Bits and bytes of networking
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This document provides an outline for a presentation on computer networking concepts. It will cover topics like network services (DNS, DHCP, NAT), connecting to the internet (dial-up, broadband, wireless), troubleshooting (connectivity, DNS), and the future of networking (cloud, IPv6). Each section is broken down into subtopics with definitions of key networking terms. References and resources are also provided for further learning.
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Bits and bytes of networking
- 1. Twitter: @eminka_da Computer Networking Deborah E. Akuoko | Devops Engineer - Cloud Engineering
- 2. Twitter: @eminka_da Objectives ❏ Give high level and relatable ideas of computer networking concepts ❏ Prepare for self learning weeks 3 - 6 of google technical support certification ❏ Prepare for self learning advanced networking in future Outline ❏ Recap ❏ Introduction to Network Services (Week 03) ❏ Introduction to Connecting to the Internet (Week 04) ❏ Introduction to Troubleshooting and the Future of Networking (Week 05)
- 3. Twitter: @eminka_da Please Physical Do Data Link Not Network Throw Transport Sliced Session Pizza Presentation Away Application Network Layers(OSI) Recap
- 4. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services ○ Domain Name Service(DNS) ■ Overview ■ Why DNS uses UDP ? ■ What is my IP?
- 5. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services - Domain Name Service(DNS)
- 6. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services ○ Dynamic Host Config Protocol (DHCP) ■ Overview ■ Static vs dhcp → pros n cons ■ Analogy
- 7. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services ○ Network Address Translation (NAT) ■ Overview ■ NAT vs PAT ■ Non routable address space and ipv4 limitations RFC1918: ‘We will refer to the hosts in the first and second categories as "private". We will refer to the hosts in the third category as "public".’
- 8. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services - Network Address Translation (NAT)
- 9. Twitter: @eminka_da Network Services ○ Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) ■ Overview ○ Proxy
- 10. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ Dial up ■ Overview ■ POTs ■ Dial up modems ■ Point to point protocol (PPP) PO T Dial up modem
- 11. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ Broadband ■ Overview ■ Broadband technologies (DSL, Cable, Fiber and Satellite, also T-carriers)
- 12. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ T-Carrier technologies: T-Carrier: [L1] ■ T-1: 24 channels and 1.544 Mbps ■ T-2: 96 channels and 6.312 Mbps ■ T-3: 432 channels and 44.736 Mbps ■ T-4: 4032 channels and 274.176 Mbps
- 13. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ Wide Area Networks (WANs) ■ Overview ■ WAN technologies ■ WAN protocols ● Point-to-point topology ● Hub-and-spoke topology ● Full mesh topology ● Dual-homed topology
- 14. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ Wireless Networks ■ Overview ■ Wireless technologies ■ Wireless protocols ■ Wireless channels & security ■ What OSI layer is the network adapter?
- 15. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ● 900 MHz (802.11ah) ● 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n/ax) ● 3.65 GHz (802.11y) ● 5.0 GHz (802.11j) WLAN ● 5 GHz or 5.8 GHz (802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax)
- 16. Twitter: @eminka_da Connecting to the Internet ○ Cellular Networking ■ Mobile device networks
- 17. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future ○ Verification of network connectivity ■ How the OSI/TCP-IP layes help ? ■ ICMP ■ Ping & Traceroute ■ What layer is ICMP ?
- 18. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future ○ DNS deep dive ■ Name resolution tools ■ Public DNS servers ■ Google DNS and nslookup handson :) ■ DNS registration and expiration
- 19. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future ○ DNS deep dive ■ Hosts files
- 20. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future ○ Cloud ■ Virtualisation & hypervisors ■ private , public and hybrid ■ Cloud services(IAAC, PAAS, SAAS) ■ Cloud storage (E.g from Google: Multiregional, Regional, Nearline and Coldline)
- 21. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future
- 22. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future ○ Ipv6 ■ Addressing ■ Ipv6 headers ■ Ipv6 vs ipv4
- 23. Twitter: @eminka_da Troubleshooting & Future
- 24. Twitter: @eminka_da Word Definitions Bit On or off signal (8 bits == Byte) Symmetrical Transmission Equal download/upload speeds Node Device on the network. Could be computer, switch. Gateway Network entry point Packet Formatted unit of data with header and user data header Control information identifying packet, e.g source, destination. Non routable ip Private IP space (A, B, C )
- 25. Twitter: @eminka_da Word Definitions ISP Internet Service Provider ADSL Asymmetrical DSL (higher download than upload) DSL Digital subscriber line Analog Continuous signal Cloud Cloud computing platform hop Network count L OSI /TCP-IP Layers (1-7)
- 26. Twitter: @eminka_da References/Resources ○ IPv4 address space depletion ○ Network Address Translation ○ DHCP ○ Why does DNS use UDP ? ○ OSI Networking Game :) ○ Request for comments (RFC) ○ RFC archives ○ IANA ○ RIR ○ OSI Model
Editor's Notes
- QnA from previous ??
- What: L7 network service that helps us resolve friendly domain names to ip addresses Why: although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses How: 3 way handshake (L7) to query → Uses either UDP or TCP (L4) via a 4 way handshake to serve requested resource Use cases, QnAnA
- What: L7 network service that helps us resolve friendly domain names to ip addresses Why: although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses How: 3 way handshake (L7) to query → Uses either UDP or TCP (L4) via a 4 way handshake to serve requested resource Use cases, QnAnA
- What: L7 network service that ensures automatic assignment of ip addresses on network Why: ip scalability if ip needs grow, less error prone, unlikely conflict in ip assignment, better ip assigning management. How: It accepts UDP requests for IP address from un-configured hosts. Then, returns the IP address for that host. Static may be prefered in VPN applications Use cases, QnAnA
- What: L3 network service that translates private ips to public ips for routing to and from a private network Why: Secure:keeps internal addressing from the external network, help conserve ip space by mappin multiple private ip set to one public ip How: Modifies IP header of packet to reflect appropriate public or private ip Non routable address space: Class A, B and C ( D==multicast, E==Experimental purpose) Use cases, QnAnA
- What: L3 network service that translates private ips to public ips for routing and vice versa Why: Secure:keeps internal addressing from the external network, help conserve ip space by mappin multiple private ip set to one public ip How: Modifies IP header of packet to reflect appropriate public or private ip Non routable address space: Class A, B and C ( D==multicast, E==Experimental purpose) Use cases, QnAnA
- What: (L3 / L2 ) network service for safe and encrypted connection over a less secure network e.g. internet. Extends private network via public network Why: safety, privacy, How: KPMG wfh scenario Proxies: Anonymous web browsing and managing content access control. It masks your IP location but doesn’t encrypt your data, (KPMG scenario) Use cases, QnAnA
- What: internet service that connect via phone line. Phone couldn’t be used for both calls and internet connectivity at same time(Baseband) Why: We had to get on the internet by some means :) and this was the best way then How: Dial into your ISP (Internet Service Provider) using a phone number via an external (or later internal) dial-up modem((L1 device) POTs: voice-grade telephone service. Uses analog signal transmission Point to point protocol (PPP):enable dial up connections / facilitates the transmission of data packets between point to point links. Use cases, QnAnA
- What: internet service uses multiple channel and able to split signal traffic among different channels for both calls and internet connectivity Why: it's a lot better than traditional dial up connection, faster and more options for delivery. Find protocols How: Broadband technologies(order of popularity): DSL, Cable modem, Fiber, t-carriers, and Satellite . Find order of speed
- What: internet service Dedicated multi channel phone call and data (point-to-point private networks). Unlike standard telephone lines which transfer data and voice at about 30,000 bits per second (30 kbps) using a dial-up modem Why: dedicated and faster connection How: multi channels (maths)
- What: geographically distributed network that interconnects multiple local area networks (LANs). E.g network of ATMs, internet, #askmore Why: expand networks accross diverse locations, How: Facilitated by WAN technologies and protocols WAN technologies usually at layers 1,2&3
- What: Network on which data transmission is via a wireless medium Why: Convenience/mobility, easy deployment, might cost less How: LAN==Wi-Fi, Community==WiMax, Satellite,MAN==Point-to-Point links, PAN==Bluetooth,Zigbee, infrared, etc.. Devices: Repeater(L1), Wireless router(L3),
- What: Network on which data transmission is via a wireless medium Why: Convenience/mobility, easy deployment, might cost less How: LAN==Wi-Fi, Community==WiMax, Satellite,MAN==Point-to-Point links, PAN==Bluetooth,Zigbee, infrared, etc.. Ref Devices: Repeater(L1), Wireless router(L3),
- What: A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. Why: seamless roaming capabilities for supporting cellular devices. How:
- Handson with students (Ping & Traceroute) The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address
- Hostsfiles: Maps custom hostnames to ip addresses. Testing domains locally before going live Tools: NSlookup: resolves domain names to ip
- Hostsfiles: Maps custom hostnames to ip addresses. Testing domains locally before going live Tools: NSlookup: resolves domain names to ip
- Virtualization: single host could run many virtual instances called guests. Hypervisor: runs and manages virtual machines while also offering these guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware. Cloud leverages on this to create a system that allows massive resource sharing
- Virtualization: single host could run many virtual instances called guests. Hypervisor: runs and manages virtual machines while also offering these guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware. Cloud leverages on this to create a system that allows massive resource sharing
- What: emerged to resolved the depleting addresses of ipv4. Uses alphanumeric to represent ip addresses rather than numbers as in ipv4. (Hexadecimals). 128 bit ip address & 16 octets
- What: emerged to resolved the depleting addresses of ipv4. Ipv6 vs ipv4 harmony: how do we safely and seamlessly transition or even merge these two ? Read more about ipv6 tunneling