This document discusses the history and development of bonding in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early chemical cure and light cure bonding agents to today's dual cure and self-etch primers. The mechanisms of bonding and various bonding agent types are explained. The document reviews the bonding procedure and limitations. It also examines bonding to different surfaces like enamel, gold, composite and porcelain. Advances in moisture resistant and moisture tolerant adhesives are highlighted.

1. BONDING IN
ORTHODONTICS
Presented by
Aishwarya Reddy
Dept of orthodontics &
dentofacial orthopaedics
1

2. CONTENTS
◦ Introduction
◦ Bonding Vs Banding
◦ History of Bonding agents
◦ Mechanism of Bonding
◦ Evolution and Development of bonding agents
◦ Types of bonding agents
◦ Materials used in bonding
◦ Bonding procedure
◦ Bonding on enamel variant surfaces
◦ Bonding to non conventional surfaces
◦ Limitations of bonding
◦ Bond failures
◦ Conclusion
◦ References
2

3. INTRODUCTION
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition 3

4. BANDING VS BONDING
S.I. Bhalajhi ,Orthodontics ,The Art and Science , sixth edition
4

5. HISTORY OF BONDING AGENTS
1970 FIRST
BONDING
ADHESIVE
1972 TWO
PASTE
CHEMICAL
SYSTEM
1974 UV
LIGHT
CURING
SYSTEM
1983
VISIBLE
LIGHT
CURING
SYSTEM
1995 DUAL
CURE GIC
2000 SELF
ETCH
PRIMER
Paul Gange, centennial special article - The evolution of bonding in orthodontics American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics April 2015 vol 147 Issue 4 Supplement 1 5

6. MECHANISM OF BONDING
William A. Brantley , Theodore Eliades, Orthodontic Materials , Scientific And Clinical Aspects
MECHANISM
MECHANICAL ADSORPTION DIFFUSION
6

7. ◦ Representation of the effect of preparation of the enamel surface
before bonding.
William R. PROFFIT , Textbook Of Contemporary Orthodontics, Fourth Edition 7

8. TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS
TYPES
Chemically
activated
Light cured Dual cured Thermocured
8
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition

9. CHEMICAL CURE :
LIGHT CURE
DUAL CURE
William A. Brantley , Theodore Eliades, Orthodontic Materials , Scientific And Clinical Aspects, first edition
THERMOCURED
9

10. DEVELOPMENT OF BONDING AGENTS
1,2 – 2 step
3,4 -3 step
5 – 2 step
6,7 – 1 step
Garg Nisha ,Textbook of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry, 2nd edition 10

11. ADVANCES IN BONDING AGENTS
MOISTURE RESISTANT ADHESIVES
◦ Hydrophilic attraction of its constituents
◦ Methacrylate functionalized poly alkenoic acid copolymer
◦ Excess water ionizes carboxylic groups forming hydrogen bonded dimers.
◦ APPLICATIONS:
MOISTURE ACTIVE ADHESIVES
◦ Based on cyanoacrytlate formualtions
◦ Pros: Biocompatible
◦ Bonds on composite and ceramic
◦ No discoloration
11
Sealant
10sec Dried 5sec
Light cure
10sec
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition

12. EIGHTH-GENERATION BONDING AGENTS:
◦ Voco America introduced Futurabond DC
◦ penetration of resin monomers and hybrid layer thickness,
◦ which in turn improves mechanical properties of bonding agent.
APC FLASH FREE
◦ A new transparent APC adhesive formulation is contained within a form-fitting
fiber mat on the base of the bracket
◦ Adhesive spreads out and conforms to the tooth surface,
making uniform and consistent contact with no flash to clean.
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition
12

13. MATERIALS USED IN BONDING
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition 13

14. BONDING PROCEDURE
CLEANING
ENAMEL
CONDITION
SEALING
AND
PRIMING
TRANSFER
POSITIONG
REMOVAL
OF EXCESS
CURING
14
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition

15. BONDING PROCEDURE
◦ CLEANING:
Polishing is performed using low-speed (>20000 rpm) micromotor using low
abrasive high-quality oil-free pumice flour
◦ ISOLATION FOR BONDING
15
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition

16. ACID ETCHING
◦ FROSTY WHITE
16
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition

17. ACID ETCH PATTERNS
TYPE APPEARANCE
1 Honeycomb appearance with enamel prism centres lost
2 Cobblestone appearance with enamel prism edges lost.
3 Pitted enamel with a map like appearance
4 Granulation of enamel with numerous holes with no preferential
dissolution of cores or peripheries.
5 No prism outlines with smooth and flat enamel surface and
decrease in irregularities for resin penetration
6 Stark difference observed between ground (G) enamel and
unground (UG) enamel surface on application of phosphoric acid
for 90 s
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition 17

18. Silverstone LM, Saxton CA, Dogon IL, Fejerskov O. Variation in the pattern of acid etching of human dental enamel
examined by scanning electron microscopy. Caries Res. 1975;9(5):373-87. doi: 10.1159/000260179. PMID: 1055640.
18

19. ◦ ALTERANTIVES TO ACID ETCHING
◦ Air abrasion
◦ Laser etching (Nd:YAG)
◦ Crystal growing solutions
Polyacrylic acid containing sulfate ions
Spherulitic habit
Maijer R, Smith DC. Crystal growth on the outer enamel surface--an alternative to acid etching. Am J
Orthod. 1986 Mar;89(3):183-93. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(86)90031-x. PMID: 3513595.
19

20. ◦ SEALING AND PRIMING
Comprise of monomers, hydrophilic coupling agents (e.g. HEMA)
These are low viscosity resins that are applied as a thin layer with
the help of a micro-brush.
◦ TRANSFER
◦ POSITIONING
20
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition

21. ◦ REMOVAL OF EXCESS
◦ CURING
Light sources
 Halogen light
 Argon lasers
 Plasma arc light
 LED
21
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition

22. BONDING ON ENAMEL
VARIANT SURFACES
◦ Non vital teeth
◦ Impacted teeth
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition
22

23. BONDING ON ENAMEL
VARIANT SURFACES
◦ Bonding on teeth with fluorosis
Adanir N, Türkkahraman H, Güngör AY. Effects of fluorosis and bleaching on shear bond strengths of orthodontic
brackets. Eur J Dent. 2007 Oct;1(4):230-5. PMID: 19212472; PMCID: PMC2609915.
23

24. BONDING TO NON
CONVENTIONAL SURFACES
◦ BONDING TO GOLD :
 intraoral sandblasting
Electrolytoic tin plating
plating with gallim tin solution
Intermediate primers (panavia)
◦ BONDING TO COMPOSITE RESTORATIVES
Upper resin composite layer is removed
Etched
Application of resin
bonding
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition 24

25. BONDING TO AMALGAM
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition 25
Sandblasting with 50 µm aluminium
oxide powder for 3 s and a 30-s waiting.
Use intermediate resins that improve
bond strengths like All Bond 2 (Bisco),
Enhance or Superbond C
Use of newer adhesives that bond
chemically like 4-methacryloyloxyethyl
trimellitate anhydride (4-META)

26. BONDING TO PORCELAIN
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition 26
Deglaze the area by
sandblasting with 50 µm
Al2O3 for 3 s
Etch porcelain with 9.6% HFA
for 2 min
Carefully remove gel with cotton
roll and then rinse using high
volume suction.
Dry with air, apply silane
coupling agent
bond bracket conventionally

27. LIMITATIONS OF BONDING
27
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition

28. BOND FAILURES
Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition 28
Adhesive cohesive
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF BOND FAILURE:
TYPES

29. ARI
• Score 0—no adhesive left on the
tooth surface
• Score 1—less than half of
adhesive left on the tooth surface
• Score 2—greater than half of
adhesive left on the tooth surface
• Score 3—all adhesive left on
tooth surface with a bracket mesh
impression
Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities,3rd edition
29

30. CONCLUSION
30

31. REFERENCES
◦ Om P. Kharbanda Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial
Deformities,3rd edition
◦ Acid Etching Patterns on Buccal Surfaces of Permanent Teeth Khadry A. Galil, D.D.S., D. Oral
Surg., Ph.D. Gerald Z. Wright, D.D.S., M.S.D., F.R.C.D. (C) The American Academy of
Pedodontics/Vol. 1, No. 4/P
◦ Lee W. Graber,Robert L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics Current Principles And Techniques, Sixth Edition
◦ William R. PROFFIT , Textbook Of Contemporary Orthodontics, Fourth Edition
◦ William A. Brantley , Theodore Eliades, Orthodontic Materials , Scientific And Clinical Aspects
◦ Paul Gange, centennial special article - The evolution of bonding in orthodontics American Journal
of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics April 2015 vol 147 Issue 4 Supplement 1
◦ Silverstone LM, Saxton CA, Dogon IL, Fejerskov O. Variation in the pattern of acid etching of
human dental enamel examined by scanning electron microscopy. Caries Res. 1975;9(5):373-87.
doi: 10.1159/000260179. PMID: 1055640.
◦ Maijer R, Smith DC. Crystal growth on the outer enamel surface--an alternative to acid etching. Am
J Orthod. 1986 Mar;89(3):183-93. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(86)90031-x. PMID: 3513595.
31