Resin bonded fixed partial denture. (RBFPD'S)

RESIN BONDED FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
PRESENTED BY- DR VAISHALI SHRIVASTAVA
POST GRADUATE STUDENT
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS,
CROWN & BRIDGE AND IMPLANTOLOGY
1

CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION & HISTORY
• DEVELOPMENT OF RESIN-BONDED
FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESES
• TREATMENT PLANNING
1. ADVANTAGES
2. DISADVANTAGES
3. INDICATIONS
4. CONTRAINDICATIONS
• TOOTH PREPARATION
• DELIVERY
• CAUSES OF FAILURE
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
2

• One of the disadvantages of a conventional fixed partial denture with either full
coverage or partial coverage crown retainers is the destruction of tooth structure
required for the abutment preparations upon which the retainers are placed.
• Various solutions for this problem have been tried. Inlay retainers were used to save
tooth structure and time before the advent of air-turbine handpieces.
3

• Cantilever type of restoration can result in failures that are costly both in money
spent for subsequent replacement and in loss of periodontal support around
previously sound teeth.
• Unilateral removable partial dentures to avoid undesirable destruction of tooth
structure are usually wanting in both retention and stability, and they present the risk
of aspiration if they become dislodged.
4

5
: a fixed partial denture that is luted to tooth structures, primarily
enamel, which has been etched to provide micro mechanical retention
for the resin luting agent. (GPT-10)
RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS

6
A thin inconspicuous 3 unit FPD can then be placed after the limited tooth
reduction.the attachment is composed of three strategic areas-
1) Etched enamel surface
2) Bonding resin
3) Etched metal surface
This prosthesis has been described facetiously as a cemented “nesbit” a unilateral
partial denture or an adult space maintainer.
Tylman’s theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics- 8th ed

7
• Buonocore in 1955 introduced bonding to dentistry and thus heralded new
possibilities in the restoration procedures.
• Adhesive technology means that more conservative preparation of the abutment
teeth is possible in comparison to conventional restorations.
• In 1973, Rochette introduced the concept of bonding a metal retainer to enamel
by adhesive resin. However, his application was to splint periodontally involved
mandibular anterior teeth using a cast gold bar bonded to the lingual surfaces of
the teeth.
HISTORY
Vishnoi R, Bele A, Jain D. Resin bonded bridge: A forgotten first frontier for an aesthetically critical edentulous space-A case report.

8
• Howe and Denehy used this technique to introduce the first form of RBB
which became popular as the Rochette bridge.
• Livaditis proposed abutment preparation, including reduction of proximal and
lingual surfaces to create a path of insertion, along with occlusal rest seat
preparation to resist tissueward displacement of the retainer.
• Livaditis and Thompson of Maryland university in 1982 pioneered the
concept of electrolytically etching a non-precious metal to microscopically
roughen the metal surface, introducing Maryland bridge

• Ibsen first described the attachment of an acrylic resin pontic to an unprepared tooth
using a composite bonding resin.
• Resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) have had variable popularity since the
technique for splinting mandibular anterior teeth with a perforated metal casting was
described by Rochette in 1973.
9

10
• DEVELOPMENT OF RESIN-BONDED FIXED DENTAL
PROSTHESES
• BONDED
PONTICS
Mechanical
Retention
• ROCHETTE
BRIDGE
Micromechanical
Retention
• MARYLAND
BRIDGE
Macroscopic
Mechanical
Retention
• VIRGINIA
BRIDGE
Chemical
Bonding
• ADHESIVE
BRIDGE
Contemporary fixed prosthodontics-Rosenstiel,land,fujimoto

11
• Introduced by Ibsen and Portnoy in 1973, these are the earliest resin retained prosthesis.
• The earliest resin-bonded prostheses were extracted natural teeth or acrylic teeth used as
pontic, bonded to the proximal and lingual surfaces of abutment teeth with composite
resin.
• SIMONSEN in 1978 used composite tooth as pontic Simonsen, Davilla and Gwinnet also
used natural tooth as same purpose
BONDED PONTICS

12
• The composite resin connectors were brittle and required supporting wire or a
stainless steel mesh framework.
• These bonded pontics were limited to short anterior spans and had a limited
lifetime, with degradation of the composite resin bond to the wire or mesh
and subsequent fracture

13
Composite resins were brittle
They required supporting wire or stainless steel mesh
framework
Their use is limited to short anterior spans
DISADVANTAGES

14
• : a resin-bonded fixed partial denture incorporating holes within the metal
framework that lutes to the lingual aspect of teeth adjacent to an edentulous space
and replaces one or more teeth (GPT-10)
• Given by- Rochette, in 1973
ROCHETTE BRIDGE

15
• wing-like retainers, with funnel-shaped perforations through them to
enhance resin retention.
• combined mechanical retention with a silane coupling agent to produce
adhesion to the metal.

17
A clinical study by Boyer et al. (1993)
reported that anterior FPDs with
perforated retainers had a 50% failure in
110 months.

18
LIMITATIONS
Weakening of the metal
retainer by the
perforations.
Limited adhesion of the
metal provided by the
perforations.
Exposure to wear of the
resin at the perforations.

19
MARYLAND BRIDGE
• Livaditis and Thompson in 1982 adapted an electrochemical pit corroding
technique that had been used by Dunn and Reisbick in a study of ceramic
bonding to base metal alloys.
• This type of etched-metal prosthesis is frequently called the Maryland bridge.
The acid solution and technique were specific to the nonberyllium nickel-
chromium alloy that they tested.

20
• Thompson et al reported that 10% sulfuric acid at 300 mA/cm2 , followed by the same
cleaning procedures, would produce similar results with a beryllium-containing
nickelchromium alloy.
• McLaughlin proposed a much faster technique for etching retainers by immersing
them in a beaker of a combined solution of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids placed in
an activated ultrasonic cleaner for 99 seconds while electrical current is passed
through the fixed partial denture and solution.
• Livaditis reported acceptable results with a nonelectrolytic technique that requires a
nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy to be placed in an etching solution for 1 hour in a
water bath at 70°C (158°F).

22
A form of chemical etching with a stable aqua regia gel was substituted for
electrochemical etching by Doukoudakis et al
• Air abrading metal with 250-μm abrasive increases bonding strength
remarkably when used in conjunction with silane.

24
Retention is improved because the resin-to etched metal bond
can be substantially stronger than the resin-to-etched enamel.
The retainers can be thinner and still resist flexing.
The oral surface of the cast retainers is highly polished and
resists plaque accumulation.
ADVANTAGES
• Highly technique sensitive depending on procedure adopted at laboratory.
DISADVANTAGE

25
MODIFICATIONS (MARYLAND BRIDGE)
Plainfield S, Wood V, Podesta R. A stress-relieved resin-bonded fixed partial denture. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1989 Mar 1;61(3):291-3.
Three-piece “‘Golden Gate Bridge” with stress-
breakers on both sides of pontic. Matrix (female)
portion of stress-reliever in abutment, patrix
(male) portion a part of pontic..
1) Stress-relieved Resin Bonded ﬁxed
Partial Denture

26
Most recent design of golden gate bridge places matrix (female) portion stress breaker in
pontic, patrix (male) portion on bonded wing. One stress-relieved abutment is adequate.
modiﬁcation of the Maryland bridge is given by Sanford Plainﬁeld, Vincent
Wood and Ralph Podesta , for stress relieving that has been proved
effective in preventing debonding of the prosthesis during function.

27
2) The Procera Maryland Bridge
• The Procera Maryland Bridge represents a further evolution of Livaditis’s initial
concept.
• The one-piece zirconia framework incorporates an all-ceramic incisor pontic
connecting two wings that are bonded (or cemented) to the lingual of the adjacent
teeth.
• Preparation is restricted to the lingual surfaces and the lingual aspect of the
interproximal and is minimal, limited to 0.5 mm or less of the enamel layer.
Holt LR, Drake B. The procera Maryland bridge: A case report. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2008 Jun;20(3):165-71.

28
The framework is precision milled from a solid piece of zirconia.

29
3) CAROLINA BRIDGE
Heymann HO. The Carolina bridge: a novel interim all‐porcelain bonded prosthesis. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2006 Mar;18(2):81-92.
• coined by Drake Precision Dental Lab of Charlotte, NC, USA, in the late 1990s
• First used by the author in 1987, this simple design consists of a custom-made all
porcelain pontic with an etched proximal surface that is bonded to the adjacent
abutment teeth using resin composite connectors.
• Carolina bridge is an esthetic and conservative interim treatment option that can
be utilized in favorable clinical situations

30
Patient with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors. B, Bilateral, allporcelain bonded bridges
replace the missing lateral incisors. C and D, Right side, viewed before and after placement of a bonded
bridge.

31
• The primary qualities of this type of bonded bridge include
ease of placement,
esthetic vitality (no metal substructure),
ease of connector repair.
• As with all bonded bridges, the primary keys to success include the availability of
adequate surface area for bonding,
favorable occlusion,
and periodontally sound and stable abutment teeth.

32
INDICATIONS-
patients with missing lateral incisors and in whom the remaining edentulous space is too
small for an implant
patients who exhibit an end-to-end or slight open-bite anterior occlusal relationship

33
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• for the replacement of posterior teeth or canines because of the degree of
occlusal stress encountered in these areas.
• patients exhibiting a deep-bite anterior occlusal relationship and/or
evidence of bruxism or clenching involving the anticipated area to be
treated are contraindicated.
• Short teeth are contraindicated as abutments
• Teeth with large Class III or IV restorations are contraindicated as
abutment teeth, as are teeth with crowns

34
ADVANTAGES
no definitive preparation of the adjacent abutment teeth is required, making this
approach totally reversible.
the all porcelain Carolina bridge is highly esthetic owing to the absence of a metal
substructure
The proximal resin composite retaining connectors of all-porcelain Carolina bridges
are easily repaired

35

36

37
VIRGINIA BRIDGE
• Moon and Hudgins et al produced particle-roughened retainers by incorporating salt
crystals into the retainer patterns to produce roughness on the inner surfaces.
This method is also known as the lost salt technique for producing Virginia bridges.
• Sieved cubic salt crystals (NaCl), ranging in size from 149 to 250 μm, were sprinkled
over the outlined area.
The retainer patterns were fabricated from resin, with a 0.5- to 1.0-mm-wide crystal-free
margin around the outlined area.

38
• After the resin was polymerized, the patterns were removed from the cast, cleaned
with a solvent, and placed in water in an ultrasonic cleaner to dissolve the salt
crystals.
• This left cubic voids in the surface that were reproduced in the cast retainers,
producing retention for the fixed partial denture.

39
• Tanaka et al used 50-μm aluminum oxide air abrasion to prepare cobalt-chromium
castings for bonding with 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META)
resin.
• They were also able to create a suitable surface for bonding with the same 4-META
resin by inducing a heat-accumulated copper oxide deposit on noble-metal alloys in
conjunction with 50- μm aluminum oxide air abrasion.

41
CAST MESH FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
A nylon mesh is placed on the palatal/lingual surface of the abutment die and the pattern
is fabricated over this mesh.
The mesh gets incorporated and following casting provides retention for resin to metal.
Disadvantages
• The wax may flow in between the mesh
locking all the undercuts.

42
RESIN CEMENTS
• The first resin-bonded restorations described by Rochette, which were splints, were
held in place by an unfilled resin, polymethyl methacrylate (Sevriton, Dentsply),
attached to etched enamel, based on the work of Laswell et al
• Unfilled/filled composite resins were used with perforated retainers.
Then a modified unfilled/filled composite resin with a thin film thickness
specifically intended for luting resin-bonded fixed partial dentures was released,
closely following the development of electrolytic etching

43
The next development was chemically active (adhesive) resin cements:
4-META and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP).
These cements rely on adhesion to the metal and not on microretention in the
surface of the metal for bond strength. Etching was no longer necessary.

44
Air abrasion with small-particle aluminum oxide (50 μm or less) thus becomes
part of the cleaning of the metal surface in preparation for chemical bonding and
not a mechanism for roughening the surface to provide microscopic undercuts
for the resin.
Tin plating can make noble metals very good candidates for bonding.

45
Resin cements :
1.Comspan-(L.D.caulk)-filled bisphenol glycidyldimethacrylate/bis-GMA ( Two paste system )
2.ABC adhesive bridge cement (Ivoclar North America)
3.Panavia (filled bis GMA) powder and liquid. Powder(quartz, radiopaque fillers and initiators)
Liquid (Aromatic and aliphatic methacrylates , activators patentedmonomer). Panavia
polymerization inhibited by O2. Material setting time: 4 minutes

46
Longevity of Resin Bonded FPD-A Review Dr. JAYAPRIYA P IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 22, Issue 3 Ser.11 (March. 2023), PP
36-39 www.iosrjournals.org
4.Panavia 21 ( two paste system, primer supplied With it)
5.All bond 2( bonds by formation of hybrid layer)
6.C and B Metabond ( bonds by formation of hybrid layer)-setting time 8 minutes,
temperature sensitive

47
TREATMENT PLANNING
There are situations in which resin-bonded fixed partial dentures should or should
not be used, as well as features that should be considered in deciding that one is the
treatment of choice for replacing a lost tooth.

48
Minimal removal
of tooth structure
Minimal
potential for
pulpal trauma
Anesthesia
not usually
required
Supragingival
preparation
Easy impression
making
Rebonding
possible
Reduced patient
expense
ADVANTAGES

49
Reduced
restoration
longevity
Enamel
modifications
are required
Space correction
is difficult
Good alignment
of abutment
teeth is required
DISADVANTAGES

50
Replacement of missing
anterior teeth in children
and adolescents
Short span
Single
posterior tooth
replacement
Unrestored
abutments
Significant
clinical crown
length
Excellent
moisture
control
Periodontal
splints
INDICATIONS

51
Long edentulous
span
Damaged
abutments
Compromised
enamel
Parafunctional
habits
Nickel
sensitivity
Deep
vertical
overbite
Extensive
caries
CONTRAINDICATIONS

52
Morgan C, Djemal S, Gilmour G. Predictable resin-bonded bridges in general dental practice. Dental Update. 2001 Dec 2;28(10):501-8

53
All design options are possible for the RBB:
Design
Fixed–
movable
Hybrid.
Fixed–
fixed
Cantilever
Morgan C, Djemal S, Gilmour G. Predictable resin-bonded bridges in general dental practice. Dental Update. 2001 Dec 2;28(10):501-8

54
Dahl Concept
The Dahl principle of space creation is gaining wider acceptance.
Initially introduced as a removable appliance to create space for the treatment of
anterior maxillary toothwear, the concept is now more widely applied and is ideally
suited to the RBB ethos of tooth preservation.

55
The RBB should ideally be designed so that occlusal forces are projected through
the long axes of the occluding teeth and cemented ‘high’ on the abutment tooth.
The occlusion generally settles in approximately 6 months.
This occurs by intrusion of the teeth in contact with the restoration and supra-
eruption of the non-occluding-teeth.

56
• The tooth preparation includes axial reduction and guide planes on the proximal
surfaces with a slight extension onto the facial surface to achieve a faciolingual
lock.
• The preparation should encompass at least 180 degrees of the tooth to enhance
the resistance of the retainer.
• There should be a finish line even though it will be nothing more than a very
light chamfer, and it should be placed about 1.0 mm supragingivally.
TOOTH PREPARATION

57
• Occlusal clearance is needed on very few teeth that are prepared as abutments for acid-
etched resin-bonded fixed partial dentures. Specifically, 0.5 mm is needed on maxillary
incisors, where preparation is done on the lingual surface of the teeth.
• The resistance features used in a tooth preparation for an acid-etched resin-bonded
retainer will normally be grooves.
• Grooves were found to increase resistance to displacement on anterior preparations
31% to 77% in one study 81% in another.
• However, if there is an existing amalgam, all of the amalgam, or at least all of its
surface, is removed so that the box form can be utilized

58
Grooves are most commonly employed as resistance features on resin-bonded fixed partial
denture abutments (a), but the box form of an existing amalgam can also be converted for
that purpose (b)

59
Posterior resin-bonded fixed partial denture framework configurations. (a to c) Standard. There are two grooves, one
near the facioproximal angle adjacent to the edentulous space and one at the opposite linguoproximal corner, with
greater than 180 degrees of axial wall coverage. (d and e) Two rests. This variation, suggested by Barrack,110 has
axial coverage on both proximal walls and two rest seats located near the central groove at the mesio-occlusal and
disto-occlusal. They resist displacement by occlusal forces.

60
High-
speed
handpiece
Articulating
ribbon
Football-
shaped
diamond
Small wheel
and short
needle
diamonds
Flat-end and
round-end
tapered
diamonds
ARMAMENTARIUM

61
Occlusal Marking: Articulation Paper.
The preparation sequence shown is for a
maxillary incisor.
First, the centric occlusal contacts are marked
with articulating ribbon

62
Occlusal Clearance: Footballshaped Diamond.
To ensure adequate occlusal clearance in this
area, a football-shaped diamond is used to
remove 0.5 mm of tooth structure.

63
football-shaped diamond is used to create a
concave reduction on the entire cingulum
surface of the incisor, producing 0.5 mm of
lingual clearance .
This reduction should end 1.5 to 2.0 mm from
the incisal edge, or just incisal to the most
incisal occlusal contact, whichever is closer to
the incisal edge.
Lingual reduction: football-shaped diamond.

64
Countersinks: flat-end tapered diamond
A flat-end tapered diamond is used to prepare
flat notches or countersinks on the lingual
surface of the tooth to provide resistance to
gingival displacement

65
Proximal reduction (facial segment): flat-end
tapered diamond.
Proximal reduction on the surface adjacent to
the edentulous space is done with a flat-end
tapered diamond, producing a small plane that
extends slightly facial to the facioproximal line
angle

66
Proximal reduction (lingual segment): flat-end
tapered diamond.
A second plane is produced lingual to the first
with the same diamond

67
Lingual axial reduction: round-end tapered
diamond.
Light upright lingual axial reduction is done
from the biplanar proximal axial reduction
around the cingulum to a point just short of the
proximal contact on the opposite side of the
cingulum from the edentulous space

68
The thickness of the axial walls of the retainer will be greater than the amount of axial
tooth structure removed, leading to overcontouring of the axial walls of the cast retainer.
To minimize any deleterious effect on the periodontium, the very light chamfer finish
line should remain approximately 1.0 mm supragingival throughout its length

69
Cingulum groove: short needle diamond.
A short groove is placed at the
facialmost extension of the reduction
on the opposite side of the cingulum
with a short needle diamond

70
Proximal groove: short needle diamond.
In addition to bolstering the rigidity of the
retainer, the groove will serve to enhance its
resistance.
The same thin diamond is used to place a
groove in the vicinity of the wraparound or
break between the facial and lingual planes of
proximal axial reduction adjacent to the
edentulous space

71
PREPARATION FOR POSTERIORS
• 1ST STEP is to establish path of
insertion
• Height of the contour is lowered to
within 1 mm of gingiva
• Interproximal Height of the contour
is lowered to within 2 mm allowing
for an adequate bulk of metal in the
connector area

73
Its dimensions should be
1.5–2 mm faciolingually and
mesiodistally
and 1–1.5 mm in depth

74
The vertical walls should be very distinct unlike
rests for RPD to prevent lateral movement and
preparation should be progressively deeper as it
moves from the marginal ridge to fossa.
In most cases occlusal clearance may not be
needed because of placement of centric stops
away from the framework. If required, a
clearance of 0.5 mm is given.

75
IMPRESSION
Elastomeric impressions are superior and reversible hydrocolloid is less
desirable for a final replica.
one cast poured as a refractory cast, while the preparations for the second
cast are outlined in red or black pencil on diagnostic cast.

76
RBB pontic design
The pontic should achieve a passive contact with the tissues and allow
adequate hygiene by the patient.
The two most common pontic designs for bridgework are the
1)modified ridge-lap
2) the ovate pontic.
The potential benefit of ovate over the modified ridge lap is its potentially
improved emergence profile and aesthetics
Vishnoi R, Bele A, Jain D. Resin bonded bridge: A forgotten first frontier for an aesthetically critical edentulous space-A case report

77
The pontic is almost universally a
STEIN PONTIC-anteriorly
SANITARY PONTIC- posteriorly (3mm superior to tissue)

78
DELIVERY
ARMAMENTARIUM
Pumice Etchant
Rubber Dam
, Clamp, And
Frame
Low-speed
Contra-angle
Handpiece
Rubber
Prophy Cup
Cotton
Pellets
Small Brush,
Mixing Well
Mixing Pad,
Plastic
Spatula

79
Mylar Strip,
Dental Floss
Explorer,
Scaler
Complete
Adhesive
Resin Kit

80
Abutment teeth are isolated with a well-
inverted rubber dam
The process begins with the
isolation of the abutment teeth
with rubber dam

81
The next step is to clean the
tooth preparations with
unflavored, nonfluoridated
pumice and a rubber prophy
cup
Abutments are cleaned with pumice and a
rubber cup

82
The pumice is washed off, and a 40% to 50% phosphoric acid solution is applied to
the abutment preparations with a cotton pellet
The etchant is left on for 60 seconds and, after the preparations are rinsed and dried,
reapplied for 15 seconds.
The abutment preparations are washed thoroughly with water for 20 seconds, then
dried

84
The preparations are dried with compressed air

85
• The next step is to mix the primer and the resin to bond the prosthesis in place.
• One drop each of ED Primer (Kuraray) liquids A and B is dispensed into a well in
the mixing dish and mixed for 4 seconds.
• A sponge pledget is used to apply the mixture to the preparations.
• It is allowed to set for 60 seconds, and then a gentle stream of air is applied to
evaporate the volatile substances, leaving a glossy surface.

86
ED Primer is applied to the
teeth with a cotton pellet or
small pledget.
A thin layer of mixed resin is applied to the
retainers

87
The fixed partial denture is held securely
in place for 60 seconds.
Oxyguard II is applied to protect the resin
from exposure to oxygen

88
CAUSES OF FAILURE
Alignment of teeth results in a poor path of insertion
Insufficient vertical length of abutment teeth
Inadequate enamel for bonding
History of metal sensitivity
Thin labio-lingual dimension of abutments.
1) Inappropriate patient selection

89
2) Incomplete tooth preparation
Insufficient proximal and lingual surface reduction
Incomplete or less than 180 degree extension of “wraparound”
Lack of accommodation to mandibular excursion i.e protrusive

90
3) Bonding of the RBB
Contamination
Prolonged mixing
Inappropriate luting agent

91
VERSATILE APPLICATIONS
Extensive periodontal splints to retain questionable teeth can be inexpensively
accomplished with only slight tooth modifications rather than complete crown
preparations.
Resin bonded rest seats for RPD are another diverse application in prosthodontics

92
CONCLUSION
Resin bonded bridges are a conservative and viable treatment option for tooth
replacement with comparable survival rates.
However, careful case selection, material selection and bonding protocol are essential to
ensure success of the restoration

93
Contemporary fixed prosthodontics-Rosenstiel,land,Fujimoto
Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics, Herbert t. shillingburg 4th edition
Heymann HO. The Carolina bridge: a novel interim all‐porcelain bonded prosthesis. Journal of Esthetic and
Restorative Dentistry. 2006 Mar;18(2):81-92.
Vishnoi R, Bele A, Jain D. Resin bonded bridge: A forgotten first frontier for an aesthetically critical edentulous space-
A case report.
Longevity of Resin Bonded FPD-A Review Dr. JAYAPRIYA P IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-
JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 22, Issue 3 Ser.11 (March. 2023), PP 36-39
Plainfield S, Wood V, Podesta R. A stress-relieved resin-bonded fixed partial denture. The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry. 1989 Mar 1;61(3):291-3.
Holt LR, Drake B. The procera Maryland bridge: A case report. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2008
Jun;20(3):165-71.
Morgan C, Djemal S, Gilmour G. Predictable resin-bonded bridges in general dental practice. Dental Update. 2001
Dec 2;28(10):501-8.

Resin bonded fixed partial denture. (RBFPD'S)

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