BILINGUALISM,CODE SWITCHING,CODE MIXING IN LINGUISTICS

1. BI LINGUALISM

2. BI LINGUALISM
◦ Bilinguals can be defined as individuals who have ‘native-like control of two
languages’ (Bloomfield 1933)
◦ Haugen defined bilinguals as individuals who are fluent in one language but who
‘can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language’
◦ Definition of bilinguals that includes individuals who have various degrees of
language abilities in different domains in both languages, such as ‘those people
who need and use two or more languages (or dialects) in their everyday lives’
(Grosjean 2010: 4).

3. TYPES OF BILINGUALISM
◦ Simultaneous Bilingualism
◦ When a person learns two languages from birth or very early childhood—often from parents
who speak different languages.
◦ Example: A child raised in a Spanish-speaking home while attending an English-speaking school.
◦ Sequential (or Successive) Bilingualism
◦ When one language is learned first, and the second comes later—usually after the age of 3.
◦ Example: A child grows up speaking Korean, then learns English after moving to the U.S.

4. Balanced Bilingualism
◦ When someone has roughly equal proficiency in both languages across
speaking, reading, writing, and understanding.
◦ This is rare, as most bilinguals have a dominant language.
◦ One language is stronger than the other. This is the most common type. Many
bilinguals are stronger in one context (home vs. work, emotional vs. academic
language).

5. ◦ Dominant Bilingualism
◦ One language is stronger than the other. This is the most common type. Many
bilinguals are stronger in one context (home vs. work, emotional vs. academic
language).
◦ Passive (or Receptive) Bilingualism
◦ A person understands a second language but doesn’t speak it well.
◦ Example: Someone who understands family conversations in French but always
responds in English

6. PIDGIN
◦ Lingustic communication system- people who do not share
common language
◦ Developed for trade, colonization , enslavement .
◦ Simple vocabulary from dominant group’s language.

7. ◦ Arise quickly for a function.
◦ Extended- can be passed from generation to generation.

8. ◦ Pidgin survives and becomes the native language of the next generation,now it is
a creole.
◦ Slaves – Develope their Pidgin – everyday purpose.
◦ English creole - Jamaican Creole.
I have already been to town.
Mi ben long taon finis
Me been long town finish
CREOLE