https://userupload.net/u3964jam31yq
Biomechanics comprises all kinds of interactions between tissues and organs of the body and the forces acting on them. Biomechanics comprises the response of the biologic tissues to the applied loads.
The basic principles of biomechanics must be respected when doing oral implants (or) else the case may fail. The primer of oral implant biomechanics should familiarize the clinician with key issues to be confronted when using oral implants.
To a large extent, the biomechanical consideration for implants follows simple mechanical rules based on the leverage principles. By considering the patient's functional behaviour, limiting the extension of the prosthesis and controlling the occlusal pattern and contacts, possible overload situations can be minimized.
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
1) Bleeding disorders can involve vascular, platelet, or coagulation disorders and cause symptoms like bruising, bleeding, and prolonged bleeding from minor cuts.
2) Important bleeding disorders discussed include hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), von Willebrand disease (a disorder of the von Willebrand clotting factor), and fibrinogen deficiency.
3) These disorders are diagnosed through tests of bleeding time and clotting factor levels and activity. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through products like cryoprecipitate, desmopressin, or clotting factor concentrates.
This document summarizes the epidemiology of periodontal diseases globally and in India based on numerous studies. Key findings include:
- Gingivitis and mild to moderate periodontitis are highly prevalent worldwide, especially in developing countries and among older age groups.
- In India, studies show gingivitis is nearly universal among schoolchildren and adults. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis increases with age.
- The National Oral Health Survey of India found over 50% of 12-year-olds had periodontal disease, increasing to nearly 90% among 35-44 year olds. Loss of attachment also increased significantly with age.
https://userupload.net/l2enk8kbflj8
Incidence, mortality, and survival are the primary measures for assessing the impact of cancer in population groups. Incidence is the frequency of new cancer cases during a defined period of time, generally expressed as the rate per 100,000 persons per year; the mortality rate is the frequency of cancer deaths per 100,000 persons per year. The observed survival rate is the proportion of persons with cancer who survive for a specified period of time after diagnosis, usually 5 years. This statistic is often presented as a relative survival rate, in which survival from cancer is corrected for the likelihood of dying from other causes.
Dentist patient relationship and quality careDr Medical
https://userupload.net/mo2f5z40rv8v
Although quality is a genuine concern for dentistry, nowadays more emphasis is placed on quality issues. As dentist-patient interaction is involved in many aspects of care and it is more crucial for dentistry when compared to many other professions, a good dentist-patient relationship is an integral element of quality care. This series of 'practice articles' examines various important dimensions of this interaction. The first and second papers examine the value of trust and communication, the third paper focuses on informed consent and the fourth paper evaluates the relatively broadened role of dentists in behavioural modification.
https://userupload.net/06gt5zcwvh90
Genetic counseling is the process of advising individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.[1] The process integrates:
Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence
Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources
Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.
https://userupload.net/yk8shpcpwk19
Dentistry can do so much these days to improve a person’s health, appearance and self-confidence. From barely noticeable braces that straighten crooked smiles to dental implants that replace missing teeth, there is a state-of-the-art solution to virtually any dental problem. Of course, like anything that involves the time and resources of skilled professionals, highly technical and sophisticated dental treatment doesn’t come inexpensively; indeed, the phrase “you get what you pay for” probably applies doubly to dentistry. Also, the types of treatment mentioned above, as well as many others, are often considered elective and therefore may not be covered (or only partially covered) by dental insurance. This can be the case even when a given procedure offers proven health benefits.
https://userupload.net/8mky0eijld91
An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
The document discusses pain pathways, including the history, definitions, classifications, theories, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, transduction, transmission, modulation, perception, and management of pain. It covers the components of the nervous system involved in pain pathways from receptors to higher brain centers. Key concepts include the gate control theory of pain, central sensitization, referred pain, modulation by psychological factors, and the biopsychosocial model of pain.
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
1) Bleeding disorders can involve vascular, platelet, or coagulation disorders and cause symptoms like bruising, bleeding, and prolonged bleeding from minor cuts.
2) Important bleeding disorders discussed include hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), von Willebrand disease (a disorder of the von Willebrand clotting factor), and fibrinogen deficiency.
3) These disorders are diagnosed through tests of bleeding time and clotting factor levels and activity. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through products like cryoprecipitate, desmopressin, or clotting factor concentrates.
This document summarizes the epidemiology of periodontal diseases globally and in India based on numerous studies. Key findings include:
- Gingivitis and mild to moderate periodontitis are highly prevalent worldwide, especially in developing countries and among older age groups.
- In India, studies show gingivitis is nearly universal among schoolchildren and adults. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis increases with age.
- The National Oral Health Survey of India found over 50% of 12-year-olds had periodontal disease, increasing to nearly 90% among 35-44 year olds. Loss of attachment also increased significantly with age.
https://userupload.net/l2enk8kbflj8
Incidence, mortality, and survival are the primary measures for assessing the impact of cancer in population groups. Incidence is the frequency of new cancer cases during a defined period of time, generally expressed as the rate per 100,000 persons per year; the mortality rate is the frequency of cancer deaths per 100,000 persons per year. The observed survival rate is the proportion of persons with cancer who survive for a specified period of time after diagnosis, usually 5 years. This statistic is often presented as a relative survival rate, in which survival from cancer is corrected for the likelihood of dying from other causes.
Dentist patient relationship and quality careDr Medical
https://userupload.net/mo2f5z40rv8v
Although quality is a genuine concern for dentistry, nowadays more emphasis is placed on quality issues. As dentist-patient interaction is involved in many aspects of care and it is more crucial for dentistry when compared to many other professions, a good dentist-patient relationship is an integral element of quality care. This series of 'practice articles' examines various important dimensions of this interaction. The first and second papers examine the value of trust and communication, the third paper focuses on informed consent and the fourth paper evaluates the relatively broadened role of dentists in behavioural modification.
https://userupload.net/06gt5zcwvh90
Genetic counseling is the process of advising individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.[1] The process integrates:
Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence
Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources
Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.
https://userupload.net/yk8shpcpwk19
Dentistry can do so much these days to improve a person’s health, appearance and self-confidence. From barely noticeable braces that straighten crooked smiles to dental implants that replace missing teeth, there is a state-of-the-art solution to virtually any dental problem. Of course, like anything that involves the time and resources of skilled professionals, highly technical and sophisticated dental treatment doesn’t come inexpensively; indeed, the phrase “you get what you pay for” probably applies doubly to dentistry. Also, the types of treatment mentioned above, as well as many others, are often considered elective and therefore may not be covered (or only partially covered) by dental insurance. This can be the case even when a given procedure offers proven health benefits.
https://userupload.net/8mky0eijld91
An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
The document discusses pain pathways, including the history, definitions, classifications, theories, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, transduction, transmission, modulation, perception, and management of pain. It covers the components of the nervous system involved in pain pathways from receptors to higher brain centers. Key concepts include the gate control theory of pain, central sensitization, referred pain, modulation by psychological factors, and the biopsychosocial model of pain.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Antifluoridation lobby - Water fluoridation controversyDr Medical
https://userupload.net/u5vppli3jy1y
The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, moral, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies.
Public health authorities throughout the world find a medical consensus that fluoride therapy at appropriate levels is a safe and effective means to prevent dental caries,[1] whether by fluoridation of the public water supply or topical application strategies.[2][3] Proponents of water fluoridation see it as a question of public health policy and equate the issue to vaccination and food fortification, claiming significant benefits to dental health and minimal risks
Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits to both mother and child, while bottle-feeding and pacifier use can pose certain risks. The document discusses how breastfeeding promotes proper dental, facial, and airway development in infants. It also reduces risks of various health issues. In contrast, bottle-feeding is linked to issues like dental decay, ear infections, and abnormal facial growth. The document advocates exclusive breastfeeding for six months in accordance with major health organizations' guidelines.
1. Several classifications of child behavior in dental settings are discussed, including Wilson's, Wright's, and Lampshire's classifications.
2. Factors like age, temperament, home environment, and past dental experiences can influence a child's behavior. Children's behaviors range from cooperative to disruptive.
3. Rating scales like Frankl's and the Houpt scale can be used to assess a child's level of anxiety or cooperation during dental treatment. Understanding a child's behavioral patterns is important for effective behavior guidance.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
https://userupload.net/ucq2c1km5pb7
Preventive dentistry aims to stop the progression of dental caries by promoting daily habits and clinical therapies that either promote the remineralization of the tooth surface or prevent the formation of the oral biofilm responsible for lowering the oral pH levels in an attempt to prevent cavity formation.
Here is an overall glance on some recent concepts/advances in preventive dentistry with a detail note on pit and fissure sealants
Anomalies of the first and second branchial archesDr Medical
https://userupload.net/8n9v7tg9jkl1
Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children [1]. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants and present with typical clinical and radiological patterns dependent on which arch is involved. The course of a particular branchial anomaly is caudal to the structures derived from the corresponding arch and dorsal to the structures that develop from the following arch. Branchial anomalies are further typed into cysts, sinuses, and fistulas.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
Bleeding disorders Causes, Types, and DiagnosisDr Medical
https://userupload.net/v3l4i8jsk7wq
Factor II, V, VII, X, or XII deficiencies are bleeding disorders related to blood clotting problems or abnormal bleeding problems. Von Willebrand's disease isthe most common inherited bleeding disorder. It develops when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, which helps the blood to clot.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Antifluoridation lobby - Water fluoridation controversyDr Medical
https://userupload.net/u5vppli3jy1y
The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, moral, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies.
Public health authorities throughout the world find a medical consensus that fluoride therapy at appropriate levels is a safe and effective means to prevent dental caries,[1] whether by fluoridation of the public water supply or topical application strategies.[2][3] Proponents of water fluoridation see it as a question of public health policy and equate the issue to vaccination and food fortification, claiming significant benefits to dental health and minimal risks
Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits to both mother and child, while bottle-feeding and pacifier use can pose certain risks. The document discusses how breastfeeding promotes proper dental, facial, and airway development in infants. It also reduces risks of various health issues. In contrast, bottle-feeding is linked to issues like dental decay, ear infections, and abnormal facial growth. The document advocates exclusive breastfeeding for six months in accordance with major health organizations' guidelines.
1. Several classifications of child behavior in dental settings are discussed, including Wilson's, Wright's, and Lampshire's classifications.
2. Factors like age, temperament, home environment, and past dental experiences can influence a child's behavior. Children's behaviors range from cooperative to disruptive.
3. Rating scales like Frankl's and the Houpt scale can be used to assess a child's level of anxiety or cooperation during dental treatment. Understanding a child's behavioral patterns is important for effective behavior guidance.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
https://userupload.net/ucq2c1km5pb7
Preventive dentistry aims to stop the progression of dental caries by promoting daily habits and clinical therapies that either promote the remineralization of the tooth surface or prevent the formation of the oral biofilm responsible for lowering the oral pH levels in an attempt to prevent cavity formation.
Here is an overall glance on some recent concepts/advances in preventive dentistry with a detail note on pit and fissure sealants
Anomalies of the first and second branchial archesDr Medical
https://userupload.net/8n9v7tg9jkl1
Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children [1]. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants and present with typical clinical and radiological patterns dependent on which arch is involved. The course of a particular branchial anomaly is caudal to the structures derived from the corresponding arch and dorsal to the structures that develop from the following arch. Branchial anomalies are further typed into cysts, sinuses, and fistulas.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
Bleeding disorders Causes, Types, and DiagnosisDr Medical
https://userupload.net/v3l4i8jsk7wq
Factor II, V, VII, X, or XII deficiencies are bleeding disorders related to blood clotting problems or abnormal bleeding problems. Von Willebrand's disease isthe most common inherited bleeding disorder. It develops when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, which helps the blood to clot.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
As the world population is aging, Health tourism has become vitally important and will be increased day by day. Because
of the availability of quality health services and more favorable prices as well as to shorten the waiting list for medical
services regionally and internationally. There are some aspects of managing and doing marketing activities in order for
medical tourism to be feasible, in a region called as clustering in a region with main stakeholders groups includes Health
providers, Tourism cluster, etc. There are some related and affecting factors to be considered for the feasibility of medical
tourism within this study such as competitiveness, clustering, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. One of the growth phenomenon
is Health tourism in the city of Izmir and Turkey. The model of five competitive forces of Porter and The Diamond model
that is an economical model that shows the four main factors that affect the competitiveness of a nation and its industries
in this study. The short literature of medical tourism and regional clustering have been mentioned.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition of Biomechanics, Mass, force and weight
Loads applied to dental implants
Forces and components of forces
Three types of forces
Stress
Stress-strain relationship
Biting forces
Predicting forces on oral implants
Stiffness of teeth and implant
3. Force delivery and failure mechanism
Moment loads
Clinical moment arms
Fatigue failure
The biomechanical response to loading
A scientific rationale for dental implant design
Character of the applied forces
Functional surface area
Biomechanics of frameworks and misfit
Treatment planning based on biomechanical risk factors
Conclusion
List of reference
4.
5. CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD
THIS PPT
https://userupload.net/u3964jam31yq
7. MASS, FORCE AND WEIGHT
Mass – A property of matter, is the degree of gravitational attraction
the body of matter experiences.
Unit – kg : (lbm)
FORCE (SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1687)
Newton’s II law of motion
F = ma
Where a = 9.8 m/s2
Mass – Determines magnitude of static load
Force – Kilograms of force (Newton)
WEIGHT
Is simply a term for the gravitational force acting on an object
at a specified location.
8. LOADS APPLIED TO DENTAL IMPLANTS
In function – occlusal loads, vary in magnitude,
frequency, duration depending on parafunctional habits
Absence of function – Perioral forces
Horizontal loads
Mechanics help to understand such physiologic and non
physiologic loads and can determine which t/t renders
more risk.
9. FORCES AND FORCE COMPONENTS
Forces may be described by magnitude, duration, direction,
type and magnification
Forces on implant -‘Vector quantities’
(magnitude & direction)
Direction – dramatic influence
(longevity)
Break down of 3D forces into their component parts -
‘vector resolution’
Point of action of a vector
VECTOR
F / F Magnitude F
10. F = 44.5 N at pt B
Analysis - vector resolution
Co-ordinate system
Angles that the F vector makes with co-ordinate axes,
resolution of F into its 3 components is possible
i.e. Fx, Fy & Fz
F = F2
x + F2
y + F2
z
Cos2
θx + Cos2
θy + Cos2
θz = 1
Lateral as well as vertical components are acting at the same
time
Not || to direction of long axis of implant
11. Vector addition : More than one force FR = F1 + F2 + F3
MOMENT / TORQUE
Tend to rotate a body Units – N.m; N.cm, lb.ft ; oz.in
Eg :
In addition to axial force, there is a moment on the implant which is
equal to magnitude of force times (multiplied by) the perpendicular
distance (d) between the line of action of the F and center of the
implant
12. THREE TYPES OF FORCES
Compressive
Tend to push masses towards each other
Maintains integrity of bone – implant interface
Accommodated best
Cortical bone strongest in Comp
Cements, retention screws, implant components and bone –
implant interfaces – well acc Comp F
Dominant
13. Tensile Shear
↓ ↓
Pull object apart Sliding
Distract / disrupt bone implant interface
Shear – most destructive, cortical bone is weakest
Cylinder implants – highest risk for shear forces
require coating
Threaded / finned implants
Impart all 3 force types
Geometry of implant
14. STRESS
The manner in which a force is distributed over a surface is
referred as mechanical stress
γ = F/A
Goal - Even distribution of mechanical stress in the implant
system and contiguous bone
Force magnitude
Reducing magnifiers of force
1. Cantilever length
2. Crown height
3. Night guards (bruxism)
4. Occlusal
material( impact)
5. Overdentures (night)
Functional cross sectional area
1. Number of implants
2. Implant geometry
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16. DEFORMATION & STRAIN
Applied load – deformation
Deformation and stiffness of implant material
Interface
Ease of implant manufacture
Clinical longevity
Concept of strain – key mediator of bone activity
Implant
Tissue
Strain = deformation per unit length
17. STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Load – versus – deformation curve; stress - strain curve
Prediction of amount of strain experienced by the material under
an applied load.
↑In stress
↓
↑ In stiffness difference
↓
↑ Relative motion
↓
Interface is more affected
Viscoelastic bone can stay in contact
with more rigid titanium more
predictably when the stress is low
Modulus of elasticity
tnalpmI | biologic tissue
↓
Lesser the relative motion
18. STRAIN
Controlling applied stress Changing density of bone
Strength Stiffness
Greater the strength stiffer the bone
Lesser the stiffness greater the flexibility (soft bone)
Difference in stiffness is less for CpTi & D1 bone but more for D4
bone
Stress reduction in such softer bone
To reduce resultant tissue strain
Ultimate strength
Hook’s law
Stress = Modulus of elasticity x strain
γ = E.ε
19. BITING FORCES
Axial component of biting forces : (100 – 2500 N) / (27 – 550 lbs)
It tends to increase as one moves distally
Lateral component - 20 N (approx.)
Net chewing time per meal = 450 sec
• Chewing forces will act on teeth for = 9 min/day
• If includes swallowing = 17.5 min/day
• Further be increased by parafunction
Provides indication of minimum time /day that teeth (implants) are
bearing load due to mastication and related events
20. PREDICTING FORCES ON ORAL IMPLANTS
Problems :
To compute the loading on the individual supporting abutment
when more than two implant supported prosthesis
COMPLICATING FACTORS
Nature of mastication
•Chewing – frequency
sequence
•Biting – strength
favoured side
•Mandibular movements
Nature of Prosthesis
•Full / partial
•Tissue – supported
Vs
Implant – supported
•No. & location
•Angulation
Properties
•Elastic moduli
•Stiffness
•Connection
•Deformability
21. Two implants supporting a cantilever portion of a prosthesis
P = Force
a = Cantilever length
b = Dist. Between two implants
If beam is in static equilibrium – sum of forces and sum of
moments are zero.
Σ Fy = 0 ; -F1 + F2 – P = 0Σ mQ = 0; -F1b + Pa = 0
Here, F1 = (a/b)P F2 = (1 + a/b) P
In most clinical situations a/b = 2.
So, F1 = 2P and F2 = 3P
Newton’s 3rd
law of motion
Implant 2 compressive load Implant 1 tensile load
22. FOUR IMPLANTS SUPPORTING A FRAMEWORK
(BRANEMARK SYSTEM)
LIMITATIONS
1. Does not predict forces on all 4 implants
2. Overestimation of loads on 2 implants close to the point of F
3. Based on theory of rigid body statics
‘Skalak model’
Can predict the vertical and horizontal force components on
implants supporting a bridge
23. • Bridge and bone are rigid
• Implants and/or their connections to bridge and/or bone elastic
Purely vertical force Purely horizontal force
Counterbalanced by distribution of N no. of implants so, there
will be both vertical and horizontal forces on each implant
24. • 4 or 6 implant – symmetrically distributed in the arc of 112.50
with radius of mandible radius to 22.5 mm
• Arc of 112.50
= interforaminal dist. (approx)
• Single vertical force of 30N acts at a position defined by θ = 100
(So, how to predict the vertical forces on each implant)
F< 30 N Magnitude of force is |||
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26. • Forces on remaining 4 implants become much larger than in
original 6 implant case
• Condition can be worsened if 4 implants are placed in a line across
the anterior mandible.
• As, ratio a/b is very large as b (interimplant distance) is very
small.
• Implant angulation.
27. Implant 1 at 300
angulation.
Offaxis loading – detrimental to the system.
Cannot be solved by Skalak or Rangert model.
Finite element modelling or analysis.
Properties of the prosthesis
Positioning and angulation of implants
Properties of interfacial bone can be accounted to FE
28. Skalak modle –
• Prosthesis is infinitely rigid
• Acrylic and metal alloy bridge – flexible
Concentrating forces on the implants nearest to loading point
• Complicated if implant system - unequal stiffnesses
as stiffest implant will generally take up most of the load
29. STIFFNESS OF TOOTH AND IMPLANT
Prosthesis supported by teeth and implants-different mobility
Neither Rangert nor Skalak model specifically deal with
differencing mobility
A way to approach this problem is
1. Displacement in any direction
• Unidirectional force but displacement in many direction
• Secondary effect
2. Application of constant force
• Increase in displacement slowly with time
↓
Creep
Not significant with implants – fibrous tissue
3. Intrusive tooth displacement is not always Linear
– usually bilinear
4. Net stiffness (implants) > natural tooth
30. FORCE DELIVERY AND FAILURE MECHANISM
Manner of application of force – dictates the failure
Moment loads
Interface breakdown
Bone resorption
Screw loosening
Bar / bridge fracture
Clinical moment arms
31. 1) Occlusal height
Working and balancing occlusal contacts
Tongue thrusts, perioral musculature
Force component along vertical axis – no effect
Initial moment load at crest
↓ In div A ↑ Div C and D
↑ Crown height
Faciolingual axis Mesiodistal axis
32. 2) Cantilever length
Vertical axis force components-large moments
Lingual force component - also exists
Force applied directly over the implant–no moment
33. OCCLUSAL WIDTH
↑ Moment arm for any offset occlusal load
Narrow occlusal table - ↓ faciolingual tipping
Moment loads Crestal bone loss
Increases occlusal height
Occlusal ht. moment arm
↑ Faciolingual micro
rotation or rocking
More crestal bone loss
Failure if biomechanical
environment is not
corrected
34. FATIGUE FAILURE
Dynamic cyclic loading condition
1) Biomaterials
High stress – few loading cycles
Low stress – infinite loading cycles
Endurance limit-stress level below which-loaded indefinetly
Ti alloy > CpTi.
2) Geometry
Dictates degree - resists bending and torque
Lateral loads – fatigue fracture
4th
power of the thickness difference
Weak link – Difference inner and outer diameter of screw and
abutment screw space
35. 3) Force magnitude
Reduction of applied load - (stress)
Higher loads on posteriors
Moment loads - eliminate
Geometry for functional area - optimize
Increase No. of implants
4) Loading cycles
Fatigue failure - No. of loading cycles
Elimination of parafunction
Reduce occlusal contacts
36. BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSE TO LOADING
High degree of variation as a function of load – direction, rate and
duration
Direction of load
Orthotropic Isotropic Transversely isotropic
Mandible (transversly isotropic) Arch of it having stiffest
direction orientation
Mandible acts - long bone molded into a curve beam
Inferior border more compact bone
Inter forminal part – increase quality of trabecular bone
37. RATE OF LOADING
McElhaney – strain rate dependence of bone
Higher strain rate, bone acts – stiffer and stronger
Also noted, bone fails at higher strain rate, but with less
allowable elongation when compared to lower strain rate
Brittle
Duration of loading
‘Carter and Caler’- # caused by mechanical stress
Creep (time-dependent loading) + cyclic / fatigue loading
Anatomic location and structural density also has got influence
38. ANATOMIC LOCATION
Edentulous mandible – Trabecular bone continuous with cortical
shell
FEM show – cortical bone – dissipation of occlusal loads
Muscle loads on mandible – Dorsoventral shear, twisting,
transverse
Anterior mandible – large moment loads – buccolingal flexure
Posterior mandible – higher bite force
Density and ultimate compressive strength of posterior trabecular
bone (↓)
Large, multirooted molars – dissipate occlusal loads
39. Qu et al – 65% higher stiffness for trabecular bone of mandible
when bounded by cortical plates
Structural density
Qu et al – Mechanical properties of mandibular trabecular bone i.e.
Elastic modulus and ultimate strength.
47% - 68% > in anterior compared to posterior
Premolars = molars.
Scientific rationale for dental implant design
Transfer of load to surrounding biologic tissue. Two factors are
1) Character of applied load 2) Functional surface area
Character of forces applied to dental implant depend on ----
Magnitude, duration, type, direction and magnification
40. FORCE MAGNITUDE
A) Physiology vs design :
Normal physiology - Limits magnitude of force for a
engineered design
Magnitude of forces -----
Parafunction > Molar > Canine > Incisors
1000 lb 200 lb 100 lb 25-35 lb
↓ density ↓ forces
41. B) Biomaterial selection :
Silicone, HA, carbon – High biocompatibility
Low ultimate strength
Titanium and its alloy – Excellent biocompatibility
Corrosion resistance
Good ultimate strength
Closest approx. to stiffness of surgical bone substitutes
6 times more stiff
C) Failures :
Vitreous carbon implant Al2O3 ceramic implant
Modulus of elasticity Ultimate strength
Ultimate strength Modulus of elasticity
42. FORCE DURATION
A) Physiology vs design
Duration of bite forces on the dentition has wide range
Ideal condition < 30 min/day
Parafunction – several hours
B) Implant body design
Endurance limit 1 ½ times < ultimate tensile strength
Fatigue – more critical especially in parafunction
Off axis, cyclic loading – failure of implant
Root form implant – not specifically designed to withstand
cyclic bending loads.
43. FORCE TYPE
A) Physiology
Bone – Strongest in compression
30% weaker in tensile
65% weaker in shear
Endosteal root-form implants – pure shear - unless
Incorporation of surface features to transform shear
to resistant forces
B) Implant body design
Smooth cylinder - Titanium / HA
Integrity of interface - shear strength of HA-to-bone bond
44. THREADED IMPLANTS
Buttress comparable to V-shaped
V-shaped 10 times greater shear (square / power)
Caution in D3 and D4 bone
Failure
Smooth shear surface implant – inadequate load
transfer
V-shaped
SquareButtress
45. FORCE DIRECTION
A) Physiology
Constraint - Positioning of root form implants suitable for axial loading –
anatomy of jaws
Undercuts – further limit
Usually occur on facial aspect except
Submandibular fossa
Angled to the lingual
Bone is strongest when loaded along its long axis.
300
offset load : 11% ↓ compressive st.
25% ↓ tensile
B) Implant body design
Vulnerable crestal bone region – designed to place perpendicular to
occlusal plane
46. FORCE MAGNIFICATION
Extreme angulation
Parafucntion
Cantilevers and crown heights – levers
Density α strength
D4 bone 10 times weaker than D1 bone
Thus resultant force will be magnified when placed in softer
bone
Exceeds the capability of any
dental implant to withstand
physiologic loads
47. SURFACE AREA
Normal anatomy of jaws – limits size and configuration
Bone volume (external architecture)
Anatomic location and degree of bone resorption
Width : 6-8 mm in anterior 4 mm implant
> 7 mm in posteriors 5 mm implants
↑ Implant width anterior to posterior
Height :
Anterior mandible > anterior maxilla > post mandible > post maxilla
Hence, ↑ occlusal forces ↓ in bone height
Bone quality (internal architecture)
35% failure rate in D4 bone
Poor quality, porous bone - ↑ed clinical failure
No. of implants, design with greater surface area - stress
48. SURFACE AREA OPTIMIZATION
Implant macrogeometry :
Smooth sided cylindrical implants
Ease in surgical placement
Greater shear at interface
Smooth sided tapered implants
Component of compressive force delivered to the bone-implant
interface.
Taper - delivery of force
Taper < 300
Threaded implants
Ease of surgical placement
Greater functional surface area – compressive loads
Limits micro-movement during healing
49. IMPLANT WIDTH
Branemark – 3.75 mm
↑ Implant width - ↑ functional surface area
4 mm implant 33% greater surface area
Diameter appropriate to ridge width
Teeth width 6 – 12 mm
Similar implant width bending resistance inadequate
strain to bone resorption
Crestal bone anatomy constraints less than 5.5 mm width
implant
50. THREAD GEOMETRY
Parameters – thread pitch, shape and depth
Thread pitch
Number of threads per unit length
Fine pitch ↑ threads ↑ surface area / unit length
Fewer threads easy to bone tap
51. Thread shape
V-thread design – ‘fixture’ – fixating metal parts and not for
load transfer
Buttress thread optimized for – pullout loads
52. Thread depth
= Major diameter – minor diameter
Conventional implant – uniform
Can be varied in the region of highest stress – increase functional surface
area
Reverse taper in minor diameter
Increased depth
Dramatic ↑ in functional surface area
53. IMPLANT LENGTH
Length ↑ - total surface area ↑
If longer implants used
Need for – nerve repositioning – mandible
Sinus graft – maxilla
Does not benefit the primary regions of increased stress –
crestal bone region
Greater stability under lateral loading
Not necessarily better
Minimum implant length – for each bone density depending on
the width & design
Softer bone – greater the length suggested
54. CREST MODULE CONSIDERATIONS
Transosteal region from the implant body and characterized as
a region of highly concentrated mechanical stress
Not ideally designed for load bearing
Smooth parallel sided crest module – shear
Angled crest module ( > 200
) surface texture – lead
to compressive component
55. CREST MODULE : Slightly larger than outer diameter
Reasons ---
Crest module seats fully over the implant body
osteotomy – deterrent to ingress of bacteria &
fibrous tissue
Seal created by larger crest module – provides
greater initial stability of the implant
surface area - stress at crestal region.
56. APICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Most root form implants – circular
Do not resist torsional / shear forces (single tooth implant)
Antirotational feature – hole or vent
Flat sides or grooves along the body or apical region
Apical end should be flat instead of pointed
Advantages Disadvantages
Bone can grow in and resist
torsional forces
Increases surface area
May fill with mucus or
fibrous tissue
57. BIOMECHANICS OF FRAMEWORKS AND MISFIT
Frameworks :
Metal framework for full arch prosthesis can fracture
More towards the cantilever section
Reasons :
1) Overload of cantilever
Unlikely to occur – typical prosthetic alloy.
2) Metallurgic fatigue under cyclic loads
Prevention – substantial cross sectional area of framework
near the root of cantilever
– 3-6 mm
58. Inevitable dimensional
inaccuracies
Assuming that the misfit is
not too severe the
framework may appear to
fit well - ‘Passive fit’
Misfitting framework can
cause loads on implant even
before any bitting force is
applied
FRAMEWORK MISFIT
59. TREATMENT PLANNING BASED ON BIOMECHANICAL
RISK FACTORS
Design of final prosthetic reconstruction
Anatomical limitation
Geometric risk factor
1) No. of implants less than no. of root support
One implant replacing a molar – risk.
1 wide – platform implant / 2 regular implants
Two implants supporting 3 roots or more – risk
2 wide – platform implants
2) Wide – platform implants
Risk – if used in very dense bone
3) Implant connected to natural teeth
60. 4) Implants placed in a tripod configuration
Desired counteract lateral loads
5) Presence of prosthetic extension
6) Implants placed offset to the center of the prosthesis in
tripod arrangement, offset is favorable
7) Excessive height of the restoration
61. OCCLUSAL RISK FACTORS
Force intensity and parafunctional habit
Presence of lateral occlusal contact
Centric contact in light occlusion
Lateral contact in heavy occlusion
Contact at central fossa
Low inclination of cusp
Reduced size of occlusal table
62. BONE IMPLANT RISK FACTORS
Dependence on newly formed bone
Absence of good initial stability
Smaller implant diameter
Proper healing time before loading
4 mm diameter minimum – posteriors
Technological risk factors
Lack of prosthetic fit and cemented prosthesis
Proven and standardized protocols
Premachined components
Instrument with stable and predefined tightening torque
63. WARNING SINGS
Repeated loosening of prosthetic / abutment screw
Repeated fracture of veneering material
Fracture of prosthetic / abutment screws
Bone resorption below the first thread
64.
65. LIST OF REFERENCES
Dental implant prosthetics – Carl E. Misch.
Esthetic implant dentistry – Patric Palacci.
Osseointegration in oral rehabilitation – Naert et al.
Principles and practice of implant dentistry – Charles Weiss,
Adam Weiss.
Tissue – integrated prosthesis. Osseointegration in clinical
dentistry – Branemark, zarb, Albrektsson
Implant & restorative dentistry – Gerard M. Scortecci
Implant dentistry 2000; 9 (3) : 207-218.
JPD 2002 ; 88 : 604-10.
IJOMI 1992 ; 7 : 450-58.
JPD 2000 ; 83 : 450-55.