This document contains 25 questions assessing knowledge of key concepts in biology including:
1) The structure of DNA and how base substitution mutations can cause diseases like sickle cell anemia.
2) The production of dipeptides via condensation reactions and the role of condensation and hydrolysis in amino acid and dipeptide relationships.
3) Processes of translation, aerobic respiration including oxidative phosphorylation, and effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
عرض يوضح الحراك المجتمعى والعمرانى الذى تم فى منطقة أرض اللواء أحد مناطق الإسكان غير الرسمى فى القاهرة خلال العامين التاليين لثورة ال 25 من يناير 2011 ، بالإضافة إلى عرض الأنشطة التى قام بها الإئتلاف الشعبى بأرض اللواء أحد اللجان المنبثقة عن الثورة وتعاونهم مع العديد من الجهات الحكومية مثل محافظة الجيزة وحى العجوزة ووزارة الإسكان ومجلس الوزراء بالإضافة إلى التعاون مع المتخصصين فى مجال التنمية العمرانية مثل صندوق تطوير العشوائيات ومختبر عمران القاهرة للتصميم والدراسات "CLUSTER"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPE0dH2NLqo
عرض يوضح الحراك المجتمعى والعمرانى الذى تم فى منطقة أرض اللواء أحد مناطق الإسكان غير الرسمى فى القاهرة خلال العامين التاليين لثورة ال 25 من يناير 2011 ، بالإضافة إلى عرض الأنشطة التى قام بها الإئتلاف الشعبى بأرض اللواء أحد اللجان المنبثقة عن الثورة وتعاونهم مع العديد من الجهات الحكومية مثل محافظة الجيزة وحى العجوزة ووزارة الإسكان ومجلس الوزراء بالإضافة إلى التعاون مع المتخصصين فى مجال التنمية العمرانية مثل صندوق تطوير العشوائيات ومختبر عمران القاهرة للتصميم والدراسات "CLUSTER"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPE0dH2NLqo
Organic I Review Workbook – The Toolbox ALL STAR MOLECU.docxjacksnathalie
Organic I Review Workbook – The Toolbox
ALL “STAR MOLECULES” () SHOULD BE ORGANIZED AND EMPHASIZED AS THEY CAN
BE CALLED UPON AT ANY MOMENT THROUGHOUT THE COURSE. THEY SHOULD BE
KNOWN BY THEIR STAR/COMMON NAME, IUPAC NOMENCLATURE, LINE ANGLE
STRUCTURE, ACRONYM, SHORTHAND NOTATION, FAVORITE FLAVOR OF ICE CREAM,
FAVORITE ONE REPUBLIC SONG, ETC.
1. Review Basic Geometries/Hybridization/Bonding
Questions:
a) Does the electronegativity of a carbon atom increase or decrease with increasing p-
character? Use acetylene and ethylene as examples to help explain your
reasoning. Still stuck? Table 4.1 may provide even more assistance.
b) What is more nucleophilic, a carbon-carbon bond or bond?
c) What is lower in energy, the * orbital or * orbital of a C=C bond?
d) Are the orbitals described in part c) representative of electrophiles or nucleophiles?
e) A lone pair must be in what kind of orbital(s) in order to participate in
resonance/conjugation? s, p, sp, sp2 or sp3. Choose all that apply.
2. Functional Group Recognition / Functional Group Transformation (A+B = C)
Alkene Aldehyde Glycol
Alkyl halide Carboxylic Acid Ketone
Alcohol (alkyl vs aryl) Ether Nitrile
Amine (1°, 2°, 3°) Ester Sulfide
Alkyne Epoxide Thiol
Amide (1°, 2°, 3°) Enol
Questions:
a) Which functional groups above contain the carbonyl/acyl group?
b) Is the carbonyl/acyl carbon of a ketone electrophilic or nucleophilic?
c) All things being equal, which functional group is the most Bronsted acidic (not
including the carboxylic acid)?
d) The transformation of a functional group can be described as a single functional group
starting material (A) being added to a selective environment (B) to generate a new
functional group (C). Basically, A+B = C. With this in mind, which functional
group(s) was (were) NOT synthesized in the first semester (as described in the text)?
e) Which functional group has the most electron rich sp2 oxygen? Provide a structure
to support your answer. Resonance comes in handy here….
f) Is a Bronsted acid a nucleophile or electrophile? A Bronsted base?
g) How many atoms are sp2 hybridized in acetic acid?
h) How many atoms are sp2 hybridized in phenol?
i) How many atoms are sp2 hybridized in heroin?
3. Structural Relationships and Language - Review all terms and definitions for the following:
Constitutional isomers vs Conformation isomers vs Configurational Isomers
Stereoisomers (Diastereomers, Enantiomers)
Optical Activity, Racemic, Meso
Determination of Absolute Configuration
Questions:
a) What term can be used to describe the isomeric relationship above?
b) Each molecule above can be described as a vicinal diol. What is a more common and
more utilized term for describing a vicinal diol (Hint: It is often used in common
nomenclature and can be found on the Functional Group List on page .
Genetic recombination (genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. The process occurs naturally and can also be carried out in the lab.
1. 1. Draw a diagram of the molecular structure of a portion of DNA.
(Total 4 marks)
2. Describe the consequence of a base substitution mutation with regards to sickle cell anaemia.
(Total 7 marks)
2. 3. Outline the production of a dipeptide by a condensation reaction. Include the structure of a
generalized dipeptide in your answer.
(Total 5 marks)
4. Explain the process of translation.
(Total 9 marks)
3. 5. List four functions of proteins, giving an example of each.
(Total 4 marks)
6. Describe the significance of water to living organisms.
(Total 6 marks)
7. Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationship between amino acids and
dipeptides.
(Total 4 marks)
4. . Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
8. (a) Draw and label a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.
(4)
(b) Outline the cellular locations of different named processes in both photosynthesis and
cell respiration.
(6)
(c) Explain the energy flow in a food chain as exemplified by a pyramid of energy.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
5. 9. Explain the process of aerobic respiration including oxidative phosphorylation.
(Total 8 marks)
10. Draw a diagram showing the molecular structure of a section of the DNA molecule.
(Total 5 marks)
11. Outline the process of translation.
(Total 5 marks)
6. 12. Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
(Total 8 marks)
13. List the functions of membrane proteins.
(Total 4 marks)
14. Explain the similarities and differences in anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.
(Total 8 marks)
7. 15. Describe the use of carbohydrates and lipids for energy storage in animals.
(Total 5 marks)
16. Sickle cell anemia is a serious disease caused by a single base substitution mutation.
Explain how a single base substitution mutation can have significant consequences for an
individual.
(Total 6 marks)
17. Outline enzyme-substrate specificity.
(Total 5 marks)
8. 18. Explain how allosteric control of metabolic pathways by end-product inhibition includes
negative feedback and non-competitive inhibition.
(Total 8 marks)
19. Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins, giving one example of each.
(Total 5 marks)
20. State a role for each of four different named enzymes in DNA replication.
(Total 6 marks)
9. 21. Explain how the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis rely on light-dependent
reactions.
(Total 8 marks)
22. Outline the effect of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the
rate of photosynthesis.
(Total 6 marks)
10. 23. The structure of the DNA double helix was described by Watson and Crick in 1953.
Explain the structure of the DNA double helix, including its subunits and the way in which
they are bonded together.
(Total 8 marks)
24. Compare DNA transcription with translation.
(Total 4 marks)
11. 25. Explain the reactions involving the use of light energy that occur in the thylakoids of the
chloroplast.
(Total 8 marks)