Historic Structures Conference 2008, Cluj Napoca, Romania

1. Timber frame buildings:Timber frame buildings:
Gaiola Pombalina andGaiola Pombalina and
FachwerkFachwerk
Maria BOSTENARU DANMaria BOSTENARU DAN

2. The gaiola pombalina building typeThe gaiola pombalina building type
 1755 earthquake in Lisbon1755 earthquake in Lisbon
 City centre of Lisbon (Baixa district)City centre of Lisbon (Baixa district)
 3D timber skeleton structure in the interior and3D timber skeleton structure in the interior and
thick masonry for the exterior wallsthick masonry for the exterior walls
 St. Andrew crossSt. Andrew cross
 World Housing EncyclopediaWorld Housing Encyclopedia
http://www.world-housing.nethttp://www.world-housing.net
 Visit of a building siteVisit of a building site

3. Timber skeleton (gaiola pombalina)Timber skeleton (gaiola pombalina)

4. Old fabric and new additions in aOld fabric and new additions in a
gaiola pombalina buildinggaiola pombalina building

5. Aerial view of the Baixa districtAerial view of the Baixa district
with gaiola pombalina buildingswith gaiola pombalina buildings

6. Exterior of a gaiola pombalina houseExterior of a gaiola pombalina house

7. AzulejosAzulejos

8. Facede with and without azulejosFacede with and without azulejos

9. The gaiola pombalina buildingThe gaiola pombalina building
(continued)(continued)
 18th century buildings18th century buildings
 No baroque features, decorated with azulejosNo baroque features, decorated with azulejos
 Gradually exclusion of timber elementsGradually exclusion of timber elements
 Functional problems with too small roomsFunctional problems with too small rooms
 New additions: similarity with existingNew additions: similarity with existing
connectionsconnections
 Initially commercial use GF, residential above,Initially commercial use GF, residential above,
today officetoday office

10. The gaiola pombalina buildingThe gaiola pombalina building
(continued)(continued)
 Studies on earthquake performance, CFRPStudies on earthquake performance, CFRP
strengtheningstrengthening
 Similarities with himiş (Turkey), dhaji dewariSimilarities with himiş (Turkey), dhaji dewari
(Nepal), casa barracata (Italy)(Nepal), casa barracata (Italy)
 Also in England: half-timberedAlso in England: half-timbered
 Ship structure – typical for seaside, notShip structure – typical for seaside, not
earthquake prone zones, like the Northernearthquake prone zones, like the Northern
German typeGerman type

11. Fachwerk housesFachwerk houses
 Entirely timber structureEntirely timber structure
 A type of structure frequent in Germany butA type of structure frequent in Germany but
rare in Romaniarare in Romania
 Two types:Two types:
 Northern GermanNorthern German
 Southern GermanSouthern German
 Mainly about the Southern German (in theMainly about the Southern German (in the
border triangle: France, Switzerland,border triangle: France, Switzerland,
Germany)Germany)

12. Northern German Fachwerk houseNorthern German Fachwerk house
desen dupa Lachner (1887)desen dupa Lachner (1887)desen dupa Lachner (1887)
Drawing after
Lachner (1887)
desen dupa Lachner (1887)

13. Construction materialsConstruction materials
Alps Portugal
Infill adobe sandstone
Skeleton oak (sometimes fir) fir and oak
Roof oak fir and oak
Floor oak fir and oak

14. Southern German Fachwerk houseSouthern German Fachwerk house
Drawing after
Lachner (1887)

15. Fachwerk houses in GermanyFachwerk houses in Germany

16. Typical building in southern GermanyTypical building in southern Germany
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

17. Half-timbered houses inHalf-timbered houses in
Strassbourg, FranceStrassbourg, France

18. Half-timbered houses inHalf-timbered houses in
Strassbourg, FranceStrassbourg, France

19. Half-timbered house in StrassbourgHalf-timbered house in Strassbourg

20. Fachwerkhouse in Basel, SwitzerlandFachwerkhouse in Basel, Switzerland

21. Southern German Fachwerk houseSouthern German Fachwerk house
 Rich in ornaments, outbuildings and annexesRich in ornaments, outbuildings and annexes
(ex. Lugaus)(ex. Lugaus)
 (Northern German type: the ornaments are(Northern German type: the ornaments are
subordinated to the overall concept of the ship)subordinated to the overall concept of the ship)
 Sometimes simply displaying the timberSometimes simply displaying the timber
structure as ornamentstructure as ornament
 Some buildings as old as 700 yearsSome buildings as old as 700 years

22. Details of a “lugaus”Details of a “lugaus”
Drawing after
Lachner (1887)

23. Parapet ornamentsParapet ornaments
Drawing after
Lachner (1887)
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

24. Courtyard and passageCourtyard and passage
Drawing after
Lachner (1887)
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

25. Fachwerk house: load bearingFachwerk house: load bearing
systemsystem
 Timber frame system (joist and post system)Timber frame system (joist and post system)
with infill: adobe on willow basketry (smallerwith infill: adobe on willow basketry (smaller
area) wooden planks in Switzerland for thearea) wooden planks in Switzerland for the
Southern type (more elasticity) and brickSouthern type (more elasticity) and brick
masonry for the Northern typemasonry for the Northern type
 Storeys are built as consolesStoreys are built as consoles
 Not all joists are vertical: braces and tiesNot all joists are vertical: braces and ties
 The gravity and lateral load bearing system areThe gravity and lateral load bearing system are
the samethe same

26. Fachwerk house: load bearingFachwerk house: load bearing
systemsystem
 Windows are placed arbitrarilyWindows are placed arbitrarily
 The gable overlooks the streetThe gable overlooks the street
 Earthquake resistantEarthquake resistant
 Basel earthquake (1356)Basel earthquake (1356)

27. Key load-bearing elementsKey load-bearing elements

28. Key load-bearing elementsKey load-bearing elements
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

29. Connection between horizontal andConnection between horizontal and
vertical load bearing elementsvertical load bearing elements
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

30. Infill materialInfill material
Photo Michael
Kauffmann, 2004

31. ConclusionsConclusions
 Lessons can be learned for reinforced concreteLessons can be learned for reinforced concrete
constructionconstruction

32. ReferencesReferences
 Lachner, Carl:Lachner, Carl: Geschichte der Holzbaukunst inGeschichte der Holzbaukunst in
Deutschland [Deutschland [History of the TimberHistory of the Timber
Construction in Germany]. Leipzig. E. A.Construction in Germany]. Leipzig. E. A.
Seemann: 1887. (reprint in "libri rari"Seemann: 1887. (reprint in "libri rari"
Hannover 1983)Hannover 1983)

33. AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
PIANO projectPIANO project
MERG-CT-2007-200636MERG-CT-2007-200636