AMD's new Bobcat core architecture is a low power x86 core designed for small die area and optimized for cloud clients. It features dual x86 decoders, out-of-order execution, 32KB L1 caches, a 512KB L2 cache, and advanced power reduction techniques to target sub-one watt operation. The goal of Bobcat is to provide 90% of the performance of mainstream notebook CPUs while using half the die area.
The document discusses the functional verification of the Jaguar x86 low-power core. It describes Jaguar's microarchitecture, which includes improvements over the previous Bobcat core such as a new shared L2 cache and updated ISA support. The verification strategy involves testing at the unit, cluster, and system levels using techniques like random stimulus generation, coverage analysis, and formal verification. Challenges included verifying the complex new power management features and shared L2 cache across multiple independent cores.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document discusses the implementation of an OFDM kernel for WiMAX systems. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and how it is used in WiMAX networks. It then provides an overview of the key components in the WiMAX physical layer, including bit-level processing, OFDMA symbol-level processing, and digital intermediate frequency processing blocks. It specifically focuses on the OFDM kernel, which includes the inverse fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix insertion, fast Fourier transform, and cyclic prefix removal blocks. Finally, it discusses how FPGAs are well-suited for implementing OFDM kernels due to their high speed complex multiplication capabilities.
The document discusses polymorphic heterogeneous multi-core systems as a solution to limitations in instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and thread-level parallelism (TLP) approaches for improving single-core performance. It proposes an architecture with cores that can dynamically reconfigure their internal structure and collaborate to best match software requirements. The cores are connected to a reconfigurable fabric that implements custom instructions to further speed up programs. Experimental results show this approach achieves speedups and better load balancing compared to homogeneous multi-core systems. Future work is needed to study overhead and implement dynamic scheduling.
The document summarizes packet switch architectures. It discusses how packet switches perform packet lookup and classification to determine the next hop for packets. It also describes different switching fabrics that transport packets through the switch. Example packet switches include IP routers, Ethernet switches, ATM switches, and MPLS switches. The document outlines techniques for performing packet lookups, such as direct lookup, hashing, and longest prefix matching.
This document describes a test architecture that separates parallel program communication from computation kernels to enable future partial dynamic reconfiguration of processing elements (PEs) on FPGAs. The architecture implements static softcore processors as test PEs on a Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGA. One PE acts as a host cell running MPI for communication, while other PEs act as computing cells running computation kernels. The NAS Parallel Benchmarks integer sort is used to benchmark communication and computation performance on this architecture.
This document discusses the evolution of data center networks from routing to switching. It introduces FabricPath, a technology that brings routing capabilities like equal-cost multipathing to layer 2 switching networks. FabricPath uses IS-IS for its control plane and encapsulates frames with MAC-in-MAC headers to implement multi-destination trees and distributed forwarding across the fabric. This allows large layer 2 domains with fast convergence and scalability comparable to routing networks, while maintaining simplicity of configuration and operation of traditional switching.
The document discusses the benefits of protocol aware automatic test equipment (ATE) compared to traditional ATE. Protocol aware ATE would allow testers to interact with devices under test using the same protocol level of abstraction as designers, making testing easier and reducing development cycles. It provides examples showing how protocol aware ATE could speed up silicon bring-up and debug by enabling direct register reads and writes using protocols instead of low-level vectors. This would help address issues of non-deterministic device behavior from processes like cycle slipping.
The document discusses the functional verification of the Jaguar x86 low-power core. It describes Jaguar's microarchitecture, which includes improvements over the previous Bobcat core such as a new shared L2 cache and updated ISA support. The verification strategy involves testing at the unit, cluster, and system levels using techniques like random stimulus generation, coverage analysis, and formal verification. Challenges included verifying the complex new power management features and shared L2 cache across multiple independent cores.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document discusses the implementation of an OFDM kernel for WiMAX systems. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and how it is used in WiMAX networks. It then provides an overview of the key components in the WiMAX physical layer, including bit-level processing, OFDMA symbol-level processing, and digital intermediate frequency processing blocks. It specifically focuses on the OFDM kernel, which includes the inverse fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix insertion, fast Fourier transform, and cyclic prefix removal blocks. Finally, it discusses how FPGAs are well-suited for implementing OFDM kernels due to their high speed complex multiplication capabilities.
The document discusses polymorphic heterogeneous multi-core systems as a solution to limitations in instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and thread-level parallelism (TLP) approaches for improving single-core performance. It proposes an architecture with cores that can dynamically reconfigure their internal structure and collaborate to best match software requirements. The cores are connected to a reconfigurable fabric that implements custom instructions to further speed up programs. Experimental results show this approach achieves speedups and better load balancing compared to homogeneous multi-core systems. Future work is needed to study overhead and implement dynamic scheduling.
The document summarizes packet switch architectures. It discusses how packet switches perform packet lookup and classification to determine the next hop for packets. It also describes different switching fabrics that transport packets through the switch. Example packet switches include IP routers, Ethernet switches, ATM switches, and MPLS switches. The document outlines techniques for performing packet lookups, such as direct lookup, hashing, and longest prefix matching.
This document describes a test architecture that separates parallel program communication from computation kernels to enable future partial dynamic reconfiguration of processing elements (PEs) on FPGAs. The architecture implements static softcore processors as test PEs on a Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGA. One PE acts as a host cell running MPI for communication, while other PEs act as computing cells running computation kernels. The NAS Parallel Benchmarks integer sort is used to benchmark communication and computation performance on this architecture.
This document discusses the evolution of data center networks from routing to switching. It introduces FabricPath, a technology that brings routing capabilities like equal-cost multipathing to layer 2 switching networks. FabricPath uses IS-IS for its control plane and encapsulates frames with MAC-in-MAC headers to implement multi-destination trees and distributed forwarding across the fabric. This allows large layer 2 domains with fast convergence and scalability comparable to routing networks, while maintaining simplicity of configuration and operation of traditional switching.
The document discusses the benefits of protocol aware automatic test equipment (ATE) compared to traditional ATE. Protocol aware ATE would allow testers to interact with devices under test using the same protocol level of abstraction as designers, making testing easier and reducing development cycles. It provides examples showing how protocol aware ATE could speed up silicon bring-up and debug by enabling direct register reads and writes using protocols instead of low-level vectors. This would help address issues of non-deterministic device behavior from processes like cycle slipping.
DFX Architecture for High-performance Multi-core MicroprocessorsIshwar Parulkar
This presentation was given at ITC 2008 (International Test Conference). It deals with DFX challenges and solution for high count multi-core microprocessors. Acknowledgment: Co-authors on ITC presentation - Gaurav Agarwal, Sriram Anandakumar, Gordon Liu, Rajesh Pendurkar, Krishna Rajan and Frank Chiu.
This document provides information about IBM Power Systems servers from 2010. It describes the Power 710, Power 730, Power 720 and Power 740 servers including their processor options, core counts, speeds and I/O capabilities. Power 795 is also mentioned as the highest-end model available at that time, with the Power 780 and Power 755 filling out the mid-range offerings. Details are given about the POWER7 processor architecture, features like Active Memory Expansion, and how Power Systems provide capabilities for performance, throughput, consolidation and energy efficiency.
This document provides an overview of Riak, an open source distributed database. It discusses Riak's key features like fault tolerance, horizontal scalability, and high availability. It also summarizes Riak's data model, interfaces, client libraries, ways to store and query data including CRUD, MapReduce, secondary indexing, and search. The document outlines Riak's architecture including consistent hashing, virtual nodes, vector clocks, and append-only storage. It previews upcoming Riak 1.4 features and discusses commercial Riak products and the growing Riak community.
The talk presented how AMD technologies meet HPC requirements through a hands-on session. Key concepts covered included performance metrics like GFLOPS and memory bandwidth, scalability on multi-socket platforms, and the impact of compilers, libraries, and tuning on performance and power consumption. The session aimed to provide foundational knowledge on building effective HPC solutions using AMD technologies.
This slide deck is the part of the talk, generally centered around the topics and details of the Riak Architecture & related material. It currently doesn't have the Azure sample commands or other elements around that, as it is the live part of the presentation. I'll likely add these parts in the future though.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Define location of Preplaced cells(http://www.vlsisystemdesign.com/PD-Flow.php)VLSI SYSTEM Design
https://www.udemy.com/vlsi-academy
During placement and routing, most of the placement tools, place/move logic cells based on floorplan specifications. Some of the important or critical cell's locations has to be pre-defined before actual placement and routing stages. The critical cells are mostly the cells related to clocks, viz. clock buffers, clock mux, etc. and also few other cells such as RAM's, ROM,s etc. Since, these cells are placed in to core before placement and routing stage, they are called 'preplaced cells'.
H-8PSK is a hierarchical modulation technique specified in the DVB-S2 standard that allows two transport streams to be transmitted simultaneously on a single transponder. The high priority stream is modulated using QPSK, while the low priority stream's bits are used to modulate an additional phase shift. This provides backward compatibility, as standard DVB receivers can demodulate the high priority stream, while receivers compatible with H-8PSK are needed to decode the low priority stream. In practice, H-8PSK has remained a niche technology, with few actual broadcasts using it reported.
BGP Error Handling - Developing an Operator-Led Approach in the IETF (UKNOF 18)Rob Shakir
This document discusses developing an operator-led approach to improving BGP error handling in the IETF. It outlines a four-point approach: 1) avoiding sending BGP NOTIFICATION messages when possible, 2) recovering routing information base (RIB) consistency after errors, 3) restarting BGP sessions hitlessly to reduce impact, and 4) introducing additional monitoring to improve visibility of error handling. The goal is to define how BGP is used in service provider networks, provide operator requirements, and tie together relevant IETF work items to make BGP more robust. Challenges addressed include protocol inconsistencies caused by error responses, achieving RIB synchronization, and balancing manageability against added complexity.
- Bull Information Systems is a large company with $1.6 billion in annual revenue that provides servers, services, and open source support to Fortune 500 customers.
- CNAF, a large French social security organization, is migrating its mainframe relational database from DB2 to PostgreSQL to reduce costs while keeping their COBOL applications on the mainframe.
- Bull implemented a Cobol preprocessor and client/server solution to allow COBOL applications on the mainframe to connect to and use a PostgreSQL database on Linux servers for improved performance.
This document summarizes Tobias Ivarsson's work on developing a new "Advanced Compiler" for Jython. It provides an overview of the compiler project, performance figures comparing Jython and CPython on benchmark tests, discusses mismatches between Python and the JVM, and how performance is being improved. The new compiler adds analysis and intermediate representation steps to better represent Python code on the JVM. Benchmark results show initial Jython performance lagging CPython but improving with JIT warmup and continued compiler optimizations.
This document provides a comparison of several unicast routing protocols, including RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP. It summarizes key details about each protocol such as metric formulas, configuration, network types supported, and troubleshooting commands. Additionally, it defines common routing protocol terminology.
ICEBreaker Presentation: Complex Sweep Plans for Automatic Component Characte...NMDG NV
ICEBreaker is a software tool that enables complex sweep plans for automated source- and load-pull characterization of RF components under realistic conditions. It can measure input and output power and waves at the device under test while sweeping variables like frequency, power, bias, and harmonic load tunings. This allows for full characterization of a device's nonlinear behavior. ICEBreaker controls the instruments in the setup and collects frequency-selective measurements to take advantage of high-performance vector network analyzers.
Msp430 assembly language instructions &addressing modesHarsha herle
The document discusses MSP430 assembly language. It covers topics like MSP430 data storage in registers, double operand instructions, single operand instructions, jump instructions, and emulated instructions. Examples of various instructions like ADD, SUB, BIC, MOV, CALL etc. are provided. It also discusses MSP430 memory structure and explains that words are only stored at even addresses with the low byte at the even address and high byte at the next odd address.
This document summarizes Laurent Leyssenne's thesis on the design of reconfigurable radiofrequency power amplifiers for wireless applications. The thesis aims to develop novel adaptive power amplifier architectures using silicon to improve battery life. It explores two families of adaptive mechanisms: discretized power amplifiers and adaptive bias power amplifiers. For discretized power amplifiers, it investigates architectures based on power stage bypass and parallel switched power cells to allow fast reconfiguration over a wide power range with low distortion. The switched power cell approach digitizes the envelope signal and uses control bits to dynamically modulate Volterra kernels, with quantization noise requiring oversampling and resolution techniques.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
1. The CUDA programming model uses parallel threads organized in cooperative thread arrays (CTAs) to execute the same program on many threads simultaneously.
2. CTAs are grouped into grids and threads within a CTA can share memory. Each CTA implements a thread block.
3. The GPU architecture has streaming multiprocessors that perform computations and global memory like CPU RAM that is accessible to both the GPU and CPU.
16.07.12 Analyzing Logs/Configs of 200'000 Systems with Hadoop (Christoph Sch...Swiss Big Data User Group
This talk was held at the second meeting of the Swiss Big Data User Group on July 16 at ETH Zürich. The topic of this meeting was: "NoSQL Storage: War Stories and Best Practices".
http://www.bigdata-usergroup.ch/item/296477
Sun sparc enterprise t5440 server technical presentationxKinAnx
The document provides an agenda for a training course on Sun SPARC Enterprise T5440 rack servers. The agenda includes an introduction, comparison of UltraSPARC T2 and T2 Plus processors, overview of T5440 server features and architecture, memory, networking, I/O expansion, disks, fans, power supplies, Solaris, ILOM 2.0, LDOMs, CRUs/FRUs, tuning and performance, tools and references. It also notes that the information is confidential to Sun Microsystems.
This document provides an overview of FPGA technology. It describes that an FPGA is a field programmable gate array that can be reprogrammed after manufacturing. The core components of an FPGA include look-up tables, flip-flops, multiplexors, I/O blocks, programmable interconnects, and SRAM memory cells. FPGAs offer advantages over ASICs like quick time to market and reprogrammability. Major FPGA manufacturers like Xilinx and Altera integrate additional components into their devices like RAM blocks, DSP blocks, and embedded processor cores.
DFX Architecture for High-performance Multi-core MicroprocessorsIshwar Parulkar
This presentation was given at ITC 2008 (International Test Conference). It deals with DFX challenges and solution for high count multi-core microprocessors. Acknowledgment: Co-authors on ITC presentation - Gaurav Agarwal, Sriram Anandakumar, Gordon Liu, Rajesh Pendurkar, Krishna Rajan and Frank Chiu.
This document provides information about IBM Power Systems servers from 2010. It describes the Power 710, Power 730, Power 720 and Power 740 servers including their processor options, core counts, speeds and I/O capabilities. Power 795 is also mentioned as the highest-end model available at that time, with the Power 780 and Power 755 filling out the mid-range offerings. Details are given about the POWER7 processor architecture, features like Active Memory Expansion, and how Power Systems provide capabilities for performance, throughput, consolidation and energy efficiency.
This document provides an overview of Riak, an open source distributed database. It discusses Riak's key features like fault tolerance, horizontal scalability, and high availability. It also summarizes Riak's data model, interfaces, client libraries, ways to store and query data including CRUD, MapReduce, secondary indexing, and search. The document outlines Riak's architecture including consistent hashing, virtual nodes, vector clocks, and append-only storage. It previews upcoming Riak 1.4 features and discusses commercial Riak products and the growing Riak community.
The talk presented how AMD technologies meet HPC requirements through a hands-on session. Key concepts covered included performance metrics like GFLOPS and memory bandwidth, scalability on multi-socket platforms, and the impact of compilers, libraries, and tuning on performance and power consumption. The session aimed to provide foundational knowledge on building effective HPC solutions using AMD technologies.
This slide deck is the part of the talk, generally centered around the topics and details of the Riak Architecture & related material. It currently doesn't have the Azure sample commands or other elements around that, as it is the live part of the presentation. I'll likely add these parts in the future though.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Define location of Preplaced cells(http://www.vlsisystemdesign.com/PD-Flow.php)VLSI SYSTEM Design
https://www.udemy.com/vlsi-academy
During placement and routing, most of the placement tools, place/move logic cells based on floorplan specifications. Some of the important or critical cell's locations has to be pre-defined before actual placement and routing stages. The critical cells are mostly the cells related to clocks, viz. clock buffers, clock mux, etc. and also few other cells such as RAM's, ROM,s etc. Since, these cells are placed in to core before placement and routing stage, they are called 'preplaced cells'.
H-8PSK is a hierarchical modulation technique specified in the DVB-S2 standard that allows two transport streams to be transmitted simultaneously on a single transponder. The high priority stream is modulated using QPSK, while the low priority stream's bits are used to modulate an additional phase shift. This provides backward compatibility, as standard DVB receivers can demodulate the high priority stream, while receivers compatible with H-8PSK are needed to decode the low priority stream. In practice, H-8PSK has remained a niche technology, with few actual broadcasts using it reported.
BGP Error Handling - Developing an Operator-Led Approach in the IETF (UKNOF 18)Rob Shakir
This document discusses developing an operator-led approach to improving BGP error handling in the IETF. It outlines a four-point approach: 1) avoiding sending BGP NOTIFICATION messages when possible, 2) recovering routing information base (RIB) consistency after errors, 3) restarting BGP sessions hitlessly to reduce impact, and 4) introducing additional monitoring to improve visibility of error handling. The goal is to define how BGP is used in service provider networks, provide operator requirements, and tie together relevant IETF work items to make BGP more robust. Challenges addressed include protocol inconsistencies caused by error responses, achieving RIB synchronization, and balancing manageability against added complexity.
- Bull Information Systems is a large company with $1.6 billion in annual revenue that provides servers, services, and open source support to Fortune 500 customers.
- CNAF, a large French social security organization, is migrating its mainframe relational database from DB2 to PostgreSQL to reduce costs while keeping their COBOL applications on the mainframe.
- Bull implemented a Cobol preprocessor and client/server solution to allow COBOL applications on the mainframe to connect to and use a PostgreSQL database on Linux servers for improved performance.
This document summarizes Tobias Ivarsson's work on developing a new "Advanced Compiler" for Jython. It provides an overview of the compiler project, performance figures comparing Jython and CPython on benchmark tests, discusses mismatches between Python and the JVM, and how performance is being improved. The new compiler adds analysis and intermediate representation steps to better represent Python code on the JVM. Benchmark results show initial Jython performance lagging CPython but improving with JIT warmup and continued compiler optimizations.
This document provides a comparison of several unicast routing protocols, including RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP. It summarizes key details about each protocol such as metric formulas, configuration, network types supported, and troubleshooting commands. Additionally, it defines common routing protocol terminology.
ICEBreaker Presentation: Complex Sweep Plans for Automatic Component Characte...NMDG NV
ICEBreaker is a software tool that enables complex sweep plans for automated source- and load-pull characterization of RF components under realistic conditions. It can measure input and output power and waves at the device under test while sweeping variables like frequency, power, bias, and harmonic load tunings. This allows for full characterization of a device's nonlinear behavior. ICEBreaker controls the instruments in the setup and collects frequency-selective measurements to take advantage of high-performance vector network analyzers.
Msp430 assembly language instructions &addressing modesHarsha herle
The document discusses MSP430 assembly language. It covers topics like MSP430 data storage in registers, double operand instructions, single operand instructions, jump instructions, and emulated instructions. Examples of various instructions like ADD, SUB, BIC, MOV, CALL etc. are provided. It also discusses MSP430 memory structure and explains that words are only stored at even addresses with the low byte at the even address and high byte at the next odd address.
This document summarizes Laurent Leyssenne's thesis on the design of reconfigurable radiofrequency power amplifiers for wireless applications. The thesis aims to develop novel adaptive power amplifier architectures using silicon to improve battery life. It explores two families of adaptive mechanisms: discretized power amplifiers and adaptive bias power amplifiers. For discretized power amplifiers, it investigates architectures based on power stage bypass and parallel switched power cells to allow fast reconfiguration over a wide power range with low distortion. The switched power cell approach digitizes the envelope signal and uses control bits to dynamically modulate Volterra kernels, with quantization noise requiring oversampling and resolution techniques.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
1. The CUDA programming model uses parallel threads organized in cooperative thread arrays (CTAs) to execute the same program on many threads simultaneously.
2. CTAs are grouped into grids and threads within a CTA can share memory. Each CTA implements a thread block.
3. The GPU architecture has streaming multiprocessors that perform computations and global memory like CPU RAM that is accessible to both the GPU and CPU.
16.07.12 Analyzing Logs/Configs of 200'000 Systems with Hadoop (Christoph Sch...Swiss Big Data User Group
This talk was held at the second meeting of the Swiss Big Data User Group on July 16 at ETH Zürich. The topic of this meeting was: "NoSQL Storage: War Stories and Best Practices".
http://www.bigdata-usergroup.ch/item/296477
Sun sparc enterprise t5440 server technical presentationxKinAnx
The document provides an agenda for a training course on Sun SPARC Enterprise T5440 rack servers. The agenda includes an introduction, comparison of UltraSPARC T2 and T2 Plus processors, overview of T5440 server features and architecture, memory, networking, I/O expansion, disks, fans, power supplies, Solaris, ILOM 2.0, LDOMs, CRUs/FRUs, tuning and performance, tools and references. It also notes that the information is confidential to Sun Microsystems.
This document provides an overview of FPGA technology. It describes that an FPGA is a field programmable gate array that can be reprogrammed after manufacturing. The core components of an FPGA include look-up tables, flip-flops, multiplexors, I/O blocks, programmable interconnects, and SRAM memory cells. FPGAs offer advantages over ASICs like quick time to market and reprogrammability. Major FPGA manufacturers like Xilinx and Altera integrate additional components into their devices like RAM blocks, DSP blocks, and embedded processor cores.
QPACE QCD Parallel Computing on the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell/B.E.)Heiko Joerg Schick
The QPACE project aims to build a prototype supercomputer using IBM PowerXCell 8i processors. The system architecture involves node cards containing a PowerXCell processor and network processor, interconnected using a custom 3D torus network. Each node card provides over 26 teraflops of peak performance and uses liquid cooling. The network processor in each node card handles the high-speed FlexIO interface to the PowerXCell processor and communication within the 3D network topology.
Adv. FPGA Motor Control--EBV & Univ. of Koln: Embedded World 2010Altera Corporation
This document discusses using FPGAs for advanced motor control. It describes how FPGAs can reduce components, increase performance and flexibility compared to traditional motor control systems. Specifically, it discusses implementing motor interfaces, fieldbus communication, current measurement, and encoder feedback using programmable logic and IP cores in an FPGA. The document presents a 3-layer model of an FPGA-based motor control system including software, programmable logic/IP cores, and special hardware layers.
Инновации в архитектуре маршрутизатора ASR9K. Технология сетевой витруализаци...Cisco Russia
The document discusses Cisco's ASR 9000 architecture which is designed for service provider edge and aggregation networks as well as large data centers. It provides an overview of the ASR 9000 chassis, including the ASR 9001, ASR 9006, ASR 9010, and ASR 9922 models. The agenda outlines discussing the hardware overview, system architecture including fabric and line card design, packet flows, and the ASR 9000 nV architecture.
ScalableCore System: A Scalable Many-core Simulator by Employing Over 100 FPGAsShinya Takamaeda-Y
The document summarizes a presentation about the ScalableCore System, a scalable many-core simulator that employs over 100 FPGAs. It maps a target many-core processor across multiple FPGA boards, each simulating a tile/core. This allows achieving scalable simulation speeds as the number of target cores increases. Evaluation shows the resource usage and faster simulation speeds compared to software simulators as the number of simulated nodes increases from 16 to 100.
The document provides information about the Intel i3 processor. It begins with a brief introduction of processors in general, then discusses some key features of the i3 processor, including that it is a dual core chip that is faster than the previous Core2Duo. It describes technologies like multi-core processing, Hyper-Threading, virtualization support, and caches that improve processor performance. Finally, it mentions security features like Execute Disable Bit that help prevent buffer overflow attacks.
The document provides information about the Intel i3 processor. It begins with a brief introduction of processors in general, then discusses some key features and advantages of the i3 processor. The i3 is a dual-core chip that is significantly faster than the previous Core2Duo processor. It features Intel Hyper-Threading Technology, Virtualization Technology, Smart Cache, and other capabilities. The document also discusses multi-core processors and virtualization support provided by the i3.
The document provides an overview of storage connectivity and performance considerations for the DMX-4 architecture. It notes that HBA speeds range from 60MB/sec to 150MB/sec, switch ports support 4GB/sec, FA processors support up to 12,000 IOPS with approximately 6,000 IOPS recommended per FA 4GB fibre port. Disk adapters support up to 5,000 IOPS and the cache can process up to 6,000 IOPS before requiring write limits.
Efficient Parallel Set-Similarity Joins Using MapReduce - Posterrvernica
In this paper we study how to efficiently perform set-similarity joins in parallel using the popular MapReduce framework. We propose a 3-stage approach for end-to-end set-similarity joins. We take as input a set of records and output a set of joined records based on a set-similarity condition. We efficiently partition the data across nodes in order to balance the workload and minimize the need for replication. We study both self-join and R-S join cases, and show how to carefully control the amount of data kept in main memory on each node. We also propose solutions for the case where, even if we use the most fine-grained partitioning, the data still does not fit in the main memory of a node. We report results from extensive experiments on real datasets, synthetically increased in size, to evaluate the speedup and scaleup properties of the proposed algorithms using Hadoop.
ARM was founded in 1990 and developed the first ARM processor in 1985. Key developments include the ARM2 commercial processor in the 1980s, the ARM7 used in early Nokia phones in the 1990s, and the modern Cortex-A9 which provides improved performance and power efficiency through features like out-of-order execution and cache hierarchies. NEON is ARM's SIMD architecture extension for improved media and signal processing, and it is now widely used in mobile software from Android to ffmpeg to accelerate tasks like video encoding and FFTs.
The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor that operates on a single +5V power supply. It has an 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus, and can address up to 64KB of memory. The 8085 includes general purpose registers, temporary registers, and special purpose registers like the accumulator and flag register. It performs arithmetic and logic operations and includes features like interrupt handling and serial I/O control.
The document discusses lessons learned from migrating a Department of Defense application from a legacy Oracle database environment to an Oracle Exadata database platform. Key points include choosing Exadata for its licensing costs, manageability as a total database solution, and Oracle's commitment to helping the DoD succeed. The migration involved a complete hardware replacement and data center move with a narrow window. Testing multiple migration strategies and patch management approaches was important. Performance improved significantly on Exadata. Ensuring the hosting center could support Exadata's size and requiring more staff communication were also lessons.
The document describes the architecture of the Intel 8086 microprocessor. It has three main units: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) which connects the microprocessor to the external bus, the Execution Unit (EU) which fetches and executes instructions, and registers which store data and addresses. The BIU manages data transfer between the CPU and external components via data, address, and control buses. The EU contains an ALU, registers, and control logic to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The 8086 has segment registers to extend the address space and status flags in a register to indicate results of operations.
Overview of the BF609 dual-core Blackfin processor series covering main features including the Pipelined Vision Processor including the hardware and software development tools. By Analog Devices
This document discusses the benefits of computational storage drives (CSDs) with built-in transparent data compression. CSDs can improve storage efficiency and performance by compressing data inline without software involvement. Three case studies show how CSDs enable new storage optimizations by allowing applications to purposely waste logical storage space, which is recovered through compression. Sparse write-ahead logging and a tableless hash-based key-value store are examples where wasted space improves performance or reduces overhead at no storage cost. CSDs thus open doors for novel storage optimizations by decoupling logical and physical storage utilization.
1. “Bobcat”
AMD’s New Low Power x86 Core Architecture
Brad Burgess, AMD Fellow
Chief Architect / Bobcat Core
August 24, 2010
1 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
2. Two x86 Cores Tuned for Target Markets
“Bulldozer”
Performance &
Scalability Mainstream Client and Server Markets
Low Power Small Cloud Clients
“Bobcat” Markets Die Area Optimized
Flexible, Low
Power & Small
2 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
3. Bobcat Design Goals
A small, efficient, low power
x86 core
Excellent performance
Synthesizable with small
number of custom arrays
Easily Portable across process
technologies
3 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
4. Feature Set
64-bit AMD64 x86 ISA
SIMD extensions: SSE1, SSE2,
SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4A
Virtualization
Support for misaligned 128-bit
data types
Instruction Based Sampling
(for dynamic optimization)
C6 (with integrated power gating)
4 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
5. Micro-architecture Overview
Dual x86 instruction decode
Out-of-Order instruction execution
Dual COP retirement
Complex microOPs
State of the art branch prediction
Aggressive OOO load/store engine w/ hazard
prediction
Advanced Virtualization w/ nested page tables,
ASIDs and world switch acceleration
Low power C6 state w/ core level power gating and
state save acceleration
5 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
6. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
Instr Queue FP Decode
ROB
Int Rename FP Rename
FP Sched
Scheduler Scheduler
FP PRF
Int PRF
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU MMX Alu MMX Alu
Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
6 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
7. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture
ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Icache
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
32Kbyte
2-way set associative Instr Queue FP Decode
ROB
64-byte line
Int Rename FP Rename
Parity Protected
FP Sched
512/8 entry ITLB Scheduler Scheduler
(4k/2m) FP PRF
Int PRF
Fetch up to MMX Alu MMX Alu
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU
32-bytes/cycle
Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
7 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
8. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Branch Predictor:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
Predicts up to two
branches per cycle
Instr Queue FP Decode
Remembers branch ROB
instruction locations Int Rename FP Rename
Return Stack Address FP Sched
Predictor Scheduler Scheduler
FP PRF
Indirect Dynamic Int PRF
Address Predictor MMX Alu MMX Alu
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU
State of the Art Mul
Table Walker IntMul St Conv
condition Predictor
Only necessary DTLB
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DCACHE Unit
structures are clocked FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
8 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
9. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Dual x86 Decoder:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
Scans up to 22 bytes
Decodes up to two x86 Instr Queue FP Decode
instructions per cycle ROB
Int Rename FP Rename
The decoder can directly
map 89% of x86 FP Sched
instructions to a single Scheduler Scheduler
microOp, an additional Int PRF
FP PRF
10% to a pair of
MMX Alu MMX Alu
microOps, and more ALU ALU LAGU SAGU
complicated x86 Mul IntMul St Conv
Table Walker
instructions (<1%) are
microcoded. (Dynamic DTLB
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
Instruction Counts) DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
9 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
10. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Integer Execution:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
A dual port integer
scheduler feeds two ALUs
Instr Queue FP Decode
A dual port address ROB
scheduler feeds a load Int Rename FP Rename
address unit, and a store
address unit. Scheduler Scheduler
FP Sched
Physical Register File uses Int PRF
FP PRF
maps and pointers to
MMX Alu MMX Alu
reduce power by ALU ALU LAGU SAGU
minimizing data Mul IntMul St Conv
Table Walker
copying/movement.
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
10 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
11. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Floating Point Unit:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
A centralized FP scheduler
feeds two 64-bit FP
Instr Queue
execution stacks FP Decode
ROB
MMX and Logical units are Int Rename FP Rename
replicated in both stacks
FP Sched
The FP Mul Unit can Scheduler Scheduler
perform two SP multiplies Int PRF
FP PRF
per cycle
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU MMX Alu MMX Alu
The FP Add Unit can
perform two SP additions Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
per cycle
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
A physical register file is DCACHE Unit
used to reduce power Prefetch
FPAdd FPMul
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
11 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
12. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Data Cache:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
32-Kbyte
8-way set associative Instr Queue FP Decode
ROB
64-byte line
Int Rename FP Rename
Parity Protected
FP Sched
Copyback Scheduler Scheduler
40/8 entry L1DTLB Int PRF
FP PRF
(4k/2m) MMX Alu MMX Alu
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU
512/64 entry L2DTLB
Mul IntMul St Conv
(4k/2m) Table Walker
Advanced 8-stream DTLB
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
prefetcher DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
12 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
13. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Out-of-Order Load
Store Unit: uCode Dual x86 Decoder
Loads bypassing loads Instr Queue FP Decode
Loads bypassing stores ROB
Int Rename FP Rename
Stores bypassing loads
Bypass tracking and Scheduler Scheduler
FP Sched
dependency correction FP PRF
Int PRF
Hazard predictor
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU MMX Alu MMX Alu
Fast store forwarding
Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
Fast critical word fill
forwarding 32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
13 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
14. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
L2 Cache:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
512Kbyte
16-way set associative Instr Queue FP Decode
ROB
64 byte lines
Int Rename FP Rename
ECC Protected
FP Sched
Half speed clocking for Scheduler Scheduler
power reduction FP PRF
Int PRF
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU MMX Alu MMX Alu
Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
14 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
15. Bobcat ITLB 32KB Branch Predictor
Micro-Architecture ICACHE Branch Locator ConditionPredict
or
Return Stack Dynamic Target
Fetch Queue
Bus Unit:
uCode Dual x86 Decoder
8-outstanding data
accesses
Instr Queue FP Decode
2-outstanding fetch ROB
accesses Int Rename FP Rename
Eviction Buffers FP Sched
Scheduler Scheduler
Fill Buffers
FP PRF
Int PRF
Write combining buffers
ALU ALU LAGU SAGU MMX Alu MMX Alu
Coherency management
Table Walker Mul IntMul St Conv
32KB LdSt FP Logical FP Logical
DTLB
DCACHE Unit
FPAdd FPMul
Prefetch
512KB
BU
L2CACHE To/from Northbridge
15 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
17. Core Floor Plan
Floating Point Unit
Test/Debug Data L2 TLB
X86 Decode Bus Unit
Instruction
Cache L2 Sub Array
Inst
TLB/Tag
L2 TAG
Branch
Predict
Ucode
ROM
ROB Data Cache
Integer Unit Data Tag/TLB
Load Store Unit
17 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
18. Power Reduction
Use of physical Register files
Extensive use of non-shifting queues with
pointers
Fine grain clock gating
Integrated Core Power Gating
Only needed arrays are clocked
– i.e. Dtag hit before Dcache read
– Predicting the type of branch then clocking the
appropriate predictor(s)
Elimination of instruction marker bits in the
Icache
Finding the knee of the curve (scrutinize
performance gains against power costs)
Polishing speed paths to raise the Vt mix
and reduce leakage
18 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
19. Bobcat Core Overview
Advanced Micro-architecture
Dual x86 Decode ICACHE
Advanced Branch Predictor Bobcat L2
Full OOO instruction execution Low Fetch
Full OOO load/store engine Power
High Performance Floating Point Core
AMD64 64-bit ISA Decode BU
SSE1,2,3, SSSE3 ISA
Secure Virtualization
32kb L1s, 512kb L2
Low Power Design Integer Address FP
Power Optimized Execution Scheduler Scheduler Scheduler
Micro-architecture that minimizes data movement
and unnecessary reads
I I Load Store A M
Clock gating, Power gating Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
System Low Power States
Small Core
DCACHE
Area efficient balance of high performance and low
power
19 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010
20. Summary
Estimated 90% of the performance of today’s
mainstream notebook CPU in half the area*
Sub-one watt capable
Highly portable across designs and
manufacturing technologies
20 | Bobcat | Hot Chips 2010 *Based on internal AMD modeling using benchmark simulations