Bluetooth Technology-Introduction to Bluetooth, Technical Specifications, Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Bluetooth Technology
Prasan Kumar Sahoo

Outline of the talk
 Introduction
 Applications and Usages
 Bluetooth Network
 Technical Specifications
 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
 Research issues
 Our Routing Protocols
 Summary

Naming
 In 10th Century, there was a Danish King:
Harald Blatand
 He has united all the Scandinavian Countries
Why its name is Bluetooth?

 Founders used the King’s name for the globalization
of their technology
 Bluetooth logo, created by a Scandinavian company,
is composed from the characters "H" and "B"
which are Danish king's name initials.
Naming

 1994: Ericsson started the idea
 1998: Special Interest Group (SIG) is formed with 5
companies
 Founder Group: Ericsson, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba,
IBM
 1999: Another 5 Major Companies joined.
 Promoter Group: Lucent, 3 Com, Motorola,
Microsoft
 2002: SIG became an Independent group with more
than 3000 companies. Office: Kansas, USA
History

 SIG released first Spec in 1999 (Spec 1.0)
 Latest Spec in 2005 (Spec 2.0)
 First retail product found in market: 2001
History

 It is a wireless, short range communication
technology.
 Designed as a low cost, low power technology
for all types of mobile devices.
 Used as a cable replacement among devices
located within same area.
 Supports high data rate, voice and video
transmission.
What is Bluetooth?

Applications and Usages
 A cable replacement technology
 Range 10+ meters

PDA
Cell Phone
Cordless Phone
Base Station
Inkjet
Printer
Scanner
Home Audio System
Computer
Digital Camera
MP3
Player
xDSL
Access Point
Home Network

Car Audio System
Pay Phone
& Access Point
Hotel Phone
& Access Point
Headset
MP3
Player
PDA
Cell Phone
Laptop
Car & Hotel Network

Bluetooth Products
 Blue-Dongle
 Blue-Connect
 BluePort
 Bluetooth printer
 Bluetooth Modem

Current Products
Access point (AP)
Line connects
to Internet
Mobile
Device

Current Products
Blue-Dongle
藍芽連接卡<Blue-Connect>

藍芽上網家
<BluePort>
電話線、乙太網
路
寬頻網路、ADSL
Current Products

 Two parts: Piconet & Scatternet
 Piconet: 1 Master can connect to 7 active
slaves simultaneously.
 7 active slaves
 256 parked slaves [power saving mode].
 Master controls the slaves in the piconet.
Bluetooth Network

 Who is a Master in Bluetooth?
 Any node who starts the Connection Procedure
is the Master
 Master goes to Inquiry State
 Who is a Slave in Bluetooth?
 Any node who responds to the Master is a
Slave
 Slave goes to Inquiry Scan State
Master-Slave

Up to 256 slaves/piconet
Max 7 slaves with active state/piconet
A Piconet

A Scatternet
point-to-point multi-point
(piconet)
scatternet
Master Slave

Technical Specifications
 Uses 2.4Ghz ISM unlicensed band for communication.
 Uses 79 channels to hop.
 Each device hops 1600 times/sec
 Hop Rate = 0.000625 sec = 625µsec
 This duration is called ONE SLOT.
 Packets are 1, 3 or 5 slots long
 Frame consists of two packets
 Uses Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping (FHSS)
radio

Technical Specifications
 Data rate: 1Mhz
 Symbol rate: 1M bps
 Data rate: 721Kbps excluding header [Data]
 Uses Time Division Duplex (TDD) technique.
 Time is divided into 625ms(1 time slot)
 Master sends packet to its slaves in the Even time
slot
 Slave sends packet to its Master in ODD time slot
 Uses 3 Power classes.
 Communication Range: 10 m, can be extended to 100 m.

Master
0
1
2
3
Master
0
1
2
3
Slaves
Master/slave Communication

2.400 2.402
Guard band Guard band
Channel 3
2.480 2.483
2.402-2.481 GHz
79 channels
ISM unlicensed band
Licensed
band
Bandwidth Management
2.481

Bandwidth Management
 2.4GHz ISM band
 2402-2483 M Hz
 In total, 79 channels are scheduled
 Each channel occupies 1M Hz
 Bandwidth: 1M bps
2402M 2403M 2404M 2480M
2.4G ISM band
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 79

Frequency hopping
 Master hops 1600/s 0.625ms/hop
 Master hops to another channel according to
its hopping sequence
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 79
Channel 3
master
Hopping sequence: 1,3,2,79…
1 2 th time slot
3

Hopping Sequence Generation
Slave’s 48-bit Bluetooth address
Function F Hopping sequence
3, 56,7,23,44,…
CLK
00…011
Master’s Chip

 How connection is established between the
master and slaves?
 Two phases:
 Before Connection
 After Connection
 Before Connection:
 Inquiry/Inquiry Scan state
 Page/Page Scan state
 After Connection:
 Active mode
 Hold mode
 Sniff mode
 Park mode
Master-Slave Connection

 Before connection between Master and Slave:
 Master uses 32 channels to hop.
 Master hops in each 312.5 µsec.
 It hops 2 times within a single slot in the same channel.
 Slave also uses 32 channels to hop.
 Slave hops in each 625 µsec.
 It hops 1 time within a single slot in the same channel.

Inquiry mode
C0 C1 C16 C17 C31
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C31 C0 C1 C2 C31 C0
master
slave
Inquiry scan mode

IDB
IDA
A
IDD
IDC
B
C
D
INQUIRY INQUIRY
INQUIRY
INQUIRY STATE
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE/Sleep
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE/Sleep
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE/Sleep

IDB
IDA
A
IDD
IDC
B
C
D
FHS Packet
INQUIRY STATE
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE/Sleep
INQUIRY SCAN
STATE/Sleep
FHS Packet:
1. B’s ID
2. B’ Clock
IDB
PAGE SCAN
STATE
PAGE STATE
DAC Packet
DAC Packet:
1. A’s ID
2. A’ Clock
3. Active Member Address
IDA

 What is ACTIVE MEMBER ADDRESS:
 It is 3-bit address given by a Master to
each slave
 AMA address: 000 for broadcasting use
 001-111 for 7 active slaves
 What is ID here:
 ID is the Bluetooth Device Address
 It is always 48-bit
Addressing

Slave
001
Slave
110
Slave
100
Slave
111
Slave
010
Slave
011
Slave
101
Active Member Address

Post Connection Phase
 After connection of master and slave:
 Piconet is constructed
 All slaves follow the master’s hopping sequence
 Supports both voice (SCO) and data (ACL)
transmission.
 Three possible power saving modes for each slaves:
• Hold mode
• Sniff mode
• Park mode

1-slot
Packet
(DH1)
3-slot
Packet
(DH3)
5-slot
Packet
(DH5)
Multi-slot Packets

SCO-1 SCO-2
Master-Slave Communication
SCO-3

OSI Model Bluetooth
Bluetooth Protocol Stack

OSI vs Bluetooth
Protocol Stack

RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager
L2CAP
Data
SDP RFCOMM
IP
Applications
Protocol Stack
Radio & Baseband
Link Manager and
L2CAP
Host Controller Interface
Application Framework
and Support
Latest Version on
Bluetooth Website:
www.Bluetooth.com

Modules
Software
RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager LMP
L2CAP
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Applications
Data
Protocol Stack

 Most of the research issues lie in Scatternet.
 Research Areas:
 Topology Construction
 Scheduling
 Routing
 Energy consumption
 QoS
 Security
Research Issues

Bluetooth: A Wireless PAN
Research Issues

 A node with multiple BT links may be a Master
or Bridge or both.
Bluetooth: Scatternet

An Integrated Scenario
Level-1
Level-2
Level-3

 Paper Title:
 LARP: A Novel Routing Protocol for the Bluetooth
Scatternet
 Published:
 In the Proc. of IEEE, WOCN, Dubai, March, 2005.
 Authors:
 Chih-Yung Chang, Prasan Kumar Sahoo, Shih-
Chieh Lee
Our Routing Protocol

LARP: A Novel Routing Protocol for the Bluetooth
Scatternet
RVM
M1
S1,1
S
A
M2
B
S3,1
M3
D
C
Destination
Source
Master
Bridge
Hops=7

LORP
M1
S1,1
S
A
M2
B
S3,1
M3
C
D
Reply Packet C
B
A D
Page Scan
Page
>10 M
Destination
Source
Master
Bridge
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page
Hops=3
S
Page
LORP
Page

 Drawbacks of these work:
 Longer routing path length
 Long transmission delay time
 High bandwidth consumption
 High power consumption
Drawbacks

Assumptions:
 Scatternet is connected
 Each device has it’s location information
 A source intends to communicate with
destination whose ID is known and location is
unknown
 All device have the neighbor information
 ID, Location and Clock_offset
 Low Mobility
 Mall, supermarket
LARP: Location Aware Routing Protocol

 Bluetooth device gets it’s location
information:
 Outdoor ─By GPS
 Indoor─ RFID
 BLN
 “Bluetooth Location Networks,” Globecom '02
Environment

 Route Search Phase
 Route Reply Phase
 Route Connection Phase
 Rule 1：Flooding
 Rule 2：Appending
 Rule 3：Reduction
LARP: Location Aware Routing Protocol

Route Search Phase
M1
S1,1
S
A
M2
B
S3,1
M3
C
D
Dist(S, M2)>10
Dist(S,B)<10
PFN
A
B M3 C
Appending
Reduction
S D
Destination
Source
Master
Bridge
ID Loc
M2

Rule: Reduction due to Replacement
S
x
y
w
u
D
z v
L
Replace
RSP.PFN x
S y w u D
RSP.DFN x
S y w u D
v
v

Reduction
w
Reduction
S
x
y
u
D
z
v
L
RSP.DFN x
S y w D
z
v

Route Reply Phase
M1
S1,1
S
A
M2
B
S3,1
M3
C
D
Page Scan
RRP.PFN
S B M3 D
C
M2
M1
Page
Replacing
Reduction
A
Destination
Source
Master
Bridge
Replacing
Reduction
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page
ID Loc

Route Construction Phase
M1
S
A
M2
B
S3,1
M3
C
D
RRP.PFN S D
M1
Page Scan
Page
Destination
Source
Master
Bridge
Page Scan
Page Scan
Page
Page

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
100 400 900 1600 2500
Scatternet Size (m2
)
Average
of
Routing
Length
RVM
LORP
LARP
ELARP(30%)
ELARP(70%)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
100 400 900 1600 2500
ScatternetSize(m 2
)
Fr
act
i
on
of
B
andw
i
dt
h
C
onsum
pt
i
on
RVM
LORP
LARP
ELARP(30% )
ELARP(70% )
Simulation Results

0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1
1.
2
50 100 150 200 250 300
The N um berofR out
i
ng Pat
h
Fraction
of
Pow
er
Consum
ption
R V M
LO R P
LA R P
ELA R P(
30% )
ELA R P(
70% )
Protocols
Route
Length
Transmissio
n delay
Power and
Bandwidth
consumption
Control
Packet
RVM Long Long High Few
LORP Short Short Low Many
LARP
Very
Short
Very Short Very Low Many

Summary
 Bluetooth Technology is designed to replace wires.
 It is one up from IrDA and one down from Wi-Fi
WLAN.
 IrDa and Bluetooth can coexist.
 Bluetooth does not need the device to be in line of
sight.
 It's communications speed and distance are much
worse than available with Wi-Fi.
 It supports 'ad-hoc networking‘.

Thank Q
to
All !!!
Thank Q
to
All !!!

Bluetooth Technology-Introduction to Bluetooth, Technical Specifications, Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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