The document discusses management approaches in the pre-scientific era, including Sun Tzu's focus on understanding strengths/weaknesses and readiness; Kautilya's Arthashastra emphasizing organizational hierarchy, leadership styles, and economic planning; the Bhagavad Gita teaching ethical leadership and aligning values with goals; and Machiavelli stressing adaptability, communication, difficult decisions, and ensuring stability and sustainability of organizations.

1. Pre-Scientific
Management Era
By:-

2. Introduction
“Management is an art of getting things done through others”.
“To manage is to forecast and plan, organize, command,
coordinate and control”.
Management is also organizing planning, staffing, directing, and
controlling to determine and accomplish the organization’s
objective.

3. Pre-Scientific
The pre-scientific era in management refers to a time in history before
the development of systematic and scientific approaches to managing
organizations and businesses. The era fundamental to modern
management.
During this era ,management practices were often based on tradition,
intuition, and personal experience rather than empirical evidence and
structured principles. The pre-scientific era can be roughly categorized
into several historical phases:

4. Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist,
philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern
Zhou period of 771 to 256 BC. Sun Tzu is
traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War
Kautilya or Chanakya c. 350 - 283 B.C.E. was an
adviser and a Prime Minister to the first Mauryan
Emperor Chandragupta (c. 340-293 B.C.E.), and
architect of his rise to power.

5. The Bhagavad-gita is considered a complete guide
to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of
employees in achieving their intended goals by
spreading ideas such as turning weaknesses into
strengths.
Niccolò Machiavelli was one of the most influential
political theorists of Western philosophy. His most
read treatise, The Prince, turned Aristotle ’s theory of
virtues upside down, shaking the European
conception of government at its foundations

6. SUN TZU
• He focused on understanding yourself (one’s strengths and weaknesses)
and also understanding your enemy
• the art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not
coming, but on our readiness to receive them
• He estimated the success of war before the war started
• Use minimal resources and win the battle

7. Mapping from war to
business
War- develop a major product/ go
to market
Generals- Leader/ managers
Enemies- competitors
Spying- Business intelligence

8. Kautilya Arthashatra
For centuries to come and the centuries that went by, which recorded
in history talking of great men and legendary characters. Chanakya
perhaps is the only personality who has been accepted and revered as
a genius both by Indian and western scholars.
Kautilya’s Arthashastra , which is written by kautilya, also known as
Chanakya, is an ancient Indian text that provides to governance,
economic policies and principles of leadership and management.
Arthashastra contains several principles , that are:--
Kautilya’s Arthashastra discusses the importance of a well-structured
governance with defined rules and responsibilities.
It focuses on organizational hierarchy and division of labor . It also
focuses on the different leadership styles and decision making.

9. Kautilya Arthashatra
It provides economic policies, trade regulations, and monetary
systems. These discussions highlight the importance of economic
planning and policy development, which have evolved into key
components of strategic management in contemporary organizations.
It assembles a capable and loyal team. Chanakya emphasized the
importance of teamwork and unity which is called team building.
The concept also discusses the discuses selection of the right people,
provision of training, and managing officials and administrators for
better HR management practices in the modern organization.

10. Shrimad Bhagavad Gita
This sacred Hindu scripture contains teachings from Lord Krishna to
Arjuna, focusing on ethical decision-making, leadership, and duty. The
Bhagavad Gita emphasizes the importance of ethical leadership, self-
discipline, and the alignment of personal values with organizational goals.
The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, often referred to as the Gita, is a 700-verse
Hindu scripture that is part of the Indian epic Mahabharata. It consists of a
conversation between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna, who serves as
his charioteer. While the Gita primarily addresses spiritual and
philosophical themes, it also contains valuable lessons that can be applied
to management and leadership. Some key learnings from the Bhagavad
Gita from a management perspective:

11. Shrimad Bhagavad Gita
1- self awareness and self management
2- purposed and vision
3- duty and responsibility
4- decision-making
5- leadership style
6- managing conflicts
7- mindfulness and focus
8- team building

12. Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavelli proposed that the overwhelming responsibility of a good prince
is to defend the state from external and internal threats to stable
governance
Machiavelli's work touches on the practical aspects of leadership,
including the need for adaptability, effective communication, and the ability
to make difficult decisions for the greater good.
He focuses mainly on politics and governance
Machiavelli's concern with the stability and preservation of states can be
related to the management goal of ensuring the stability and sustainability
of organizations

13. Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavelli's concern with the stability and preservation of states can be
related to the management goal of ensuring the stability and sustainability
of organizations
Machiavelli's works often draw lessons from historical events. Managers
can adopt a similar approach by studying past successes and failures in
their industry to inform decision-making.