1. The document discusses the history of the idea of black holes, from early proposals by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace to modern understanding through Einstein's theory of general relativity. 2. It describes how black holes are formed when massive stars collapse under their own gravity after exhausting their nuclear fuel. This can cause the star to completely disappear within an event horizon. 3. The document explores how astronomers can observe black holes through their effects on nearby matter like heating gas to high temperatures visible through X-ray and gamma ray emissions, and through the orbital motions of companion stars.

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3. The idea of a Black hole John Michell (1783), Pierre-Simon Laplace (1796):
What happens if the escape speed from an object is greater than the
speed of light?
If light consist of particles of matter, they would not be able to escape
Dark star
The cath: early 19th cent-light is a wave (a disturbance), not a particle
Black hole idea forgotten
…until Einstein comes along

4. M 82´s Middle Mass Black hole

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15. A massive star starts to collapse when it exhausts its nuclear fuel and
can no longer counteract the inward pull of gravity
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16. The crushing weight of the star´s ovelying layers implodes the core, and
the star digs deeper into the fabric of space-time.
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17. Although the star remains barely visible, its light now as a difficult time
climbing out of the enormous gravity of the still-collapsing core.
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18. The star passes through its event horizon and disappears from our
universe, forming a singularity of infinite density
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52. Agujeros negros

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63. If Black Holes Are Black, How Do We See Them?
How Do We Know They are Black Holes?
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64. La velocidad de escape de la luz desde una
estrella depende tanto de la masa de la
estrella como de su radio.
La gravedad es una fuerza básica de la
naturaleza creada entre objetos que tienen
masa.
La velocidad de la luz, 300.000 Km./s, es la
“velocidad límite” universal
Las leyes del movimiento y de la gravitación se
utilizan para estudiar los efectos de los
agujeros negros sobre su entorno inmediato.
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65. If Black Holes are Black,
How do We See Them ?
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66. Black Holes Come in Two Sizes:
“Stellar Mass”
– 5 - 20 times the mass of the sun
– Result from supernova explosion of massive star
Massive (“Active Galaxies”)
– Millions times the mass of the sun
– Lie in centers of galaxies
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68. Optical images peer into central regions of other galaxies.
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69. • Remolinos de materia alrededor de
un agujero negro central.
• El gas próximo a un agujero negro
hace que se caliente a temperaturas
de ultravioleta y rayos X.
• Esto calienta el gas que lo rodea,
por lo que se muestra rojo en el
óptico.
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70. Seeing Matter Disappear
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71. Radio tells us about motions of particles in magnetic fields.
Using many radio dishes allows us to see small details
A portion of the Very Large Array, Socorro NM 71

72. Many black holes emit jets.
Jet likely composed of electrons and positrons.
Magnetic fields surrounding black hole expel material and
form the jet.
Interaction of jet material with magnetic field gives rise to
Radio emission.
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76. Magnetic field from surrounding disk funnels material into the jet
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77. X-rays reveal high temperatures and highly energetic phenomena.
Chandra X-ray Observatory
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78. • Los agujeros negros capturan el material estelar cercano.
• Como el gas se mantiene cerca del agujero negro, lo calienta.
• El gas se calienta hasta temperaturas de millones de grados.
• El gas calentado a estas temperaturas deja escapar tremendas
cantidades de energía en forma de rayos X.
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80. La materia en el disco gana energía cuando cae en el interior
del agujero negro.
La energía gravitacional se convierte en energía cinética.
– La energía cinética se transforma en calor y rayos X.
Hasta el 42% de la masa de la materia que cae se convierte
en energía.
Esto es, 1038 erg/s (100.000 veces más que el Sol)
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81.  What force causes material to be pulled toward the black hole ?
Gravity
 Why is there a disk surrounding the black hole ?
Gas flows according to rotational motion from orbit of star
 What happens to the mass of the black hole as it takes in
material from the companion ?
Black hole mass increases
 How much material is it ? (a lot or a little ?)
A little (compared to mass of Companion Star)
 What makes it possible for us to “see” the black hole ?
The disk emits X-rays
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82. We expect everything in the Universe to rotate. Nonrotating
black holes are different from rotating ones.
Non-rotating black hole Rotating black hole
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83. • Detection of a period in GRO J1655-40 due to
precession of the disk.
• Este periodo de precesión concuerda con lo esperado
para el arrastre de imagen de espacio-tiempo alrededor
de un agujero negro.
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84. Cen A is known to be a peculiar galaxy with strong radio emission.
Optical image of Cen A
Chandra image of Cen A
But it is also a strong X-ray emitter, and has an X-ray jet.
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85. • Black Holes with masses a few hundred to a few thousand
times the mass of the sun have been found outside the
central regions of a number of galaxies.
Optical and X-ray images of NGC 253
• Often found in Starburst galaxies.
• May be precursors to Active Galaxies.
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86. Gamma Rays reveal the highest energy phenomena
Jets in active galaxies emit gamma-rays as well as radio.
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
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87. Active Galaxies
Seyferts - viewing the jet sideways
Gamma rays are extension of thermal emission seen
in X-ray.
Blazars - looking down the jet
Highly variable gamma-ray luminosity
Gamma rays arise from lower energy photons gaining
energy from fast moving electrons in the jet.
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92. Middle mass black holes
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000914.html
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93. • Los agujeros negros son a
menudo parte de un sistema de
estrellas binarias, en los que
dos estrellas giran una en torno
a la otra.
• Lo que vemos desde la Tierra
es una estrella visible que orbita
alrededor de lo que parece ser
la nada.
• Podemos deducir la masa del
agujero negro por la órbita de la
estrella visible que gira en torno
a él.
• Cuanto mayor es un agujero
negro, mayor es el empuje
gravitacional y mayor el efecto
sobre la estrella visible.
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94. • Gravitational effect of Black
Hole on Companion star is
measured through the orbital
velocity of the Companion.
• What’s the connection ?
Orbital Velocity of Optical Companion Star in Cygnus X-1
3 3 3
m bh sin i vc P
2
(m c m bh ) 2 G
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95. Stars near the center of a galaxy have varied speeds and directions of their orbital
motions - that is termed their “velocity dispersion.”
The cause of all this chaotic behavior appears to be a super-massive black hole that
lurks at the galactic center!
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96. • Hubble Space Telescope can precisely measure the speed of gas and
stars around a black hole.
• It discovered a correlation between a black hole's mass and the average
speed of the stars in the galaxy's central bulge.
• The faster the stars are moving, the larger the black hole.
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97.  Imagine the Universe – “An Introduction to Black Holes”
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/black_holes.html
 Amazing Space – “ The Truth About Black Holes”
http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/
 Hubble Space Telescope Institute
http://hubble.stsci.edu/news_.and._views/cat.cgi.black_holes
 Adler Planertarium - “Astronomy Connections - Gravity and
Black Holes”
http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/education/ac/gravity/index.html
 Gravity Probe B
http://einstein.stanford.edu/
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98.  Constellation X-ray Observatory
http://constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov/ga/black_holes.html#what
 Imagine the Universe: “You be the Astrophysicist” - Determine
the Mass of Cygnus X-1
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/YBA/cyg-X1-mass/intro.html
 Imagine the Universe – “Taking a Black Hole for a Spin”
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/movies/spinning_blackhole.html
 Starchild – “Black Holes”
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/universe_level2/black_holes.h
tml
 “Virtual Trips to Black Holes and Neutron Stars”
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/rjn_bht.html
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99.  Universe! – “Voyage to a Black Hole”
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/seuforum/explore/blackhole/blackhole.htm
 Falling Into a Black Hole
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schw.shtml
 Massive Black Hole Information Center
http://arise.jpl.nasa.gov/arise/infocenter/info-center.html
 Everything you need to know about Black Holes
http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/workx/blackholes/index3.html
 Black Holes in a Different Light (this presentation)
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/blackholes/blackholes.html
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100. http://amazing-
space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/blackholes/lesson/whatisit/myths.html
Un cuestionario excelente de preguntas con sus respuestas
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