions to help evaluate patients.
BP Lec for Vital Signs 2 lab.ppt
The document provides information on measuring blood pressure, including:
- Defining systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the pressure when the heart contracts and relaxes. Normal ranges are less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Explaining methods of measurement, including using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope on the brachial artery. Factors that can affect readings are also discussed."
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
Haemodynamic monitoring during cpb
This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring components used to evaluate the cardiovascular system. It describes how components such as heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressures are measured and used to establish baseline values, evaluate trends, determine dysfunction, and guide interventions. Factors that influence hemodynamics like preload, afterload, contractility and resistance are also explained. Normal ranges for various measurement values are provided.
Physical characteristics of systemic circulation
The document discusses various physical characteristics of the systemic circulation including cross-sectional area, pressure, resistance, blood flow, and vascular compliance and distensibility. It provides details on blood pressure, pulse pressure, factors affecting venous return, vascular resistance according to Ohm's law, and the distensibility and compliance of arteries and veins.
Determinants of cardiac output for captivate
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure is regulated through both immediate mechanisms like baroreceptor reflexes and delayed mechanisms involving the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and other hormones. Factors that affect blood pressure include cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, vessel elasticity, and viscosity. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke if left untreated.
Basic and advanced Cardiovascular monitoring.pptx
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular monitoring techniques. It discusses the history and fundamentals of clinical monitoring including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output. Both non-invasive and invasive methods are covered, such as pulmonary artery catheterization and thermodilution techniques. The advantages and limitations of different monitoring methods are also summarized.
bpmonitoring.pdf
This document discusses non-invasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring. Non-invasive methods include auscultation, oscillometry, plethysmography, and tonometry. Invasive arterial monitoring requires an arterial catheter and is used when frequent measurements are needed or patients have conditions affecting blood pressure stability. The radial, femoral, axillary, and pedal arteries are common sites. Waveform analysis provides additional clinical information. Maintaining catheter patency and proper transducer leveling, zeroing, and testing ensures accurate invasive pressure readings.
Ppt
Blood pressure refers to the force that blood exerts against vessel walls, represented by systolic and diastolic pressures. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Postural hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from lying to standing. Hypovolemia and hypervolemia refer to abnormally low or high blood volume. Measuring blood pressure involves using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to listen for sounds over the brachial artery at different cuff pressures.
Commit to be Fit
Blood pressure refers to the force that blood exerts against vessel walls, represented by systolic and diastolic pressures. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Postural hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from lying to standing. Hypovolemia and hypervolemia refer to abnormally low or high blood volume. Measuring blood pressure involves using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to listen for sounds over the brachial artery at different cuff pressures.
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BP FOR BCVT.pptx
- 2. DEFINITION Arterial blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel as the heart pumps (contracts) and relaxes. Systolic blood pressure is the degree of force when the heart is pumping (contracting). The diastolic blood pressure is the degree of force when the hearts relaxed.
- 3. SIGNIFICANCE To ensure the blood flow to various organs. Plays an important role in exchange of gases and nutrients across capillaries. Required to form urine. Required for the formation of the lymph.
- 4. SYSTOLIC BP Defined as the maximum B.P in the arteries attainable during systole. It is contributed by Blood volume, cardiac output and force of heart beat.
- 5. DIASTOLIC BP,MAP ,PP Defined as the minimum pressure that is obtained at the end of the ventricular diastole. It is the index to the peripheral resistance and decides the filling of the coronary system. PULSE PRESSURE = SBP - DBP MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP
- 9. • White-coat hypertension - BP is elevated in the office, but is normal when measured by ABPM,HBPM, or both. • Masked hypertension - refers to untreated patients in whom the BP is normal in the office, but is elevated when measured by HBPM or ABPM. • True normotension - is used when both office and out-of-office BP measurements are normal • Sustained hypertension - is used when both are abnormal
- 10. Hypotension Postural hypotension – SBP drop > 15 mm hg immedialtely standing from supine position
- 11. HOW TO MEAUSURE BLOOD PRESSURE TECHNIQUE – INVASIVE NON INVASIVE Which arm – RT /LT ARM ( difference should not be > 10 mm hg SBP & >5 DBP POSITION – SUPINE ,SITTING ( ARM SHOULD BE AT THE LEVEL OF HEART ) PATIENT – RELAXED,SHOULD NOT TAKE COFFEE /SMOKING/EXERCISE/STRESS TIGHT CLOTHIG /DISTENDEDBLADDER
- 12. STEPHEN HALES – DEMO OF 1st BP Measurement
- 16. KORTOKOFF SOUNDS These sounds represent arterial oscillations from distension of arterial wall with each cardiac impulse due to partial occlusion of artery by blood pressure cuff
- 18. FACTORS AFFECTING THE BLOOD PRESSURE
- 22. REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE A) IMMEDIATE MECHANISM- - Neural mechanisms: 1) BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES. 2) CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEXES. 3) CEREBRAL ISCHEMIC RESPONSE.
- 27. NET EFFECT- INCREASED BP, INCREASED HEART RATE.
- 31. Action of Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction Secretion of Aldosterone. Stimulation of thirst centre. Increased absorption of sodium from PCT by direct effect. Blood volume increases, CO increases, BP increases.
- 32. THANK YOU