This document discusses the history of ideas about the origin of life. It describes how Aristotle proposed the theory of spontaneous generation, which held that living things could arise from nonliving matter. This idea lasted about 2000 years until experiments disproved it. The document outlines examples used to support spontaneous generation and describes Francesco Redi's experiments in 1668, which used sealed and unsealed flasks containing meat. Redi found that maggots only developed in unsealed flasks, disproving the idea for larger organisms. The scientific method is also defined and it is explained how Redi's experiments followed this process to test and disprove the hypothesis of spontaneous generation.
I'm Sorry this pptx presentation is not good enough but i use this as my report in our subjetct Earth and Life Science and the teacher is Happy :) Enjoy
Microbiology: History perspective - Simran Sonule.pptxSimranSonule
This presentation describe the discovery of microbial world.
Theory of Abiogenesis and Biogenesis and
Contribution of scientist in the field of Microbiology
basic theories of biological evolution and mcq from past examinations of biotechnology. helpful for appearing in post graduation entrance examinations.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
I'm Sorry this pptx presentation is not good enough but i use this as my report in our subjetct Earth and Life Science and the teacher is Happy :) Enjoy
Microbiology: History perspective - Simran Sonule.pptxSimranSonule
This presentation describe the discovery of microbial world.
Theory of Abiogenesis and Biogenesis and
Contribution of scientist in the field of Microbiology
basic theories of biological evolution and mcq from past examinations of biotechnology. helpful for appearing in post graduation entrance examinations.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Fundamental Properties of LifeFundamental Properties of Life
Cellular organization. All organisms
consist of one or more cells—complex,
organized assemblages of molecules
enclosed within membranes.
Sensitivity. All organisms respond to
stimuli— though not always to the same
stimuli in the same ways.
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3. Fundamental Properties of LifeFundamental Properties of Life
Growth. All living things assimilate
energy and use it to grow, a process
called metabolism. Plants, algae, and
some bacteria use sunlight to create
covalent carbon carbon bonds from CO2
and H2O through photosynthesis.
Reproduction. All living thing
reproduce, passing on traits from one
generation to the next.
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4. Fundamental Properties of LifeFundamental Properties of Life
Regulation. All organisms have
regulatory mechanisms that coordinate
internal processes.
Homeostasis. All living things maintain
relatively constant internal conditions,
different from their environment.
Heredity. All organisms on earth
possess a genetic system that is based
on the replication of a long, complex
molecule called DNA. This mechanism
allows for adaptation and evolution over
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5. 5
Aristotle (384 –322 BC)Aristotle (384 –322 BC)
Proposed the theory ofProposed the theory of
spontaneous generationspontaneous generation
Also calledAlso called abiogenesisabiogenesis
Idea thatIdea that living things canliving things can
arise from nonlivingarise from nonliving mattermatter
Idea lasted almostIdea lasted almost 20002000
yearsyears
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Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation
For centuriesFor centuries,, people basedpeople based theirtheir
beliefsbeliefs onon their interpretations oftheir interpretations of
what they sawwhat they saw going on in the worldgoing on in the world
around them without testing theiraround them without testing their
ideasideas
TheyThey didn’t use the scientificdidn’t use the scientific
methodmethod to arrive at answers to theirto arrive at answers to their
questionsquestions
Their conclusions were based onTheir conclusions were based on
untested observationsuntested observations
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Example #1Example #1
Observation:Observation: Every year in theEvery year in the
spring, thespring, the Nile River floodedNile River flooded
areas of Egypt along the river,areas of Egypt along the river,
leaving behind nutrient-rich mudleaving behind nutrient-rich mud
that enabled the people to growthat enabled the people to grow
that year’s crop of food.that year’s crop of food.
However, along with the muddyHowever, along with the muddy
soil,soil, large numbers of frogslarge numbers of frogs
appeared that weren’t around inappeared that weren’t around in
drier timesdrier times
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Example #1Example #1
Conclusion:Conclusion: It was perfectlyIt was perfectly
obvious to people back thenobvious to people back then
thatthat muddy soil gave rise tomuddy soil gave rise to
the frogsthe frogs
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Example #2Example #2
Observation:Observation: In many parts ofIn many parts of
Europe, medieval farmers storedEurope, medieval farmers stored
grain in barnsgrain in barns with thatchedwith thatched
roofs (like Shakespeare’s house).roofs (like Shakespeare’s house).
As a roof aged, it was notAs a roof aged, it was not
uncommon for it to start leaking.uncommon for it to start leaking.
This could lead toThis could lead to spoiled orspoiled or
moldy grainmoldy grain, and of course there, and of course there
werewere lots of mice aroundlots of mice around..
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Example #2Example #2
Conclusion: It was obvious toIt was obvious to
them that thethem that the mice camemice came
from the moldy grain.from the moldy grain.
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Example #3Example #3
Observation:Observation: Since there were noSince there were no
refrigerators, the mandatory,refrigerators, the mandatory,
daily trip to the butcher shop,daily trip to the butcher shop,
especially in summer,especially in summer, meantmeant
battling the flies around thebattling the flies around the
carcassescarcasses. Typically, carcasses. Typically, carcasses
were “hung by their heels,” andwere “hung by their heels,” and
customers selected which chunkcustomers selected which chunk
the butcher would carve off forthe butcher would carve off for
them.them.
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Example #3Example #3
Conclusion: Obviously, theObviously, the
rotting meatrotting meat that had beenthat had been
hanging in the sun all day washanging in the sun all day was
thethe source of the fliessource of the flies..
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Abiogenesis RecipesAbiogenesis Recipes
Recipe for bees:Recipe for bees:
Kill a young bullKill a young bull, and, and bury itbury it
in an upright position soin an upright position so
that itsthat its horns protrude fromhorns protrude from
the groundthe ground. After a month,. After a month,
a swarm of bees will fly outa swarm of bees will fly out
of the corpse.of the corpse.
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Abiogenesis RecipesAbiogenesis Recipes
Recipe for mice:Recipe for mice:
Place aPlace a dirty shirtdirty shirt or some rags inor some rags in
anan open pot or barrelopen pot or barrel containing acontaining a
few grains of wheatfew grains of wheat or some wheator some wheat
bran, and inbran, and in 21 days21 days, mice will, mice will
appear. There will be adult malesappear. There will be adult males
and females present, and they willand females present, and they will
be capable of mating andbe capable of mating and
reproducing more mice.reproducing more mice.
copyright cmassengale
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Francesco Redi (1668)Francesco Redi (1668)
In 1668, FrancescoIn 1668, Francesco RediRedi, an, an
Italian physician, did anItalian physician, did an
experiment withexperiment with fliesflies andand wide-wide-
mouth jars containing meatmouth jars containing meat
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Redi’s ExperimentRedi’s Experiment
Redi usedRedi used open & closedopen & closed
flasksflasks whichwhich contained meatcontained meat..
HisHis hypothesishypothesis was thatwas that
rotten meat does not turnrotten meat does not turn
into flies.into flies.
HeHe observedobserved these flasksthese flasks toto
see in which one(s) maggotssee in which one(s) maggots
would develop.would develop.
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Redi’s FindingsRedi’s Findings
He found that if a flask wasHe found that if a flask was
closedclosed with a lid sowith a lid so adult fliesadult flies
could not get in, no maggotscould not get in, no maggots
developed on the rotting meatdeveloped on the rotting meat
within.within.
In a flaskIn a flask without a lidwithout a lid,,
maggots soon were seenmaggots soon were seen in thein the
meat because adult flies had laidmeat because adult flies had laid
eggs and moreeggs and more adult flies soonadult flies soon
appeared.appeared.
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Redi’s (1626-1697) Experiments
Evidence against spontaneous generation:Evidence against spontaneous generation:
1.1. UnsealedUnsealed – maggots on meat– maggots on meat
2.2. SealedSealed – no maggots on meat– no maggots on meat
3.3. GauzeGauze – few maggots on gauze, none on meat– few maggots on gauze, none on meat
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Results of Redi’s ExperimentsResults of Redi’s Experiments
The results of thisThe results of this
experimentexperiment disproved the ideadisproved the idea
of spontaneous generation forof spontaneous generation for
larger organisms,larger organisms, but peoplebut people
still thought microscopicstill thought microscopic
organisms like algae ororganisms like algae or
bacteria could arise that way.bacteria could arise that way.
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Did Redi Use theDid Redi Use the
Scientific Method?Scientific Method?
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
ObservationObservation
HypothesisHypothesis
ExperimentExperiment
Accept, Reject, or Modify hypothesisAccept, Reject, or Modify hypothesis
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Step 1 - ObservationStep 1 - Observation
There were flies around meatThere were flies around meat
carcasses at the Butchercarcasses at the Butcher
shop.shop.
Where do the flies comeWhere do the flies come
from?from?
Does rotting meat turn intoDoes rotting meat turn into
or produce rotting flies?or produce rotting flies?
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Step 2 - HypothesisStep 2 - Hypothesis
Rotten meat does not turnRotten meat does not turn
into flies.into flies. Only flies canOnly flies can
make more flies.make more flies.
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Step 3 - TestingStep 3 - Testing
Wide-mouth jarsWide-mouth jars each containing a piece ofeach containing a piece of
meat were subjected to several variations ofmeat were subjected to several variations of
“openness”“openness” while allwhile all other variables wereother variables were
kept the same.kept the same.
Control groupControl group — These jars of meat were— These jars of meat were
set outset out without lidswithout lids so the meat would beso the meat would be
exposed to whatever it might be in theexposed to whatever it might be in the
butcher shop.butcher shop.
Experimental group(s)Experimental group(s) — One group of jars— One group of jars
werewere sealedsealed with lids, and another group ofwith lids, and another group of
jars had gauze placed over them.jars had gauze placed over them.
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Step 4 - DataStep 4 - Data
Presence or absence of fliesPresence or absence of flies
and maggots observed in eachand maggots observed in each
jar wasjar was recordedrecorded..
Control groupControl group – flies entered,– flies entered,
laid eggs, & maggots emergedlaid eggs, & maggots emerged
Gauze coveredGauze covered – flies on gauze,– flies on gauze,
but not in jarbut not in jar
Sealed jarsSealed jars – No maggots or– No maggots or
flies on the meatflies on the meat
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Step 5 - ConclusionStep 5 - Conclusion
Only flies can make more fliesOnly flies can make more flies. In the. In the
uncovered jarsuncovered jars, flies entered and laid eggs, flies entered and laid eggs
on the meat. Maggots hatched from theseon the meat. Maggots hatched from these
eggs and grew into more adult flies. Adulteggs and grew into more adult flies. Adult
flies laid eggs on the gauze on the gauze-flies laid eggs on the gauze on the gauze-
covered jars. These eggs or the maggotscovered jars. These eggs or the maggots
from them dropped through the gauze ontofrom them dropped through the gauze onto
the meat. In thethe meat. In the sealed jarssealed jars, no flies,, no flies,
maggots, nor eggs could enter, thus nonemaggots, nor eggs could enter, thus none
were seen in those jars. Maggots arose onlywere seen in those jars. Maggots arose only
where flies were able to lay eggs.where flies were able to lay eggs. ThisThis
experiment disproved the idea ofexperiment disproved the idea of
spontaneous generation for larger organisms.spontaneous generation for larger organisms.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
Leeuwenhoek beganLeeuwenhoek began makingmaking andand
looking throughlooking through simple microscopessimple microscopes
He often made a new microscopeHe often made a new microscope
for each specimenfor each specimen
HeHe examined waterexamined water and visualizedand visualized
tiny animals, fungi, algae, andtiny animals, fungi, algae, and
single celled protozoa;single celled protozoa;
“animalcules”“animalcules”
By end of 19By end of 19thth
century, thesecentury, these
organisms were calledorganisms were called microbesmicrobes
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)
Boiled soups for almost an hourBoiled soups for almost an hour
and sealed containers byand sealed containers by meltingmelting
the slender necks closedthe slender necks closed.
TheThe soups remained clearsoups remained clear..
Later, heLater, he broke the sealsbroke the seals & the& the
soups became cloudysoups became cloudy withwith
microbes.microbes.
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ConclusionConclusion
CriticsCritics said sealed vials didsaid sealed vials did
not allow enough air fornot allow enough air for
organisms to survive and thatorganisms to survive and that
prolonged heating destroyedprolonged heating destroyed
“life force”“life force”
Therefore,Therefore, spontaneousspontaneous
generation remainedgeneration remained thethe
theory of the timetheory of the time
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How Do Microbes Arise?How Do Microbes Arise?
ByBy 18601860, the debate had become so, the debate had become so
heated that theheated that the Paris Academy ofParis Academy of
SciencesSciences offered a prizeoffered a prize for anyfor any
experiments that would help resolveexperiments that would help resolve
this conflictthis conflict
TheThe prize was claimed in 1864 byprize was claimed in 1864 by
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur, as he published the, as he published the
results of an experiment he did toresults of an experiment he did to
disprove spontaneous generation indisprove spontaneous generation in
microscopic organismsmicroscopic organisms
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Pasteur's ProblemPasteur's Problem
Hypothesis:Hypothesis: Microbes comeMicrobes come
from cells of organisms on dustfrom cells of organisms on dust
particles in the air; not the airparticles in the air; not the air
itself.itself.
Pasteur put broth into severalPasteur put broth into several
specialspecial S-shaped flasksS-shaped flasks
Each flask wasEach flask was boiled and placedboiled and placed
at various locationsat various locations
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Pasteur's Experiment -Pasteur's Experiment - Step 1Step 1
S-shaped FlaskS-shaped Flask
Filled withFilled with brothbroth
The special shape wasThe special shape was
intended tointended to trap anytrap any
dust particlesdust particles
containing bacteriacontaining bacteria
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Pasteur's Experiment -Pasteur's Experiment - Step 3Step 3
Flask left at variousFlask left at various
locationslocations
DidDid not turn cloudynot turn cloudy
Microbes not foundMicrobes not found
Notice theNotice the dustdust thatthat
collected in the neckcollected in the neck ofof
the flaskthe flask
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Pasteur’sPasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbesS-shaped flask kept microbes
out but let air inout but let air in..
Proved microbes only come from otherProved microbes only come from other
microbes (life from life) -microbes (life from life) - biogenesisbiogenesis
The Theory of BiogenesisThe Theory of Biogenesis
Figure 1.3copyright cmassengale