The document discusses three compounds - adenosine, ADH, and histamine - and their effects on fluid balance. It summarizes their pathways, expected effects based on known mechanisms, and experimental results measuring drip rate and weight change. The results matched expectations for adenosine and ADH based on their vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive effects. For histamine, drip rate increased as expected, but weight decreased instead of increased, possibly due to species differences in receptor locations.
The blood circulates in a closed system of branching conduits. Haemodynamics refers to the studies of blood flow and related forces in moving the blood through the circulatory system. It
discusses the physical principles of blood flow t through the blood vessels with reference to the interrelationships among pressure, flow, and resistance.
IFAD2017
Michel and Curry have pointed out the methodological difficulties in obtaining a meaningful value of glycocalyx volume.
For the purposes of a paradigm that explains clinical experience, I have suggested that;
a bolus of an isosmotic plasma substitute has a central volume of distribution which approximates the free-flowing plasma, while a bolus of an isotonic salt solution has a central volume of distribution that includes the intravascular gel phase and approximates the whole of the intra- vascular volume.
Starling's observation: “Absorption of isotonic salt solutions by the blood vessels is determined by the osmotic pressure of the serum proteins.”
The blood circulates in a closed system of branching conduits. Haemodynamics refers to the studies of blood flow and related forces in moving the blood through the circulatory system. It
discusses the physical principles of blood flow t through the blood vessels with reference to the interrelationships among pressure, flow, and resistance.
IFAD2017
Michel and Curry have pointed out the methodological difficulties in obtaining a meaningful value of glycocalyx volume.
For the purposes of a paradigm that explains clinical experience, I have suggested that;
a bolus of an isosmotic plasma substitute has a central volume of distribution which approximates the free-flowing plasma, while a bolus of an isotonic salt solution has a central volume of distribution that includes the intravascular gel phase and approximates the whole of the intra- vascular volume.
Starling's observation: “Absorption of isotonic salt solutions by the blood vessels is determined by the osmotic pressure of the serum proteins.”
Fluid distribution and edema
Edema, also spelled œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain. Clinically, edema manifests as swelling. The amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis; and the increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium, or the impaired removal of the fluid, can cause the condition. The word is from Greek οἴδημα oídēma meaning "swelling".
Fluid distribution and edema
Edema, also spelled œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain. Clinically, edema manifests as swelling. The amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis; and the increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium, or the impaired removal of the fluid, can cause the condition. The word is from Greek οἴδημα oídēma meaning "swelling".
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Bipn105 symposiapresentation (2)
1. Fluid Balance:
Adenosine, ADH, and Histamine
Group #11: Robin Yi, Dave Mun, Chia Jung Wu
Symposia Presentation
T/TH Manely Yafeh
2. Introduction
Why Fluid Balance?
● Allows for efficient examination of drug
effects on vasculature
What we hope to accomplish:
● To obtain practical results that can be
explained through expected pathways
3. Common Uses
● Adenosine
○ regulation of coronary blood flow
○ anti-inflammatory properties
● ADH
○ regulation of blood pressure
○ increased water retention
● Histamine
○ immune response
○ gastric regulation
○ NT in the brain
5. Predicting Drip Rate:
Ohm's Law & Resistance
Resistance = (8ηL)/(Πr4)
(η = Viscosity, L = Length, r = Radius)
Ohm's Law: Q = ΔP/R
(Q = Flow, ΔP = Hydrostatic pressure difference, R = Resistance)
● ↑R = ↓ in Q = ↓ drip rate
● ↓R = ↑ in Q = ↑ drip rate
6. Predicting Rate of Weight Change:
Starling's Equation
Φ = K[(Pc+Πi) – (Pi+Πc)]
(out) (in)
where:
Φ = Filtrate flow across capillary
K = Filtration coefficient
Pc = Capillary hydrostatic pressure Φ
Πi = Interstitial osmotic pressure -Φ +Φ
Pi = Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Πc = Capillary osmotic pressure
Capillary
Fig 2. Filtrate flow into and out of a capillary
7. Adenosine Receptors
Fig 3. Major Receptors of Adenosine. "adenosine 1." Herbalzym. 2010. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. <http:
//www.herbalzym.com/2012/01/caffeine-competitively-inhibits-different-adenosine-receptors/>.
8. Adenosine - Gs Pathway
Fig 4. Gs Pathway. "Cyclic AMP pathways in myometrial tissue." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2007. Web. 14 Mar.
2012. <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/7/S1/S10/figure/F1>
9. Adenosine Pathway Effects
● Activating PKA
○ K+ channels: repolarization and decreases strength
of contraction
○ Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase: dephosphorylates
myosin & causes relaxation.
● Decreasing Ca2+
○ SERCA: returns Ca2+ to SR
○ NCX: exchanges 3 Na+ for Ca2+
10. Adenosine: Vasodilator
● Adenosine causes coronary vasodilation
○ Vasodilation ↑ radius of blood vessels (R=(8ηL)/
(Πr4)), so ↓resistance.
■ ↓resistance ↑ flow rate (Q=ΔP/R)
■ Expected to increase drip rate
○ Vasodilation ↑ Pc (Φ = K[(Pc+Πi) – (Pi+Πc)])
■ ↑ Pc = ↑ filtrate flow across capillaries
■ Expected to increase rate of weight change
11. Results for Adenosine
● Drip Rate: increased (19 to 21 drips/min)
● Rate of Weight Change: increased (-0.0233
to +0.0584 g/min)
12. ADH Pathway - Gq Coupled Receptor
ADH V1 Receptor ⇒ ↑ Cytosolic [Ca2+]
↳ ↑ Smooth Muscle Contraction
Fig 5. Shih, Michael and Croston, Glenn. Activation of PKC through G protein coupled receptor. Graphic. BioCartaWeb. 12 Mar
2012. <http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_pkcPathway.gif>
13. ADH: Vasoconstriction
● Systemic vasoconstriction results in decreased fluid
hydrostatic pressure, (Pc), in the capillaries
Fig 6. MacDonald, Matthew. Your Temperature Control System. 2009. Graphic. Immaterial.fr Web. 14 Mar 2012.
Adapted for use. <http://librairie.immateriel.fr/baw/9780596801748/tagoreillycom20090720oreillyimages310768.png.
jpg>
14. ADH: Vasoconstriction
● Site-specific vasoconstriction can result in increased
OR decreased capillary Pc, depending on whether the
site of constriction is pre- or post-capillary
Fig 7. Mc-Graw Hill Corporation. Effect of Vasoconstriction on Blood Pressure. Graphic. Wikispaces. Web. 14 Mar
2012. <http://humanphysiology2011.wikispaces.com/file/view/the_effects_of_casoconstriction_on_blood_pressure..jpg>
15. ADH Pathway Effects - Weight Loss
● As Pc (capillary hydrostatic pressure) decreases as a
result of systemic vasoconstriction, according to
Starling's Law:
Φ = K[(Pc+Πi) – (Pi+Πc)]
As Pc ↓, Φ ↓. Vasoconstriction therefore results in
increasing filtrate leaving the interstitial tissues and
and entering the capillaries. This results in the frog
losing weight, as frog filtrate exits the frog.
16. ADH Pathway Effects - Drip Rate
● As vasoconstriction decreases the radius of
the blood vessels, resistance increases
according to the equation:
Resistance = (8ηL)/(Πr4)
(η = Viscosity, L = Length, r = Radius)
● As resistance increases, Ohm's Law states:
Q = ΔP/R
(Q = Flow, ΔP = Hydrostatic pressure difference, R = Resistance)
Therefore as resistance ↑, flow (and drip rate) decrease.
17. ADH Results
● Expected rate of weight gain to decrease
○ Results: -0.015 g/min: decrease in weight/min ✔
● Expected drip rate to decrease
○ Results: -2 drips/min: decrease in drip rate ✔
Drug effects were in agreement with expected
effects of frog Gq coupled ADH receptors and
suggest vasoconstriction as means of effect
18. Clinical applications of ADH
● Treatment of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation
○ Improvement in coronary perfusion pressure
● Treatment of Shock
○ Dramatically increases blood pressure
19. Abnormal applications of ADH
● Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
○ ADH hypersecretion
○ Hyponatremia - increased water retention and
sodium loss
■ Headache, nausea, vomiting, and in severe
cases, convulsions or coma
20. Histamine: H2R Gs Signaling Pathway
Figure 8. Gs Signaling Pathway (Refer to Figure 4 for more In-depth look)
↑ cAMP = ↑ PKA = ↓ Ca++ ⇒ Smooth Muscle Relaxation
Mario Malerba, et al. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644611004168>
21. Histamine: H1R in Endothelial Cells
↑ cGMP and PKG activity
⇒ ↑ Vasodilation
Figure 9. GPCR Nitric Oxide; Vasodilation via Endothelial cells (ACh has similar effects to Histamine in smooth muscle cells)
Conugrave, Arthur, et al. <http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/291/5/G753.full>
23. Histamine: Weight Loss
● In humans:
○ Histamine receptors on arterioles are primary cause
of vasodilation
○ EXPECTED RESULTS: Weight gain
● In experiment (in frog):
○ OBSERVED RESULTS: Weight loss (-0.0996 g/min)
○ Hypothesis:
■ Frog's primary cause of vasodilation due to
density of receptors in venules (not arterioles)
24. Histamine in Frogs: Starling's Law
● Φ = K[(Pc+Πi) – (Pi+Πc)]
● Vasodilation of arterial end = ↑ Pc
● Vasodilation of venous end = ↓ Pc
Dilation of venous
end > dilation of
arteriole end
↳ NET ↓ Pc = -Φ
⇒ Filtrate influx
(interstistial ⇒ capillary)
Figure 10. Fluid movement in between capillaries and interstitial tissue.
Cambell & Reece, 6th Ed. <http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit7/fluidexchange.html>
26. Histamine: Conclusions
● Drip rate results were as expected
○ Histamine receptor functions are similar in human
and frog vasculature
● Weight change results were NOT as
expected
○ Histamine receptor location and density (in
vasculature) differ in humans and frogs