This seminar presentation provides an overview of scheduling methods in the Hadoop MapReduce framework. It begins with motivations for using distributed computing for big data and introduces Hadoop and MapReduce. The presentation then surveys several proposed scheduling methods, including static methods like FIFO and adaptive methods like the Fair Scheduler. It summarizes five research papers on scheduling, discussing proposed approaches like optimizing job completion time and learning node capabilities for heterogeneous clusters. The presentation concludes that scheduling algorithms should improve data locality and use prediction to efficiently schedule jobs on heterogeneous Hadoop clusters.

1. Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore
A technical Seminar on,
A Survey of Scheduling Methods in Hadoop MapReduce Framework
Presented by, Mahantesh C. Angadi M.Tech (CNE) First Year Mahantesh.mtcn.13@acharya.ac.in Under the Guidance of, Prof. Amogh P. Kulkarni AIT, Bangalore
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

2. Motivation
Introduction
What is BigData…?
What is Hadoop…?
What is HDFS and MapReduce…?
Challenges in MapReduce
Literature Survey on Scheduling in MapReduce
Survey of scheduling methods on proposed methods
Conclusion
References.
Agenda
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

3. Motivation
“Necessity” is the Mother of All the Inventions…!
In 2000s, Google faced a serious challenge: To organize the world’s information.
Google designed a new data processing infrastructure. i. Google File System (GFS) ii. MapReduce
In 2004, Google published a paper describing its work to the Community.
Doug Cutting decided to use the technique Google described.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

4. Introduction
With the current trend in increased use of internet in everything, lot of data is generated and need to be analysed.
Web search engines and social networking sites capture and analyze every user action on their sites to improve site design, detect spam, and find advertising opportunities.
The processing of this can be best done using Distributed computing and parallel processing mechanisms.
Hadoop MapReduce is one of the most popularly used such technique for handling the BigData. So here we discuss the different scheduling methods.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

5. What is BigData…?
Today we live in the data age.
Every day, we create 2.5 quintillion bytes of data, 90% of this data is unstructured.
90% of the data in the world today has been created in the last two years alone .
By the end of 2015, CISCO estimate that global Internet traffic will reach 4.8 zettabytes a year.
Ex. Social Networking Sites, Airlines, Healthcare Departments, Satellites,
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6. How is the BigData Generates…?
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7. What is Apache Hadoop…?
Apache Hadoop is an open-source software framework.
A platform to manage Big Data.
Its not only a tool, It’s a Framework of Tools.
Most Important Hadoop subprojects: i. HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System ii. MapReduce: A Programming Model
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8. Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore
Architecture of Hadoop

9. Why only Hadoop…?
It is Schema-less, but RDBMS is Schema-based.
Handles large volumes of unstructured data easily.
Hadoop is designed to run on cheap commodity hardware.
Automatically handles data replication and node failure.
Moving Computation is cheaper than moving Data.
Last but not the least – Its Free…! (Open source)
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

10. What is Hadoop HDFS…?
Inspired by Google File System.
It’s a Scalable, distributed, reliable file system written in Java for Hadoop framework.
An HFDS cluster primarily consists of: i. NameNode ii. DataNode
Stores very large files in blocks across machines in a large Cluster, deployed on low-cost hardware.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

11. What is MapReduce…?
A software framework for distributed processing of large data sets on computer clusters.
First developed by Google.
Intended to facilitate and simplify the processing of vast amounts of data in parallel on large clusters of commodity hardware in a reliable, fault-tolerant manner.
It includes JobTracker and TaskTracker.
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12. Typical Hadoop cluster integrates MapReduce and HFDS
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13. Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore
Example: WordCount

14. Challenges of MapReduce
Job Scheduling problems As the number and variety of jobs to be executed across heterogeneous clusters are increasing, so is the complexity of scheduling them efficiently to meet required objectives of performance.
Energy Efficiency Problems The size of the clusters is usually in hundreds and thousands, thus there is a need to look at energy efficiency of MapReduce clusters.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

15. Literature Survey
Hadoop MapReduce Scheduling methods can be categorized based on their runtime behavior as follows.
Adaptive (Dynamic) Algorithms These methods uses the previous, current and/or future values of parameters to make scheduling decisions. Ex. Fair, Capacity, Throughput scheduler etc.
Non- adaptive (Static) Algorithms These methods does not take into consideration the changes taking place in environment and schedules job/tasks as per a predefine policy/order. EX. FIFO (First In First Out).
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16. Survey of Scheduling Methods on Proposed Papers
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17. [1]. Survey of Task Scheduling Methods for MapReduce Framework in Hadoop.
This paper discusses about the survey of various earlier scheduling methods which have been proposed.
These scheduling methods include-
First In First Out scheduler,
Fair Scheduler,
Capacity Scheduler,
LATE scheduler,
Deadline constraint scheduler,
Etc.,
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18. [1]. Conclusion and future scope
By achieving data locality in the MapReduce framework performance can be improved.
Finally they concluded with how we can consider the scheduling methods in Hadoop heterogeneous clusters.
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19. [2]. Perform Wordcount MapReduce Job in Single Node Apache Hadoop Cluster & Compress Data Using LZO Algorithm.
Applications like Yahoo, Facebook, and Twitter have huge data which has to be stored and retrieved as per client access.
This huge data storage requires huge database leading to increase in physical storage and becomes complex for analysis required in business growth.
Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer (LZO) algorithm, is used to compress the redundant data.
LZO algorithm is developed by considering the “Speed as the Priority”.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

20. [2]. Conclusion and future scope
LZO algorithm compress the file 5 times faster than the gzip format.
Decompression ratio of LZO algorithm is 2 times the faster than gzip format.
Size of the LZO file is slightly larger than the gzip file after the compression.
Compressed file using LZO or gzip format is very much smaller than the original file.
In future we can implement this in heterogeneous multinode clusters.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

21. [3]. S3: An Efficient Shared Scan Scheduler on MapReduce Framework.
To improve performance, multiple jobs operating on a common data file can be processed as a batch to share the cost of scanning the file.
Jobs often do not arrive at the same time.
S3 operates like this: At the same time-
 System may be processing a batch of sub-jobs,
 Also there are sub-jobs which are waiting in job-queue,
As a new job arrives,
 Its sub-jobs can be aligned with waiting jobs in job-queue,
 Once the current-batch of sub-jobs completes processing-
Then next batch of sub-jobs is initiated for processing.
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22. [3]. Conclusion and future scope
S3 can exploit the sharing of data scan to improve performance.
Unlike existing batch-based schedulers S3 allows jobs to be processed as they arrive, and arriving job does not need to wait for long time.
More computational policies such as computational resources and job priorities can be added to S3 to make more flexible.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

23. [4]. Two Sides of a Coin: Optimizing the Schedule of MapReduce Jobs to Minimize their Makespan and Improve Cluster Performance.
This paper proposes the key- challenge to increase the utilization of MapReduce clusters.
Here the goal is to automate the design of a job schedule that minimizes the completion- time or deadline of MapReduce jobs.
A novel abstraction framework and a heuristic called BalancedPools are discussed.
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24. [4]. Conclusion and future scope
They have simulated the things over a realistic workload and observed that 15%-38% completion-time improvements.
This shows that, the order in which jobs executed can have significant impact on their overall completion-time and the cluster resource utilization.
Future step may include addressing a more general problem of minimizing the deadline of batch workloads.
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25. [5]. ThroughputScheduler: Learning to Schedule on Heterogeneous Hadoop Clusters.
Presently available schedulers for Hadoop clusters assign tasks to nodes without regard to the capability of the nodes.
This paper proposes a method, which reduces the overall job completion time on a cluster of heterogeneous nodes by actively scheduling tasks on nodes based on optimally matching job requirements to node capabilities.
Node capabilities are learned by running probe jobs on the cluster.
Bayesian active learning scheme is used to learn source requirements of jobs on-the-fly.
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26. [5]. Conclusion and future scope
The framework learns both server capabilities and job task parameters autonomously.
ThroughputScheduler can reduce total job completion time by almost 20% compared to the Hadoop Fair Scheduler and 40% compared to FIFO Scheduler.
ThroughputScheduler also reduces average mapping time by 33% compared to either of these schedulers.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

27. Conclusion
Local data processing takes lesser time as compared to moving the data across network. So to improve the performance of jobs, most of the algorithms work to improve the data locality. To meet the user expectations, scheduling algorithms must use prediction methods based on the volume of data to be processed and underlying hardware. So as a future work we can consider developing the algorithms which can schedule the jobs efficiently on heterogeneous clusters.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

28. References
[1]. J. Dean and S. Ghemawat, “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters.” Proc. Sixth Symp. Operating System Design and Implementation, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 6-8, Usenix, 2004. [2]. Lei Shi, Xiaohui Li, Kian-Lee Tan, “S3: An Efficient Shared Scan Scheduler on MapReduce Framework.”, School of Computing National University of Singapore, comp.nus.edu.sg, 2012. [3]. Dr. Umesh Bellur, Nidhi Tiwari, “Scheduling and Energy Efficiency Improvement Techniques for Hadoop MapReduce: State of Art and Directions for Future Research.”, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. [4]. Abhishek Verma, Ludmila Cherkasova, Roy H. Campbell, “Two Sides of a Coin: Optimizing the Schedule of MapReduce Jobs to Minimize Their Makespan and Improve Cluster Performance.”, HP Labs. Supported in part by Air Force Research grant FA8750-11-2-0084. [5]. Nandan Mirajkar, Sandeep Bhujbal, Aaradhana Deshmukh, “Perform Wordcount MapReduce Job in Single Node Apache Hadoop Cluster and Compress Data Using Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer (LZO) Algorithm.”, Department of Advanced Software and Computing Technologies IGNOU –I2IT, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Education and Research Pune, India.
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore

29. References continued…
[6]. Houvik B Ardhan, Daniel A. Menasce. “The Anatomy of MapReduce Jobs, Scheduling, and Performance Challenges”, Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the Computer Measurement Group, San Diego, CA, November 5-8, 2013. [7]. Shekhar Gupta, Christian Fritz, Bob Price, Roger Hoover, and Johan de Kleer, “ThroughputScheduler: Learning to Schedule on Heterogeneous Hadoop Clusters”, USENIX Association, 10th International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC 2013). [8]. Nilam Kadale, U. A. Mande, “Survey of Task Scheduling Method for MapReduce Framework in Hadoop.”, 2nd National Conference on Innovative Paradigms in Engineering & Technology (NCIPET 2013). [9]. Tom Wille, “Hadoop: The Definitive Guide.” 2nd edition, O’Reilly publications, Sebastopol, CA 95472. October 2010. [10]. J Jeffery Hanson. “An Introduction to the Hadoop Distributed File System.” IBM DeveloperWorks, 2011.
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30. Thank You All…!!! 
Dept. of ISE, AIT, Bangalore