This document discusses key concepts in anthropology including:
- Anthropology is the study of humans and their ancestors through four subfields: cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistics.
- Cultural anthropologists study contemporary human societies and cultures through ethnography and ethnology. Ethnography involves studying a community through fieldwork.
- Societies are organized groups of humans, while culture consists of shared traditions and customs that govern beliefs and behaviors.
- Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to understand human diversity and similarities across cultures and time periods. Intelligence tests and concepts of race are influenced by cultural biases.
This document provides an overview of the four main subfields of anthropology: socio-cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and physical/biological anthropology. It describes the focus and methods of each subfield. Socio-cultural anthropology studies contemporary human societies and cultures through ethnography and ethnology. Linguistic anthropology examines language and its relationship to culture and society. Archaeology studies past cultures through excavating and analyzing material remains. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and biological variation.
This document provides an introduction to anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of humans, their origins, development, and variations across cultures and time periods. It notes that anthropology studies both the biological and cultural aspects of humans.
The document then outlines four main subfields of anthropology: physical/biological anthropology; archaeological anthropology; linguistic anthropology; and socio-cultural anthropology. It provides brief descriptions of the scope and focus of each subfield.
The document also discusses some key characteristics and aspects of human culture, which is a central focus of anthropological study. It defines culture and notes that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, adaptive and dynamic. It
Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to understanding humanity. It is divided into four subfields: archaeology studies past human life through material remains; biological anthropology analyzes human evolution and variation; linguistics examines language development; and cultural anthropology studies human behavior and culture. Anthropologists use participant observation and field work to collect data. They must be aware of ethical issues and avoid ethnocentrism through self-reflection on their own biases.
Anthropological Perspectives On Human Appearance And Body ImageJim Webb
This document provides an overview of anthropological perspectives on human appearance and body image. It discusses how all four subfields of anthropology (cultural, physical/biological, linguistic, archaeological) have studied these topics. However, cultural anthropology has been most engaged, using ethnography to understand cultural meanings and contexts. Two trends are bringing anthropologists and psychologists together: cross-cultural research interests and use of validated psychological measures for comparison. Anthropological methods provide emic perspectives to complement psychology's etic focus on universal mechanisms.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, their societies, and cultures across space and time. It examines humans from a biological and cultural perspective. The major subfields are physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to understanding human diversity and commonality. It seeks to avoid ethnocentrism through studying cultures on their own terms. Anthropology makes valuable contributions through gaining insights into different human ways of life and helping people appreciate cultural diversity.
ANTHRO -Anthropology draws knowledge and methods from any discipline that can...JessaMaeBasa
Anthropology is the holistic study of human beings through four subdisciplines: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology studies human evolution, variation, and our relationship to other animals. Archaeology examines human material culture and features from the past and present. Linguistic anthropology analyzes language and communication. Cultural anthropology focuses on contemporary and historic human societies through their cultures using fieldwork and cultural relativism. Anthropology seeks to create better understanding among people by explaining human behavior and perspectives across societies.
Physical anthropology studies humans from a biological perspective, including human evolution, physical variations between populations, and primate biology and behavior. Sociocultural anthropology focuses on human culture and social organization through ethnographic fieldwork. Archaeological anthropology studies past human societies through excavating and analyzing material remains. Linguistic anthropology examines language as a cultural system and how language relates to other aspects of human behavior and thought. Together, the four main approaches seek to understand humans and human diversity.
This document provides an overview of the four main subfields of anthropology: socio-cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and physical/biological anthropology. It describes the focus and methods of each subfield. Socio-cultural anthropology studies contemporary human societies and cultures through ethnography and ethnology. Linguistic anthropology examines language and its relationship to culture and society. Archaeology studies past cultures through excavating and analyzing material remains. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and biological variation.
This document provides an introduction to anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of humans, their origins, development, and variations across cultures and time periods. It notes that anthropology studies both the biological and cultural aspects of humans.
The document then outlines four main subfields of anthropology: physical/biological anthropology; archaeological anthropology; linguistic anthropology; and socio-cultural anthropology. It provides brief descriptions of the scope and focus of each subfield.
The document also discusses some key characteristics and aspects of human culture, which is a central focus of anthropological study. It defines culture and notes that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, adaptive and dynamic. It
Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to understanding humanity. It is divided into four subfields: archaeology studies past human life through material remains; biological anthropology analyzes human evolution and variation; linguistics examines language development; and cultural anthropology studies human behavior and culture. Anthropologists use participant observation and field work to collect data. They must be aware of ethical issues and avoid ethnocentrism through self-reflection on their own biases.
Anthropological Perspectives On Human Appearance And Body ImageJim Webb
This document provides an overview of anthropological perspectives on human appearance and body image. It discusses how all four subfields of anthropology (cultural, physical/biological, linguistic, archaeological) have studied these topics. However, cultural anthropology has been most engaged, using ethnography to understand cultural meanings and contexts. Two trends are bringing anthropologists and psychologists together: cross-cultural research interests and use of validated psychological measures for comparison. Anthropological methods provide emic perspectives to complement psychology's etic focus on universal mechanisms.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, their societies, and cultures across space and time. It examines humans from a biological and cultural perspective. The major subfields are physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to understanding human diversity and commonality. It seeks to avoid ethnocentrism through studying cultures on their own terms. Anthropology makes valuable contributions through gaining insights into different human ways of life and helping people appreciate cultural diversity.
ANTHRO -Anthropology draws knowledge and methods from any discipline that can...JessaMaeBasa
Anthropology is the holistic study of human beings through four subdisciplines: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology studies human evolution, variation, and our relationship to other animals. Archaeology examines human material culture and features from the past and present. Linguistic anthropology analyzes language and communication. Cultural anthropology focuses on contemporary and historic human societies through their cultures using fieldwork and cultural relativism. Anthropology seeks to create better understanding among people by explaining human behavior and perspectives across societies.
Physical anthropology studies humans from a biological perspective, including human evolution, physical variations between populations, and primate biology and behavior. Sociocultural anthropology focuses on human culture and social organization through ethnographic fieldwork. Archaeological anthropology studies past human societies through excavating and analyzing material remains. Linguistic anthropology examines language as a cultural system and how language relates to other aspects of human behavior and thought. Together, the four main approaches seek to understand humans and human diversity.
The document discusses the main characteristics of the field of anthropology. It notes that anthropology involves the study of culture as a primary concept, uses comparative methods to study human behavior and development, and takes a holistic approach to studying all of humankind. The document also outlines some of the main subfields of anthropology, including archaeology, biological/physical anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.
ANTH18210 Introduction To Cultural Anthropology (Spring 2019)Aaron Anyaakuu
This document provides information about an introductory cultural anthropology course being offered at Kent State University in Spring 2019. It includes the course description, objectives, required texts, assignments and grading policies. The course will introduce students to key anthropological concepts and perspectives through readings, lectures, discussions and assignments. Students will examine what it means to be human from a cultural perspective and learn about diverse cultures and societies around the world. Assessment will include regular quizzes, exams, class participation and a final art project applying a concept from the course. The goal is for students to gain an appreciation of cultural diversity and different ways of life.
1. The document provides an overview of anthropology, outlining its definition, history, scope, and subfields.
2. Anthropology is defined as the study of humanity, including human origins, cultural and biological variations, and social groups. It aims to develop an integrated understanding of humankind.
3. The four main subfields of anthropology are discussed as physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. Each focuses on a different aspect of human life and society.
Anthropological Perspectives On Physical Appearance And Body ImageErin Taylor
This document provides an overview of anthropological perspectives on physical appearance and body image. It discusses how the four main subdisciplines of anthropology - cultural, biological, linguistic, and archaeological - have studied appearance and body image. Cultural anthropology examines how culture influences ideals and practices related to appearance. Biological anthropology investigates human diversity in appearance and the relationship between culture and biology. Linguistic anthropology analyzes how appearance is discussed. Archaeological anthropology examines historical practices of grooming, adornment, and body modification. Overall, anthropology offers a holistic and contextualized understanding of appearance by considering both emic and etic perspectives across various cultures and time periods.
Social Science- Anthropology- Disciplines and Ideas in Social SciencesRoseMaeRAgramonte
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, past and present. It draws upon knowledge from social sciences, biology, and humanities to understand human diversity and culture across history. There are four main subfields: archaeology studies human culture through artifacts; biological anthropology examines human evolution and adaptation; sociocultural anthropology explores how people live and view the world; and linguistic anthropology studies human communication and language. Applied anthropologists use anthropological knowledge and methods to solve real-world problems.
Module 3 anthropology and the study of cultureNara Mier
This document provides an overview of anthropology and culture. It defines anthropology as the holistic study of humans, both biologically and socially, from early evolution to current variations around the world. Culture is defined as the beliefs, behaviors, and objects that are learned and shared within a society. Material culture includes tangible objects while non-material culture consists of intangible aspects like values and knowledge. Culture is shared between generations and influences how individuals learn and act. Anthropological perspectives seek to understand how culture has adapted to environments over time and continues to change dynamically in response to changing human needs.
Anthropology is defined as the study of humans and their origins, development, and variations wherever they are found. It aims to broadly describe what it means to be human. There are four main branches of anthropology: physical anthropology which studies humans from a biological perspective; archaeology which examines past human lives through material culture; linguistic anthropology which studies human speech and language; and cultural anthropology which examines cultural differences and similarities around the world through ethnography and ethnology. Cultural anthropology specifically focuses on describing cultures in detail and making comparative analyses of cultural principles that govern human behavior globally.
This document provides an overview of social anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of man and the development of human culture and society from earliest times to the present. It describes the main subfields of anthropology, including physical, social, cultural, ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics. The document also discusses the relationship between anthropology and sociology, noting they are often regarded as "twin sisters" but have some differences in their focuses and methods. It concludes by stating that cultural anthropology continues to evolve alongside cultural changes to study modern developments and interpret human societies.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Anthropology and the study of culture323.pptxcarlo842542
Anthropology takes a holistic approach to studying humans, examining both biological and cultural aspects. It considers humans from the earliest evolution of the species through current times and studies people wherever they are found globally. Anthropology seeks to understand what it means to be human through disciplines like archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and applied anthropology. Culture is a key concept, representing the beliefs, behaviors, and possessions learned and shared within a group, and constantly evolving in response to environmental and social changes.
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology and defines key concepts in cultural anthropology. It discusses how anthropology studies human origins, behavior, and development through a holistic and comparative approach. The main subfields of anthropology are then outlined, including biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology is defined as the study of contemporary human cultures and how they are shaped by and shape their environments. The document concludes by explaining what culture is, how it is learned and shared, levels of culture, and fundamental cultural variables.
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the study of humankind everywhere and throughout time. The key fields of anthropology are discussed as archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Research methods used by anthropologists are described, including cultural immersion, human ecology studies, archaeological analysis, and linguistic analysis. Physical anthropological research methods focusing on human bones and remains are also summarized. The document contrasts anthropology with other social sciences and discusses concepts like culture, society, evolution, and postmodernism.
This document provides an overview of anthropology as a field of study. It defines anthropology as the study of human beings, their biological and cultural characteristics, and variations and similarities across time and place. The document traces the historical development of anthropology from its roots in ancient Greek philosophy through its emergence as a modern academic discipline in the late 19th century. It describes the broad scope of anthropology, covering all aspects of human existence, and its unique holistic and relativistic approach. Common misconceptions about anthropology are addressed, and its relationships with other social sciences are discussed. The contributions of anthropology in providing cultural understanding and solutions to societal problems are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the anthropology course Anth 1012 at Mekelle University. It defines anthropology as the study of humanity, including our origins, development, and cultural variations throughout history and around the world. Anthropology analyzes both biological and cultural aspects of humans. The document traces the historical development of anthropology from its roots in ancient Greek philosophy to emerging as an academic discipline in the 19th century. It describes the broad scope and unique features of anthropology, including its holistic and relativistic approach, comparative perspective, and emphasis on qualitative research methods like ethnography. Some common misconceptions about anthropology are addressed, and the relationships and contributions of anthropology to other disciplines are discussed.
This document provides an overview of the course "Anthropology" at Mekelle University. It discusses the definition and scope of anthropology, including how it is the broad study of humanity across time and cultures. It notes anthropology's holistic and comparative approach, and that it seeks to understand cultural diversity through detailed fieldwork. The document also reviews the historical development of anthropology as a discipline and its relationship to other social sciences. It addresses some misconceptions about anthropology and highlights its contributions, such as providing cultural self-awareness and supporting development that respects local needs.
Anthropology is the study of humanity, examining humans and human behavior across all places and time periods. It takes a holistic and comparative approach, seeking to understand cultural similarities and differences from an emic, or insider's, perspective. Anthropology has its roots in 18th century philosophy but emerged as a formal academic discipline in the late 19th century, driven by Western colonial expansion. It is a broad field that covers all aspects of what it means to be human, from biology and evolution to culture, beliefs, and social organization. Key to anthropological research is long-term ethnographic fieldwork using qualitative methods like participant observation and interviews to understand local contexts from an emic viewpoint.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, past and present. It is a holistic discipline that employs four main approaches: physical anthropology studies human evolution and biology; archaeology examines human artifacts and remains; linguistics analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology observes contemporary human societies and cultures through methods like ethnography. Together, these subfields aim to understand humankind in all times and places from a broad, multifaceted perspective.
This document discusses several branches of anthropology including socio-cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and applied anthropology. It provides overviews of the key focuses and differences between subfields like economic anthropology, political anthropology, and primatology. Applied anthropology is defined as using anthropological research and insights to help solve practical problems in various fields like health, business, education, and international development.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
The document discusses the main characteristics of the field of anthropology. It notes that anthropology involves the study of culture as a primary concept, uses comparative methods to study human behavior and development, and takes a holistic approach to studying all of humankind. The document also outlines some of the main subfields of anthropology, including archaeology, biological/physical anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.
ANTH18210 Introduction To Cultural Anthropology (Spring 2019)Aaron Anyaakuu
This document provides information about an introductory cultural anthropology course being offered at Kent State University in Spring 2019. It includes the course description, objectives, required texts, assignments and grading policies. The course will introduce students to key anthropological concepts and perspectives through readings, lectures, discussions and assignments. Students will examine what it means to be human from a cultural perspective and learn about diverse cultures and societies around the world. Assessment will include regular quizzes, exams, class participation and a final art project applying a concept from the course. The goal is for students to gain an appreciation of cultural diversity and different ways of life.
1. The document provides an overview of anthropology, outlining its definition, history, scope, and subfields.
2. Anthropology is defined as the study of humanity, including human origins, cultural and biological variations, and social groups. It aims to develop an integrated understanding of humankind.
3. The four main subfields of anthropology are discussed as physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. Each focuses on a different aspect of human life and society.
Anthropological Perspectives On Physical Appearance And Body ImageErin Taylor
This document provides an overview of anthropological perspectives on physical appearance and body image. It discusses how the four main subdisciplines of anthropology - cultural, biological, linguistic, and archaeological - have studied appearance and body image. Cultural anthropology examines how culture influences ideals and practices related to appearance. Biological anthropology investigates human diversity in appearance and the relationship between culture and biology. Linguistic anthropology analyzes how appearance is discussed. Archaeological anthropology examines historical practices of grooming, adornment, and body modification. Overall, anthropology offers a holistic and contextualized understanding of appearance by considering both emic and etic perspectives across various cultures and time periods.
Social Science- Anthropology- Disciplines and Ideas in Social SciencesRoseMaeRAgramonte
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, past and present. It draws upon knowledge from social sciences, biology, and humanities to understand human diversity and culture across history. There are four main subfields: archaeology studies human culture through artifacts; biological anthropology examines human evolution and adaptation; sociocultural anthropology explores how people live and view the world; and linguistic anthropology studies human communication and language. Applied anthropologists use anthropological knowledge and methods to solve real-world problems.
Module 3 anthropology and the study of cultureNara Mier
This document provides an overview of anthropology and culture. It defines anthropology as the holistic study of humans, both biologically and socially, from early evolution to current variations around the world. Culture is defined as the beliefs, behaviors, and objects that are learned and shared within a society. Material culture includes tangible objects while non-material culture consists of intangible aspects like values and knowledge. Culture is shared between generations and influences how individuals learn and act. Anthropological perspectives seek to understand how culture has adapted to environments over time and continues to change dynamically in response to changing human needs.
Anthropology is defined as the study of humans and their origins, development, and variations wherever they are found. It aims to broadly describe what it means to be human. There are four main branches of anthropology: physical anthropology which studies humans from a biological perspective; archaeology which examines past human lives through material culture; linguistic anthropology which studies human speech and language; and cultural anthropology which examines cultural differences and similarities around the world through ethnography and ethnology. Cultural anthropology specifically focuses on describing cultures in detail and making comparative analyses of cultural principles that govern human behavior globally.
This document provides an overview of social anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of man and the development of human culture and society from earliest times to the present. It describes the main subfields of anthropology, including physical, social, cultural, ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics. The document also discusses the relationship between anthropology and sociology, noting they are often regarded as "twin sisters" but have some differences in their focuses and methods. It concludes by stating that cultural anthropology continues to evolve alongside cultural changes to study modern developments and interpret human societies.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Anthropology and the study of culture323.pptxcarlo842542
Anthropology takes a holistic approach to studying humans, examining both biological and cultural aspects. It considers humans from the earliest evolution of the species through current times and studies people wherever they are found globally. Anthropology seeks to understand what it means to be human through disciplines like archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and applied anthropology. Culture is a key concept, representing the beliefs, behaviors, and possessions learned and shared within a group, and constantly evolving in response to environmental and social changes.
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology and defines key concepts in cultural anthropology. It discusses how anthropology studies human origins, behavior, and development through a holistic and comparative approach. The main subfields of anthropology are then outlined, including biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology is defined as the study of contemporary human cultures and how they are shaped by and shape their environments. The document concludes by explaining what culture is, how it is learned and shared, levels of culture, and fundamental cultural variables.
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the study of humankind everywhere and throughout time. The key fields of anthropology are discussed as archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Research methods used by anthropologists are described, including cultural immersion, human ecology studies, archaeological analysis, and linguistic analysis. Physical anthropological research methods focusing on human bones and remains are also summarized. The document contrasts anthropology with other social sciences and discusses concepts like culture, society, evolution, and postmodernism.
This document provides an overview of anthropology as a field of study. It defines anthropology as the study of human beings, their biological and cultural characteristics, and variations and similarities across time and place. The document traces the historical development of anthropology from its roots in ancient Greek philosophy through its emergence as a modern academic discipline in the late 19th century. It describes the broad scope of anthropology, covering all aspects of human existence, and its unique holistic and relativistic approach. Common misconceptions about anthropology are addressed, and its relationships with other social sciences are discussed. The contributions of anthropology in providing cultural understanding and solutions to societal problems are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the anthropology course Anth 1012 at Mekelle University. It defines anthropology as the study of humanity, including our origins, development, and cultural variations throughout history and around the world. Anthropology analyzes both biological and cultural aspects of humans. The document traces the historical development of anthropology from its roots in ancient Greek philosophy to emerging as an academic discipline in the 19th century. It describes the broad scope and unique features of anthropology, including its holistic and relativistic approach, comparative perspective, and emphasis on qualitative research methods like ethnography. Some common misconceptions about anthropology are addressed, and the relationships and contributions of anthropology to other disciplines are discussed.
This document provides an overview of the course "Anthropology" at Mekelle University. It discusses the definition and scope of anthropology, including how it is the broad study of humanity across time and cultures. It notes anthropology's holistic and comparative approach, and that it seeks to understand cultural diversity through detailed fieldwork. The document also reviews the historical development of anthropology as a discipline and its relationship to other social sciences. It addresses some misconceptions about anthropology and highlights its contributions, such as providing cultural self-awareness and supporting development that respects local needs.
Anthropology is the study of humanity, examining humans and human behavior across all places and time periods. It takes a holistic and comparative approach, seeking to understand cultural similarities and differences from an emic, or insider's, perspective. Anthropology has its roots in 18th century philosophy but emerged as a formal academic discipline in the late 19th century, driven by Western colonial expansion. It is a broad field that covers all aspects of what it means to be human, from biology and evolution to culture, beliefs, and social organization. Key to anthropological research is long-term ethnographic fieldwork using qualitative methods like participant observation and interviews to understand local contexts from an emic viewpoint.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, past and present. It is a holistic discipline that employs four main approaches: physical anthropology studies human evolution and biology; archaeology examines human artifacts and remains; linguistics analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology observes contemporary human societies and cultures through methods like ethnography. Together, these subfields aim to understand humankind in all times and places from a broad, multifaceted perspective.
This document discusses several branches of anthropology including socio-cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and applied anthropology. It provides overviews of the key focuses and differences between subfields like economic anthropology, political anthropology, and primatology. Applied anthropology is defined as using anthropological research and insights to help solve practical problems in various fields like health, business, education, and international development.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
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A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
The Impact of Generative AI and 4th Industrial RevolutionPaolo Maresca
This infographic explores the transformative power of Generative AI, a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Discover how Generative AI is revolutionizing industries, accelerating innovation, and shaping the future of work.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
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Ensuring robust asset quality is not just a mere aspect but a critical cornerstone for the stability and success of financial institutions worldwide. It serves as the bedrock upon which profitability is built and investor confidence is sustained. Therefore, in this presentation, we delve into a comprehensive exploration of strategies that can aid financial institutions in achieving and maintaining superior asset quality.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
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1. SST-311 Big Picture A
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of
the unit, you are expected to:
a. Discuss the nature, meaning, and relevance of
anthropology; identify its four sub-disciplines and related
social sciences and differentiate between ethnology and
ethnography.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Discuss the nature, meaning
and relevance of anthropology, identify its four sub-
disciplines and related social sciences and differentiate
between ethnology and ethnography.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the
study of SST 311/EDSST3 and to demonstrate ULOa will
be operationally defined to establish a common frame of
reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or
career. You will encounter these terms as we go through
the study of Socio-Cultural Anthropology. Please refer to
these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in
understanding the basic theories, principles and concepts
discussed n Socio-Cultural Anthropology.
• Anthropology is the study of the human species and its
immediate ancestors.
• Archaeologists dig into ancient cultural diversity by
recovering and analyzing the material remains of
prehistoric and modern societies.
• Cultural Anthropology combines ethnography and
ethnology to study human societies and cultures for the
purpose of explaining social and cultural similarities and
differences.
• Ethnography produces an account (a book, an article, or
a film) of a particular community, society, or culture based
on information that is collected during fieldwork.
• Society is organized life in groups, a feature that humans
share with other animals.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning
outcomes) for the first three (3) weeks of the course, you
need to fully understand the following essential knowledge
that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note
that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these
resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles and other resources that are available in
the university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com
etc.
2. 1. What is Anthropology?
1.1 Anthropology is the study of the human species and its
immediate ancestors.
1.2 Anthropology is holistic in that the discipline is
concerned with studying the whole of the human condition:
past, present and future. Anthropology studies biology,
society, language, and culture.
1.3 Anthropology offers a unique cross-cultural
perspective by constantly comparing the customs of one
society with those of others.
https://www.dw.com/en/german-archaeologists-suggest-
biblical-era-philistines-came-from-europe/a-49467592
1.4 Archaeologists dig into ancient cultural diversity by
recovering and analyzing the material remains of
prehistoric and modern societies. By reconstructing past
ways of life and constructing culture histories,
archaeologists are able to explain the dynamics and
evolution of cultural systems.
1.5 Biological (Physical) anthropologists investigate the
biological diversity, behavior, and evolution of humans and
other primates (such as lemurs, howler monkeys,
baboons, and chimpanzees).
1.6 Cultural anthropologists discover the unique and
universal aspects of contemporary cultures by living with
the people under study. They travel to all corners of the
globe in order to understand the full range of modern
cultural diversity.
https://twitter.com/cpkottak
1.7 Linguists examine languages from around the world,
as well as other forms of communication of humans and
other primates. Major topics researched by linguists
include the history and origins of languages, the structure
of language, how language relates to social aspects (such
as race, class, age, and gender), and language and
cognition.
1.8 All fields of anthropology are characterized by first-
hand observation, or fieldwork.
2. People share both society and culture.
2.1Society is organized life in groups, a feature that
humans share with other animals. 2.2Cultures are
traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that
govern the beliefs and behaviors of the people exposed to
them.
2.3 While culture is not biological, the ability to use it rests
in hominid biology.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9145439/
3. 3. Adaptation, Variation, and Change
3.1Adaptation is the process by which organisms cope
with environmental stresses.
3.2 Human adaptation involves interaction between
culture and biology to satisfy individual goals.
3.3 Four Types of Human Adaptation:
3.3.1 Cultural (Technological) Adaptation
3.3.2 Genetic Adaptation
3.3.3 Long-term Physiological or Developmental
Adaptation
3.3.4 Immediate Physiological Adaptation
3.4 Humans are the most adaptable animals in the world,
having the ability to inhabit widely variant ecological
niches.
3.5 Humans, like all other animals use biological means to
adapt to a given environment. 3.6 Humans are unique in
having cultural means of adaptation.
3.7 Through time, social and cultural means of adaptation
have become increasingly important for human groups.
3.8 Human groups have devised diverse ways of coping
with a wide range of environments.
3.9 The rate of this cultural adaptation has been rapidly
accelerating during the last 10,000 years.
3.10 Food production developed between 12,000 and
10,000 years ago after millions of years during which
hunting and gathering was the sole basis for human
subsistence.
3.11 The first civilizations developed between 6,000 and
5,000 years ago.
3.12 More recently, the spread of industrial production has
profoundly affected human life.
http://web.mnstate.edu/robertsb/306/Evolution%20and%2
0Human%20Adaptation%20[Compatibility%20Mode].pdf
4. Four Sub-Disciplines of Anthropology
4.1 The academic discipline of American anthropology is
unique in that it includes four sub-disciplines: cultural
anthropology, archaeological anthropology, biological or
physical anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.
4.2 This four-field approach developed in the US as early
American anthropologists studying native peoples of North
America became interested in exploring the origins and
diversity of the groups that they were studying.
4.3 This broad approach to studying human societies did
not develop in Europe (e.g., Archaeology, in most
European universities, is not a sub-discipline of
anthropology; it is its own department).
4.4 Variation in “Time” (diachronic research): using
information from contemporary groups to model changes
that took place in the past, and using knowledge gained
from past groups to understand what is likely to happen in
the future (e.g., reconstructing past languages using
principles* based on modern ones).
4. 4.5 Variation in “Space” (synchronic research): comparing
information collected from human societies existing at the
same or roughly the same time, but from different
geographic locations (e.g., the race concept in the US,
Brazil, and Japan).
4.6 Any conclusions about “human nature” must be
pursued with a comparative, cross-cultural approach.
5.Cultural Forces and Human Biology
5.1 Cultural traditions promote certain activities and
abilities, discourage others, and set standards of physical
well-being and attractiveness.
5.2 Participation and achievement in sports is determined
by cultural factors, not racial ones.
5.3 In Brazilian culture, women should be soft, with big
hips and buttocks, not big shoulders; since competitive
swimmers tend to have big, strong, shoulders and firm
bodies, competitive swimming is not very popular among
Brazilian females.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFaTPYhRrsw
5.4 In the US, there aren’t many African-American
swimmers or hockey players, not because of some
biological reason, but because those sports aren’t as
culturally significant as football, basketball, baseball, and
track.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5q492xpkjA
https://www.iq-test.net/8-types-of-intelligence-how-to-
improve-iq-score-112.html
6. Intelligence Tests
6.1 There is no conclusive evidence for biologically based
contrasts in intelligence between rich and poor, black and
white, or men and women.
6.2 The best indicators of how any individual will perform
on an intelligence test are environmental, such as
educational, economic, and social background.
6.3 All standard tests are culture-bound and biased
because they reflect the training and life experiences of
those who develop and administer them.
6.4 Jensenism asserts that African-Americans are
hereditarily incapable of doing as well as whites.
6.5 Named for Arthur Jensen, the educational psychologist
who observed that on average African-Americans perform
less well on intelligence tests that Euro-Americans and
Asian-Americans.
6.6 This racist notion of the inborn inferiority of African-
Americans recently resurfaced in the 1994 book The Bell
Curve by Richard Hernnstein and Charles Murray.
6.7 Intelligence tests reflect the experiences of the people
who write them.
6.8 Middle- and upper-class children do well because they
share the test makers’ educational expectations and
standards.
6.9 The SATs claim to measure intellectual aptitude but
they also measure the type and quality of high school
education, linguistic and cultural background, and parental
wealth.
5. 6.10 Studies have shown that performance on the SATs
can be improved by coaching and preparation, placing
those students who can pay for an SAT preparation course
at an advantage.
6.11 Cultural biases in testing affect performance by
people in other cultures as well as different groups in the
same nation.
6.12 Native Americans scored the lowest of any group in
the US, but when the environment during growth and
development for Native Americans is similar to that of
middle-class whites, the test scores tend to equalize (e.g.,
the Osage Indians).
6.13 At the start of World War I, African-Americans living
in the north scored on average better than whites living in
the south due to the better public-school systems in the
north.
7. Culture and Sports
7.1 Years of swimming sculpt a distinctive physique. The
countries that tend to produce successful female
swimmers are the United States, Canada, Australia,
Germany, Scandinavia, and the former Soviet Union,
where this body type isn’t as stigmatized for women as it
is in Latin countries.
https://idrottsforum.org/call-for-papers-sport-in-a-mobile-
world-identity-culture-and-politics-interdisciplinary-
seminar-university-of-aveiro-portugal-june-21-22-2018-
call-ends-march-16-2018/
8. The Bell Curve (1994)
8.1 Like Jensen, Hernnstein and Murray disregard more
convincing environmental explanations in favor of a
genetic one to explain patterns observed in intelligence
test scores.
8.2 An environmental explanation acknowledges that for
many reasons, both genetic and environmental, some
people are smarter than others, however these differences
in intelligence cannot be generalized to characterize whole
populations or social groups.
8.3 Psychologists have come up with many ways to
measure intelligence, but there are problems with all of
them.
9. Cultural Anthropology
9.1 Cultural Anthropology combines ethnography and
ethnology to study human societies and cultures for the
purpose of explaining social and cultural similarities and
differences.
9.2 Ethnography produces an account (a book, an article,
or a film) of a particular community, society, or culture
based on information that is collected during fieldwork.
9.3 Generally, ethnographic fieldwork involves living in the
community that is being studied for an extended period of
time (e.g., 6 months to 2 years).
9.4 Ethnographic fieldwork tends to emphasize local
behavior, beliefs, customs, social life, economic activities,
politics, and religion, rather then developments at the
national level.
9.5 Since cultures are not isolated, ethnographers must
investigate the local, regional, national, and global
6. systems of politics, economics, and information that
expose villagers to external influences.
9.6 Ethnology examines, interprets, analyzes, and
compares the ethnographic data gathered in different
societies to make generalizations about society and
culture.
9.7 Ethnology uses ethnographic data to build models, test
hypotheses, and create theories that enhance our
understanding of how social and cultural systems work.
9.8 Ethnology works from the particular (ethnographic
data) to the general (theory).
Comparison between Ethnography and Ethnology
10. Archaeological Anthropology
10.1 Archaeological anthropology reconstructs, describes,
and interprets past human behavior and cultural patterns
through material remains.
10.2 The material remains of a culture include artifacts
(e.g., potsherds, jewelry, and tools), garbage, burials, and
the remains of structures.
10.3 Archaeologists use paleoecological studies to
establish the ecological and subsistence parameters
within which given group lived.
10.4 The archaeological record provides archaeologists
the unique opportunity to look at changes in social
complexity over thousands and tens of thousands of years
(this kind of time depth is not accessible to ethnographers).
10.5 Archaeology is not restricted to prehistoric societies.
10.6 Historical archaeology combines archaeological data
and textual data to reconstruct historically known groups.
11. Biological Anthropology
11.1 Biological, or physical, anthropology investigates
human biological diversity across time and space.
11.2There are five special interests within biological
anthropology:
o paleoanthropology: human evolution as revealed
by the fossil record
o human genetics
o human growth and development
o human biological plasticity: the body’s ability to
change as it copes with stresses such as heat, cold,
and altitude
o primatology: the study of the biology, evolution,
behavior, and social life of primates.
11.3 Biological anthropology is multidisciplinary as it draws
on biology, zoology, geology, anatomy, physiology,
medicine, public health, osteology, and archaeology.
11.4 Paleoanthropologists study the fossil record of
human evolution.
7. 12. Linguistic Anthropology
12.1 Linguistic anthropology is the study of language in its
social and cultural context across space and time.
12.2 Some linguistic anthropologists investigate universal
features of language that may be linked to uniformities in
the human brain.
12.3 Historical linguists reconstruct ancient languages and
study linguistic variation through time.
12.4 Sociolinguistics investigates relationships between
social and linguistic variation to discover varied
perceptions and patterns of thought in different cultures.
13. Theoretical/Academic Anthropology
13.1 Theoretical/academic anthropology includes the four
subfields discussed above (cultural, archaeological,
biological, and linguistic anthropology).
13.2 Directed at collecting data to test hypotheses and
models that were created to advance the field of
anthropology.
13.3 Generally, theoretical/academic anthropology is
carried out in academic institutions (e.g., universities and
specialized research facilities).
14. Applied Anthropology
14.1 Applied anthropology is the application of any of
anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and techniques
to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social
problems.
14.2 Some standard subdivisions have developed in
applied anthropology: medical anthropology,
environmental anthropology, forensic anthropology, and
development anthropology.
14.3 Applied anthropologists are generally employed by
international development agencies, like the World Bank,
United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the
United Nations.
14.4 Applied anthropologists assess the social and cultural
dimensions of economic development.
14.5 Development projects often fail when planners ignore
the cultural dimensions of development.
14.6 Applied anthropologists work with local communities
to identify specific social conditions that will influence the
failure or success of a development project.
15. Medical Anthropology
• Medical anthropology studies health conditions from a
cross-cultural perspective.
16. Two Dimensions of Anthropology
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY & APPLIED
ANTHROPOLOGY
8. The Four Subfields and Two Dimensions of
Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Medical Anthropology
Archaeological Anthropology
Cultural Resource Management (CRM)
Biological or Physical Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Non-government Organizations (NGO’s)
17. Anthropology and Other Fields
17.1 Anthropology’s own broad scope has always lent it to
interdisciplinary collaboration.
17.2 Anthropology is a science, in that it is a systematic
field of study that uses experiments, observations, and
deduction to produce reliable explanations of human
cultural and biological phenomena.
17.3 Anthropology is also one of the humanities, in that is
encompasses the study and cross-cultural comparison of
languages, texts, philosophies, arts, music, performances
and other forms of creative expression.
18. Cultural Anthropology and Sociology
18.1 Formerly, sociology focused on “western” societies
while anthropology looked at “exotic” societies.
18.2 Cultural anthropological methodologies have
primarily been in-depth and qualitative (e.g., participant
observation).
18.3 Sociological methodologies tended to be mainly
quantitative (statistically based).
18.4 The trend toward increasing interdisciplinary
cooperation (deconstruction) is causing these differences
to disappear.
Different Social Science Disciplines
https://www.quora.com/How-are-findings-in-social-
sciences-verified-to-be-scientifically-valid
19. Political Science and Economics
19.1 While other disciplines have looked at such
institutions as economics and politics as distinct and
amenable to separate analysis, anthropology has
emphasized their relatedness to other aspects of the
general social order.
19.2 Anthropology has tended to emphasize cross-cultural
variation in such institutions, in contrast to the almost
exclusively Western orientation of the other disciplines.
20. Anthropology and the Humanities
20.1 The anthropological concept of “culture” has gained
increasing influence in the humanities’ treatment of human
artifacts.
20.2 In turn, cultural studies have brought a fuller
recognition of the influence such artifacts may exert on
human behavior.
9. 21. Anthropology and Psychology
21.1 Anthropology has contributed a cross-cultural
perspective to concepts developed in psychology.
21.2 The school of cultural anthropology known as culture
and personality has emphasized child rearing practices as
the fundamental means for transmitting culture.
22. Anthropology and History
22.1 The convergence between the disciplines of
anthropology and history has been marked, particularly
during the last decade.
22.2 Recent treatments of colonial history have
emphasized the importance of understanding the cultural
contexts of historical records.
22.3 Kottak argues for some continued distinction between
history and anthropology, on the basis of history’s focus on
the movement of individuals through roles, as opposed to
anthropology’s focus on change in structure or form.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
appreciating cultural diversity. McGraw-Hill Education.
to Socio-Cultural Anthropology.Malabon City: Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
appreciating cultural diversity. Mc Graw-Hill Education.
-
Linguistics. Limited Birmingham, UnitedKingdom.Koros Press
Oakville,Canada. Society Publishing.
and witchcraft. 4th edition. Third Avenue, New York, Routledge.