Bladder cancer is a common cancer that develops in the bladder. It has a high recurrence rate and often affects older adults. Tobacco use is the leading cause, but occupational exposures like chemicals and dyes also increase risk. Symptoms include blood in the urine, bladder pain, and frequent urination. Diagnosis involves urine tests, cystoscopy, and biopsy of bladder tissue. Treatment depends on cancer stage but may involve surgery to remove parts of or the entire bladder, radiation, chemotherapy, and intravesical therapy delivering drugs directly into the bladder. Follow up is important due to the risk of recurrence.
2. • Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer
that has the highest recurrence rate of any
malignancy.
• This cancer typically affects older adults.
• It's usually diagnosed early, when it's still
treatable. It's likely to recur, so follow-up tests
are typically recommended.
3.
4. • Up to 80% of bladder cancer cases are
associated with environmental exposure.
• Tobacco use is by far the most common cause
of bladder cancer.
• A number of occupations involve exposure to
substances that may increase risk for bladder
cancer.
5. • Numerous occupations associated with diesel
exhaust, petroleum products, and solvents
(eg, auto work, truck driving, plumbing,
leather and apparel work, rubber and metal
work) have also been associated with an
increased risk of bladder cancer.
6. • increased bladder carcinoma risk has been
reported in persons, including the following,
who work with organic chemicals and dyes:
– Beauticians, Dry cleaners, Painters, Paper
production workers, Rope-and-twine industry
workers etc
7. • People living in urban areas are also more
likely to develop bladder cancer. The etiology
in these cases is thought to be multifactorial,
potentially involving exposure to numerous
carcinogens.
8. • Arsenic exposure may be a factor in the
development of bladder cancer.
• Radiation treatment of the pelvis
• Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide -
Increases the risk of bladder cancer via
exposure to acrolein, a urinary metabolite of
cyclophosphamide
9. Clinical manifestation
• Microscopic or gross, painless
hematuria (chronic or intermittent
• Bladder irritability
• Dysuria
• Frequency & urgency
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10. Diagnostic studies
• Exfoliated cells from the epithelial
neoplastic or epithelial surface of
the bladder can readily be detected
in voided specimen
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15. • Partial cystectomy removes only part of the
bladder. It is used to treat cancer that has
invaded the bladder wall in just one area.
• Radical cystectomy removes all of the bladder
as well as nearby lymph nodes, part of the
urethra, and nearby organs that may
contain cancer cells.
16. Urinary diversion
• is surgery that makes a new way for the body
to store urine.
• This can be done with a pouch created inside
the body from part of intestines, called a
continent reservoir.
• Sometimes the surgeon may make an artificial
opening, called an ileal conduit, and you will
wear a flat bag to store urine outside your
body.
19. Management
• Intravesical therapy
• Chemotherapy with local
instillation of chemotherapeutic
or immune stimulating agents can
be delivered directly in to the
bladder by a urethral catheter
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20. Management
• Intravesical therapy
• Chemotherapeutic agents are
instilled directly in to the bladder
& retained for about 2 hrs.
• Bladder must be empty before
instillation
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21. Management
• Intravesical therapy
• Position must be changed every 15
minutes for maximum contact in
all areas of the bladder
• Eg. IV immunotherapy:BCG,α
interferon, thiotepa
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22. Nursing Management
• Increase daily fluid intake
• Quit smoking
• Assess for secondary UTI
• Routine urologic follow up
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