This document discusses several biological products including growth hormone, gonadotrophins, blood products, and recombinant versions. It describes that growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and regulates growth, and recombinant versions including Humatrope and Somatropin are used to treat deficiencies. Gonadotrophins like LH, FSH, and hCG are produced by the pituitary and regulate reproduction, and recombinant forms like follitropin alfa, lutropin alfa, and choriogonadotropin alfa are used for infertility treatment. Recombinant blood products discussed include clotting factors for hemophilia A and B, anticoagulants like heparin and
The document discusses different types of anticoagulants. It begins by explaining coagulation and how direct thrombin inhibitors like Hirudin work by directly binding to thrombin. Hirudin is extracted from leech saliva. The document also discusses indirect thrombin inhibitors like heparin, which increases the activity of antithrombin to indirectly inhibit thrombin. Low molecular weight heparins are being used more commonly due to more convenient dosing and similar effectiveness compared to unfractionated heparin.
This document discusses haemostasis, thrombosis, blood coagulation, and drugs that act on the coagulation cascade. It begins by defining haemostasis as the arrest of blood loss from damaged blood vessels, which involves platelet activation and fibrin formation. Thrombosis is defined as the pathological formation of a clot within blood vessels in the absence of bleeding. The document then discusses the coagulation cascade, anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel, and thrombolytic drugs.
This document discusses homeostasis and coagulation. It begins by describing how platelets adhere to injured blood vessels to form clots during homeostasis. It then discusses thrombosis and how clots can block vessels. It details the coagulation process and factors involved. It describes the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. It discusses substances that promote coagulation like calcium and vitamin K. It also covers anticoagulants like heparin and oral anticoagulants. Finally, it summarizes fibrinolytics like streptokinase that are used to break up clots.
This power point is dedicated to deliver history of transfusion, its biology, Procedures for safe transfusion, Indications ,complications and their management.
This document provides an overview of anticoagulants, including their general use in preventing blood clotting, a brief overview of the blood coagulation process, and descriptions of several anticoagulant drugs both currently used and in development. It discusses the mechanisms of action and uses of heparin, warfarin, newer oral anticoagulants like dabigatran and rivaroxaban, and the future potential for anticoagulants that directly target specific coagulation factors such as factor Xa.
Blood Coagulation , ABO blood group & Rh factorSusmitaShaw3
1) The document summarizes blood coagulation, ABO blood group system, and Rh factor. It describes the process of haemostasis including vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
2) It explains the ABO blood group system which is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens. The four blood groups are A, B, AB, and O depending on which antigens are present. It also describes the corresponding agglutinins (antibodies) found in each blood group.
3) The genetic inheritance of blood groups is discussed where the A, B, and O genes determine the antigens present. The Rh factor, a
Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential blood-clotting protein, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF). In humans, factor VIII is encoded by the F8 gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, a recessive X-linked coagulation disorder. ... The factor VIII gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which leads to the formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin, warfarin, and citrates prevent coagulation by various mechanisms such as inhibiting thrombin or removing calcium from blood. Bleeding disorders occur when there are deficiencies in specific clotting factors.
The document discusses different types of anticoagulants. It begins by explaining coagulation and how direct thrombin inhibitors like Hirudin work by directly binding to thrombin. Hirudin is extracted from leech saliva. The document also discusses indirect thrombin inhibitors like heparin, which increases the activity of antithrombin to indirectly inhibit thrombin. Low molecular weight heparins are being used more commonly due to more convenient dosing and similar effectiveness compared to unfractionated heparin.
This document discusses haemostasis, thrombosis, blood coagulation, and drugs that act on the coagulation cascade. It begins by defining haemostasis as the arrest of blood loss from damaged blood vessels, which involves platelet activation and fibrin formation. Thrombosis is defined as the pathological formation of a clot within blood vessels in the absence of bleeding. The document then discusses the coagulation cascade, anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel, and thrombolytic drugs.
This document discusses homeostasis and coagulation. It begins by describing how platelets adhere to injured blood vessels to form clots during homeostasis. It then discusses thrombosis and how clots can block vessels. It details the coagulation process and factors involved. It describes the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. It discusses substances that promote coagulation like calcium and vitamin K. It also covers anticoagulants like heparin and oral anticoagulants. Finally, it summarizes fibrinolytics like streptokinase that are used to break up clots.
This power point is dedicated to deliver history of transfusion, its biology, Procedures for safe transfusion, Indications ,complications and their management.
This document provides an overview of anticoagulants, including their general use in preventing blood clotting, a brief overview of the blood coagulation process, and descriptions of several anticoagulant drugs both currently used and in development. It discusses the mechanisms of action and uses of heparin, warfarin, newer oral anticoagulants like dabigatran and rivaroxaban, and the future potential for anticoagulants that directly target specific coagulation factors such as factor Xa.
Blood Coagulation , ABO blood group & Rh factorSusmitaShaw3
1) The document summarizes blood coagulation, ABO blood group system, and Rh factor. It describes the process of haemostasis including vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
2) It explains the ABO blood group system which is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens. The four blood groups are A, B, AB, and O depending on which antigens are present. It also describes the corresponding agglutinins (antibodies) found in each blood group.
3) The genetic inheritance of blood groups is discussed where the A, B, and O genes determine the antigens present. The Rh factor, a
Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential blood-clotting protein, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF). In humans, factor VIII is encoded by the F8 gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, a recessive X-linked coagulation disorder. ... The factor VIII gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which leads to the formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin, warfarin, and citrates prevent coagulation by various mechanisms such as inhibiting thrombin or removing calcium from blood. Bleeding disorders occur when there are deficiencies in specific clotting factors.
3. Clinical Phk-Dosing in special Population & TDM.pptxjiregna5
This document discusses dosing considerations for various patient populations including infants, children, elderly patients, obese patients, and patients with renal impairment. It notes that infants and children require different dosing than adults due to differences in body composition, organ maturity, and pharmacokinetic parameters. The elderly also have altered pharmacokinetics due to changes in organ function, body composition, and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Obese patients require dosing based on ideal body weight rather than actual weight. Patients with renal impairment require dose adjustments based on creatinine clearance to maintain therapeutic drug levels. Common methods for estimating creatinine clearance and adjusting doses based on clearance or elimination rate constant are presented.
This document discusses business financing and sources of financing. It covers internal sources of equity capital like personal savings, friends and family, partners, and public stock sales. It also discusses external sources of debt financing like bank loans. The document provides details on different types of financing needed at various stages, including permanent capital, working capital, and asset financing. It compares angels and venture capitalists as sources of equity financing. The document also includes additional remarks on savings, investments, and how to prepare a personal budget to save.
The document discusses intravenous bolus and infusion dosing using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It defines the relationships between plasma drug concentration over time for IV bolus and infusion dosing. It also describes how to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters elimination rate constant (k), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (Cl) from plasma drug concentration data. It provides examples of calculating multiple dose regimens to achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations.
This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and provides definitions and concepts related to pharmacokinetic modeling. It defines clinical pharmacokinetics as the application of pharmacokinetic principles to safely and effectively manage drug therapy in individual patients. It also discusses various pharmacokinetic models including compartmental and mammillary models which simplify the complex processes in the body to predict a drug's behavior. Key concepts covered include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
GENE THERAPY AND GENE DELIVERY SYSTEMS GROUP 5.pptxjiregna5
Genes are the basic units of heredity that encode proteins. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by correcting defective genes. There are several approaches, including inserting a normal gene to replace a faulty one. Gene therapy can be somatic, only affecting the individual, or germline, making the effects heritable. Vectors like viruses are used to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells. Common types are adenoviruses, retroviruses, and AAVs. Gene therapy holds promise for treating many genetic disorders and diseases like cancer.
The document discusses the pharmacotherapy of asthma. It begins by defining asthma and describing its global epidemiology. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects hundreds of millions worldwide. It then covers the etiology and pathophysiology of asthma, noting it has multiple genetic and environmental factors and involves airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, assessment of severity, and general management approach are outlined. Pharmacological treatment options for asthma include controllers to reduce inflammation, relievers for acute symptoms, and oral corticosteroids for exacerbations. Initial and adjusted long-term control is emphasized.
Barbiturates are used as hypnotic and sedative agents and for inducing anesthesia and treating epilepsy. They are divided into four groups based on their pharmacologic activity and duration of action. All barbiturates cause generalized depression of neuronal activity in the brain by enhancing GABA-mediated chloride currents. Toxicity depends on dose, route, and individual tolerance, and is likely above 5-10 times the hypnotic dose. Treatment involves airway protection, activated charcoal, alkalization to increase elimination of phenobarbital, repeat-dose charcoal, and hemodialysis for severe intoxication.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease that causes loss of cartilage. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints and is more prevalent with age. Risk factors include obesity, joint injuries, genetics, and certain occupations. Treatment involves patient education, exercise, weight loss if overweight, and medications. First line medications include acetaminophen, topical or oral NSAIDs, and corticosteroid injections. If pain is not controlled, tramadol, duloxetine, or opioids may be used. Non-drug therapies and conservative use of medications are recommended due to the risk of side effects from long term drug use.
This document provides information on gout and hyperuricemia. It discusses the pathophysiology of gout, including how uric acid crystals form in the joints and cause inflammation. It also covers risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Treatment involves acute relief of gout attacks with medications like NSAIDs or colchicine, as well as long-term urate-lowering therapy with drugs like allopurinol or febuxostat to prevent future attacks by lowering uric acid levels.
The document contains a list of 28 students with their names and identification numbers. It then provides objectives, introductions, definitions, and discussions around glaucoma including epidemiology, pathophysiology of open angle and angle-closure glaucoma, clinical presentation, treatment approaches for open angle glaucoma, suspected glaucoma, and angle-closure glaucoma. Treatment modalities, goals of therapy, and monitoring plans are described for different types of glaucoma.
pharm build z team and manage the conflict (1).pptxjiregna5
This document discusses team building and conflict management. It defines what a team is and describes the 5 stages of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. It also discusses the five dysfunctions of a team. The document then defines conflict and describes the different types, levels, and outcomes of conflict. It distinguishes between conflict management and conflict resolution, describing conflict management as designing strategies to minimize dysfunctions and enhance constructive functions of conflict. Finally, it outlines four conflict management techniques and three approaches to conflict: lose-lose, win-lose, and win-win.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of heart failure. It begins with definitions of heart failure and its etiology. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting it is a prevalent disease that increases significantly with age. The pathophysiology section describes the compensatory mechanisms involved, including the Frank-Starling mechanism, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and others. The document also covers classification systems, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for stages A through D of heart failure. It provides details on various drug classes used to treat heart failure, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and diuretics.
This document discusses clinical toxicology and the management of poisoned patients. It begins by explaining factors that contribute to the action of poisons, such as dose, form, route of administration, and individual physiology. It then outlines the six key steps in managing a poisoned patient: 1) stabilization, 2) diagnosis, 3) preventing further absorption, 4) enhancing elimination, 5) administering antidotes, and 6) providing supportive care. Specific techniques to prevent further absorption discussed include decontamination, induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal or laxatives. The goal of management is to stabilize the patient and keep toxin levels low through prevention of absorption and increased elimination.
This document discusses disorders of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to estimate body fluid compartments, calculate daily fluid requirements, differentiate fluid types, identify electrolyte compartments, describe the sodium-water relationship, and review electrolyte disorders. It then describes the various body fluid compartments and their volumes. Later sections discuss fluid management strategies, monitoring parameters, and sodium disorders like hyponatremia.
Drug-induced kidney disease (DIKD) can have various presentations depending on the drug and clinical setting. Studies show that 20-30% of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) cases are associated with nephrotoxic medications such as aminoglycosides, iodinated contrast media, and NSAIDs. DIKD most commonly manifests as acute tubular necrosis, characterized by rises in serum creatinine and BUN, along with urinary abnormalities. Prevention focuses on avoiding unnecessary nephrotoxic drugs, proper dosing based on kidney function, and adequate hydration. Management involves discontinuing causative agents and providing supportive care.
This document discusses autacoids and drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. It defines autacoids as biological factors that act like local hormones near their site of synthesis. Various classifications of autacoids are described, including biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, and membrane-derived lipids. Histamine is discussed in detail as an example autacoid. The document then covers antihistamines, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and examples of first and second generation agents. Finally, the document discusses eicosanoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for treating inflammation.
This document provides an overview of primary health care (PHC). It discusses the history and development of PHC, beginning with the World Health Organization's goal of attaining the highest level of health for all people. Various approaches between 1948 and 1978 were unable to meet this objective, until the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration established PHC as the key strategy. The principles of PHC include intersectoral collaboration, community involvement, appropriate technology, equity, prevention focus, and decentralization. The strategy involves changes to health systems, individual/collective responsibility, and intersectoral action. Components encompass health education, nutrition, water/sanitation, maternal/child health, immunization, disease control, and essential drugs
This document discusses existing and emerging health issues in Ethiopia. It notes that while Ethiopia has made improvements in health indicators, challenges remain like neonatal mortality, under-5 deaths, and maternal mortality. Emerging issues like COVID-19 also impact health. The building blocks of the health system are described, including health service delivery, workforce, information systems, access to medicines, financing, and leadership. National health policy in Ethiopia focuses on decentralization and developing preventive care. Strategies under the Health Sector Transformation Plan aim to improve quality, equity, and universal health coverage. Reforms introduced revenue retention and exemptions to improve access.
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal tract disorders. It focuses on drugs for peptic ulcer disease, including proton pump inhibitors which irreversibly block acid production, and H2 receptor antagonists which reversibly compete with histamine. Proton pump inhibitors are more potent but H2 receptor antagonists adequately suppress nocturnal acid secretion. Cytoprotective drugs like misoprostol and sucralfate are also used. The document provides details on the physiology of acid secretion, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes.
This document discusses autacoids and drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. It defines autacoids as biological factors that act like local hormones near their site of synthesis. Various classifications of autacoids are described, including biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, and membrane-derived lipids. Histamine is discussed in detail as an example autacoid. The document then covers antihistamines, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and examples of first and second generation agents. Finally, the document discusses eicosanoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for treating inflammation.
3. Clinical Phk-Dosing in special Population & TDM.pptxjiregna5
This document discusses dosing considerations for various patient populations including infants, children, elderly patients, obese patients, and patients with renal impairment. It notes that infants and children require different dosing than adults due to differences in body composition, organ maturity, and pharmacokinetic parameters. The elderly also have altered pharmacokinetics due to changes in organ function, body composition, and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Obese patients require dosing based on ideal body weight rather than actual weight. Patients with renal impairment require dose adjustments based on creatinine clearance to maintain therapeutic drug levels. Common methods for estimating creatinine clearance and adjusting doses based on clearance or elimination rate constant are presented.
This document discusses business financing and sources of financing. It covers internal sources of equity capital like personal savings, friends and family, partners, and public stock sales. It also discusses external sources of debt financing like bank loans. The document provides details on different types of financing needed at various stages, including permanent capital, working capital, and asset financing. It compares angels and venture capitalists as sources of equity financing. The document also includes additional remarks on savings, investments, and how to prepare a personal budget to save.
The document discusses intravenous bolus and infusion dosing using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It defines the relationships between plasma drug concentration over time for IV bolus and infusion dosing. It also describes how to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters elimination rate constant (k), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (Cl) from plasma drug concentration data. It provides examples of calculating multiple dose regimens to achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations.
This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and provides definitions and concepts related to pharmacokinetic modeling. It defines clinical pharmacokinetics as the application of pharmacokinetic principles to safely and effectively manage drug therapy in individual patients. It also discusses various pharmacokinetic models including compartmental and mammillary models which simplify the complex processes in the body to predict a drug's behavior. Key concepts covered include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
GENE THERAPY AND GENE DELIVERY SYSTEMS GROUP 5.pptxjiregna5
Genes are the basic units of heredity that encode proteins. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by correcting defective genes. There are several approaches, including inserting a normal gene to replace a faulty one. Gene therapy can be somatic, only affecting the individual, or germline, making the effects heritable. Vectors like viruses are used to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells. Common types are adenoviruses, retroviruses, and AAVs. Gene therapy holds promise for treating many genetic disorders and diseases like cancer.
The document discusses the pharmacotherapy of asthma. It begins by defining asthma and describing its global epidemiology. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects hundreds of millions worldwide. It then covers the etiology and pathophysiology of asthma, noting it has multiple genetic and environmental factors and involves airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, assessment of severity, and general management approach are outlined. Pharmacological treatment options for asthma include controllers to reduce inflammation, relievers for acute symptoms, and oral corticosteroids for exacerbations. Initial and adjusted long-term control is emphasized.
Barbiturates are used as hypnotic and sedative agents and for inducing anesthesia and treating epilepsy. They are divided into four groups based on their pharmacologic activity and duration of action. All barbiturates cause generalized depression of neuronal activity in the brain by enhancing GABA-mediated chloride currents. Toxicity depends on dose, route, and individual tolerance, and is likely above 5-10 times the hypnotic dose. Treatment involves airway protection, activated charcoal, alkalization to increase elimination of phenobarbital, repeat-dose charcoal, and hemodialysis for severe intoxication.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease that causes loss of cartilage. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints and is more prevalent with age. Risk factors include obesity, joint injuries, genetics, and certain occupations. Treatment involves patient education, exercise, weight loss if overweight, and medications. First line medications include acetaminophen, topical or oral NSAIDs, and corticosteroid injections. If pain is not controlled, tramadol, duloxetine, or opioids may be used. Non-drug therapies and conservative use of medications are recommended due to the risk of side effects from long term drug use.
This document provides information on gout and hyperuricemia. It discusses the pathophysiology of gout, including how uric acid crystals form in the joints and cause inflammation. It also covers risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Treatment involves acute relief of gout attacks with medications like NSAIDs or colchicine, as well as long-term urate-lowering therapy with drugs like allopurinol or febuxostat to prevent future attacks by lowering uric acid levels.
The document contains a list of 28 students with their names and identification numbers. It then provides objectives, introductions, definitions, and discussions around glaucoma including epidemiology, pathophysiology of open angle and angle-closure glaucoma, clinical presentation, treatment approaches for open angle glaucoma, suspected glaucoma, and angle-closure glaucoma. Treatment modalities, goals of therapy, and monitoring plans are described for different types of glaucoma.
pharm build z team and manage the conflict (1).pptxjiregna5
This document discusses team building and conflict management. It defines what a team is and describes the 5 stages of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. It also discusses the five dysfunctions of a team. The document then defines conflict and describes the different types, levels, and outcomes of conflict. It distinguishes between conflict management and conflict resolution, describing conflict management as designing strategies to minimize dysfunctions and enhance constructive functions of conflict. Finally, it outlines four conflict management techniques and three approaches to conflict: lose-lose, win-lose, and win-win.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of heart failure. It begins with definitions of heart failure and its etiology. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting it is a prevalent disease that increases significantly with age. The pathophysiology section describes the compensatory mechanisms involved, including the Frank-Starling mechanism, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and others. The document also covers classification systems, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for stages A through D of heart failure. It provides details on various drug classes used to treat heart failure, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and diuretics.
This document discusses clinical toxicology and the management of poisoned patients. It begins by explaining factors that contribute to the action of poisons, such as dose, form, route of administration, and individual physiology. It then outlines the six key steps in managing a poisoned patient: 1) stabilization, 2) diagnosis, 3) preventing further absorption, 4) enhancing elimination, 5) administering antidotes, and 6) providing supportive care. Specific techniques to prevent further absorption discussed include decontamination, induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal or laxatives. The goal of management is to stabilize the patient and keep toxin levels low through prevention of absorption and increased elimination.
This document discusses disorders of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to estimate body fluid compartments, calculate daily fluid requirements, differentiate fluid types, identify electrolyte compartments, describe the sodium-water relationship, and review electrolyte disorders. It then describes the various body fluid compartments and their volumes. Later sections discuss fluid management strategies, monitoring parameters, and sodium disorders like hyponatremia.
Drug-induced kidney disease (DIKD) can have various presentations depending on the drug and clinical setting. Studies show that 20-30% of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) cases are associated with nephrotoxic medications such as aminoglycosides, iodinated contrast media, and NSAIDs. DIKD most commonly manifests as acute tubular necrosis, characterized by rises in serum creatinine and BUN, along with urinary abnormalities. Prevention focuses on avoiding unnecessary nephrotoxic drugs, proper dosing based on kidney function, and adequate hydration. Management involves discontinuing causative agents and providing supportive care.
This document discusses autacoids and drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. It defines autacoids as biological factors that act like local hormones near their site of synthesis. Various classifications of autacoids are described, including biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, and membrane-derived lipids. Histamine is discussed in detail as an example autacoid. The document then covers antihistamines, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and examples of first and second generation agents. Finally, the document discusses eicosanoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for treating inflammation.
This document provides an overview of primary health care (PHC). It discusses the history and development of PHC, beginning with the World Health Organization's goal of attaining the highest level of health for all people. Various approaches between 1948 and 1978 were unable to meet this objective, until the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration established PHC as the key strategy. The principles of PHC include intersectoral collaboration, community involvement, appropriate technology, equity, prevention focus, and decentralization. The strategy involves changes to health systems, individual/collective responsibility, and intersectoral action. Components encompass health education, nutrition, water/sanitation, maternal/child health, immunization, disease control, and essential drugs
This document discusses existing and emerging health issues in Ethiopia. It notes that while Ethiopia has made improvements in health indicators, challenges remain like neonatal mortality, under-5 deaths, and maternal mortality. Emerging issues like COVID-19 also impact health. The building blocks of the health system are described, including health service delivery, workforce, information systems, access to medicines, financing, and leadership. National health policy in Ethiopia focuses on decentralization and developing preventive care. Strategies under the Health Sector Transformation Plan aim to improve quality, equity, and universal health coverage. Reforms introduced revenue retention and exemptions to improve access.
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal tract disorders. It focuses on drugs for peptic ulcer disease, including proton pump inhibitors which irreversibly block acid production, and H2 receptor antagonists which reversibly compete with histamine. Proton pump inhibitors are more potent but H2 receptor antagonists adequately suppress nocturnal acid secretion. Cytoprotective drugs like misoprostol and sucralfate are also used. The document provides details on the physiology of acid secretion, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes.
This document discusses autacoids and drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. It defines autacoids as biological factors that act like local hormones near their site of synthesis. Various classifications of autacoids are described, including biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, and membrane-derived lipids. Histamine is discussed in detail as an example autacoid. The document then covers antihistamines, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and examples of first and second generation agents. Finally, the document discusses eicosanoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for treating inflammation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
2. Growth Hormone…
2/22/2023
Biological Products By: Sintayehu A.
2
Human growth hormone (hGH) is a protein hormone
essential for normal growth and development in
humans
GH is secreted by pituitary gland
absence or inadequate GH during childhood results
in dwarfism
too much GH causes acromegaly, a form of
gigantism
3. Growth Hormone…
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Naturally occurring hGH has been replaced with
rDNA products
rhGH is produced in E. coli
Some of rhGH preparations approved for general
medical use are:
Humatrope: indicated for treatment of hGH
deficiency in children
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Somatropin: indicated for the long-term treatment of
children
who fail to grow and
for growth problems associated with CRF
Somavert: GH receptor antagonist
indicated for treatment of patients suffering from
acromegaly
Somatostatin: indicated for treatment of acromegaly
6. Gonadotrophins
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The three hormones collectively called gonadotrophins
are
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
their primary target is the gonads
regulate reproductive function
7. Gonadotrophins…
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Most gonadotrophins are synthesized by the pituitary
glands
insufficient endogenous production adversely
affect reproductive function
treated by administration of an exogenous
preparation
8. Gonadotrophins…
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Recombinant gonadotrophins
Gonadotrophins are now also produced by rDNA
technology
available recombinant forms are
rFSH (follitropin-alfa and follitropin-beta)
rLH (lutropin-alfa), and
rhCG (choriogonadotropin-alfa)
9. Gonadotrophins…
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Recombinant gonadotrophins …
Follitropins
hormonal products that consist entirely of FSH
used to stimulate ovarian follicle growth in women
are human FSH preparations produced by rDNA
10. Gonadotrophins…
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Recombinant gonadotrophins …
Follitropin-alfa ( or Gonal-F and follitropin-beta (or
Follistim)
both are approved for infertility treatment
Lutropin alfa (Luveris)
rDNA product of human LH
It is indicated for use in infertile women
11. Gonadotrophins…
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Recombinant gonadotrophins …
Ovitrelle (choriogonadotropin-alfa)
It is a recombinant hCG (rhCG)
It is indicated for the treatment of female infertility
due to anovulation
12. Other recombinant hormones
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Oxytocin and vasopressin
Oxytocin: has uterotonic action and plays role in milk
ejection
Exogenous oxytocin most commonly is used for
induction of labor
13. Other recombinant hormones…
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Vasopressin: Human vasopressin is chemically very
similar to oxytocin
Its physiologic role is
regulation of water reabsorption in the renal
tubules
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
An inadequate ADH can cause diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin : ???
15. Recombinant blood products…
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Blood and blood products constitute a major group of
traditional biologics
The main components of blood are the red and white
blood cells, along with platelets
Whole blood, red blood cell and platelet concentrates
remains in routine therapeutic use
16. Recombinant blood products…
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A variety of therapeutically important blood proteins also
purified from plasma
These include various clotting factors and immunoglobulins
Blood proteins/blood-related proteins produced by genetic
engineering include
recombinant coagulation factors, anticoagulants and
thrombolytic
17. Clotting factors
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Blood plays various vital roles within the body
blood loss occurs upon vascular damage
Thus, the rapid arrest of blood loss is very important
to maintain a relatively constant blood volume
effectively maintaining haemostasis
18. Clotting factors …
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In humans, three main mechanisms underline the
haemostatic process
Clumping of blood platelets at the site of vascular
injury
Localized constriction of the blood vessel
Induction of the blood coagulation cascade
Fibrinogen converted into fibrin
Fibrin aggregate at the site of damage, thus
forming a clot (thrombus) to seal it off
19. Clotting factors …
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The coagulation cascade involves a series of
enzymatic processes and protein activations
transform inactive pro-enzymes to their active
forms
result in formation of thrombin
These enzymes are known as blood-clotting factors
20. Clotting factors …
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Blood coagulation is thus, dependent upon clotting
factors and platelets
More than 12 blood-clotting factors, including factors
VII, VIII, IX, and X are pivotal to the formation of
thrombin
21. Clotting factors …
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Factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin:
Individual fibrin molecules aggregate to form clot
deposits at the injury site reduce leakage
22. Clotting disorders
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Genetic defects of any clotting factor can have serious clinical
consequences
In order to promote effective clotting, the coagulation
pathways must be functional
inhibition of these pathways will result in severely retarded
coagulation ability
spontaneous bruising and haemorrhage
23. Clotting disorders…
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Hemophilias
The hemophilias are a group of related, usually inherited,
bleeding disorders
Inherited bleeding disorders include abnormalities of
coagulation factors as well as platelet function
24. Clotting disorders…
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Abnormalities that result in a delay in blood
coagulation
Types:
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Hemophilia A: a lifelong bleeding disorder, results
from a deficiency of factor VIII
Treatment: Antihemophiliac factor, or factor VIII
25. Clotting disorders…
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Haemophilia B : clotting disorders resulted from
deficiency of factor IX
Haemophilia B are treated by i.v. administration of a
concentrate of factor IX
obtained by fractionation of human blood
26. Clotting disorders…
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However, administration of whole blood or concentrates
of the relevant coagulation factor purified from whole
blood entails significant risk ???
This has hastened the development of recombinant
products
recombinant coagulation factors
27. Recombinant blood products
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Some recombinant blood coagulation factors
Product name Indication
rhFactor VIII( Advate) Haemophilia A
rhFactor VIII (Bioclate) Haemophilia A
rhFactor IX (Benefix) Haemophilia B
rhFactor VIII (Kogenate) Haemophilia A
rhFactor VIII (Recombinate) Haemophilia A
rhFactor VIIa (NovoSeven) Haemophilia A and B
28. Anticoagulants
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inappropriate clotting can give rise to serious,
sometimes fatal medical conditions
clot (a thrombus) within diseased blood vessels
partially or completely obstructs the flow of blood
Anticoagulants are substances that can prevent blood
from clotting
30. Anticoagulants…
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Heparin
mainly found stored intra-cellularly in mast cells
Upon release into the bloodstream, it binds to and
activates anti-thrombin
heparin–anti-thrombin complex then binds a number
of activated clotting factors (i.e. IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa and
XIIa)
inactivating activated clotting factors
31. Anticoagulants…
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Heparin was originally extracted from liver (hence its
name)
commercial preparations are extracted from beef
lung or porcine gastric mucosa
32. Anticoagulants…
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Hirudin
Hirudin is a leech-derived anticoagulant that
functions by directly inhibiting thrombin
Two hirudin derivatives are available as inhibitors of
thrombin for clinical use
lepirudin (Refludan)
bivalrudin (Angiomax)
34. Thrombolytic agents
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Deposition of fibrin and platelets in the vasculature
leads to thromboembolic diseases
mortality and morbidity
clot is removed via an enzymatic degradative process
known as fibrinolysis
During fibrinolysis,
plasminogen is enzymatically converted to the
plasmin
plasmin digests the insoluble fibrin matrix to
soluble fibrin degradation products
35. Thrombolytic agents…
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Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
t-PA (aka fibrinokinase) represents the most important
physiological activator of plasminogen
t-PA
Plasminogen
Fibrin
Plasmin
Fibrin
degradation
products
36. Thrombolytic agents…
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Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents: rt-PA
t-PA normally synthesized at low quantities
The t-PA gene was cloned from the melanoma cell line
this facilitated subsequent large-scale production in
CHO cell lines by rDNA technology
Alteplase: the first rDNA thrombolytic agents
effective in the early treatment of patients with
AMI
Streptokinase???
37. Thrombolytic agents…
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Urokinase
Urokinase is produced by kidney
It is found both in the plasma and urine
It is capable of converting plasminogen into
plasmin
Urokinase utilized medically is generally purified
directly from human urine
It can also be produced by rDNA technology