Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his work adapting Rutherford's nuclear atom model. Bohr introduced the idea that electrons occupy discrete energy levels and can jump between these levels by emitting or absorbing photons. Throughout his career, Bohr advocated for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II before returning to Copenhagen.