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Astrocyte pVHL and HIF- isoforms are required for embryonic-to-adult vascul...Melissa Henrie
Astrocyte-targeted deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (Vhl) gene in mice induces accelerated regression of the hyaloidal vessels, the embryonic blood vessel network in the eye. This is followed by massive secondary outgrowth of new blood vessels. Combinatorial deletion of Vhl and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) genes revealed that HIF-2α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling induces the secondary outgrowth in Vhl mutants. In contrast, HIF-1α regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote macrophage infiltration, which accelerates hyaloidal vessel regression. The phenotype observed in Vhl mutants resembles human persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous cases and provides
This study used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize the 3D structure of intravascular and extravascular microvessels in a rabbit model of chronic total occlusion over time. Two distinct types of microvessels were observed - circumferentially oriented extravascular microvessels along the vessel wall, and longitudinally oriented intravascular microvessels within the occluded lumen. Extravascular microvessels were most prominent at 2 weeks and gradually reduced over time, while intravascular microvessel formation peaked at 6 weeks and remained present but finer at later time points. Differences in the temporal and spatial patterns of microvessel formation provide new insights into chronic total occlusion maturation.
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Turbulent blood flow plays an essential localizing role in the development of...SHAPE Society
The study investigated the role of hemodynamic forces in localizing atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rats with abdominal aorta constriction. Doppler ultrasound showed turbulent blood flow downstream of the constriction with lower wall shear stress, while laminar flow and normal wall shear stress occurred upstream. Rats with constriction developed focally distributed atherosclerotic lesions downstream but only diffuse fatty streaks upstream. Immunohistochemistry also showed greater oxidative stress downstream. Thus, turbulent blood flow combined with hypercholesterolemia promotes localized plaque formation, showing hemodynamic forces prime the local vessel wall for lesion development.
(1) Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuli through biochemical signaling. This document discusses several mechanisms of mechanotransduction, including changes in protein conformation and mechanosensitive ion channels.
(2) Areas of disturbed flow, such as at blood vessel bifurcations, are prone to atherosclerosis due to the effects of disturbed flow on endothelial cell signaling and function. Disturbed flow leads to increased monocyte adhesion and LDL permeability.
(3) Mechanotransduction influences atherosclerosis through effects on genes like MCP-1, KLK-2, and lipid metabolism pathways in endothelial cells in response to shear stress and cyclic stretch. Sustained activation of pathways like JNK can
This study examined the arterial walls of commonly used free flaps to determine histopathological differences and the influence of age, gender, and side. Light microscopic examinations were performed on 245 arterial specimens from cadavers. The peroneal artery showed the greatest atherosclerotic changes, followed by the radial artery, inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, and circumflex scapular artery. Age had a significant effect on the radial and peroneal arteries. Anatomic side was an important factor for the peroneal and deep circumflex iliac arteries, while gender had little influence. The findings suggest vessel selection for flaps should consider these histological differences related to age, side, and gender
This case report describes a rare arterial variation observed during a routine cadaver dissection. A 30-year-old male cadaver was found to have a celiacomesenteric trunk, where the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery shared a common origin. Additionally, the left gastric artery gave off an accessory left hepatic branch to the liver and the superior mesenteric artery gave off an accessory right hepatic branch. Such arterial variations are clinically significant, especially for liver surgery, as they can impact blood flow and require consideration during procedures.
This study aimed to investigate using reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RetHe) measurement and serum hepcidin level to differentiate iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from anemia of chronic disease (ACD), with the goal of reducing the number of tests required. The study analyzed data from 77 subjects and found that a serum ferritin level of 30μg/L differentiated IDA and ACD with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. A serum hepcidin level of 40ng/mL also differentiated the conditions, though with lower specificity for IDA. For subjects with mixed etiology, RetHe helped identify those likely to respond to iron therapy. The study concludes that using RetHe and serum hepcidin could reduce the diagnostic
Astrocyte pVHL and HIF- isoforms are required for embryonic-to-adult vascul...Melissa Henrie
Astrocyte-targeted deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (Vhl) gene in mice induces accelerated regression of the hyaloidal vessels, the embryonic blood vessel network in the eye. This is followed by massive secondary outgrowth of new blood vessels. Combinatorial deletion of Vhl and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) genes revealed that HIF-2α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling induces the secondary outgrowth in Vhl mutants. In contrast, HIF-1α regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote macrophage infiltration, which accelerates hyaloidal vessel regression. The phenotype observed in Vhl mutants resembles human persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous cases and provides
This study used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize the 3D structure of intravascular and extravascular microvessels in a rabbit model of chronic total occlusion over time. Two distinct types of microvessels were observed - circumferentially oriented extravascular microvessels along the vessel wall, and longitudinally oriented intravascular microvessels within the occluded lumen. Extravascular microvessels were most prominent at 2 weeks and gradually reduced over time, while intravascular microvessel formation peaked at 6 weeks and remained present but finer at later time points. Differences in the temporal and spatial patterns of microvessel formation provide new insights into chronic total occlusion maturation.
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Turbulent blood flow plays an essential localizing role in the development of...SHAPE Society
The study investigated the role of hemodynamic forces in localizing atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rats with abdominal aorta constriction. Doppler ultrasound showed turbulent blood flow downstream of the constriction with lower wall shear stress, while laminar flow and normal wall shear stress occurred upstream. Rats with constriction developed focally distributed atherosclerotic lesions downstream but only diffuse fatty streaks upstream. Immunohistochemistry also showed greater oxidative stress downstream. Thus, turbulent blood flow combined with hypercholesterolemia promotes localized plaque formation, showing hemodynamic forces prime the local vessel wall for lesion development.
(1) Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuli through biochemical signaling. This document discusses several mechanisms of mechanotransduction, including changes in protein conformation and mechanosensitive ion channels.
(2) Areas of disturbed flow, such as at blood vessel bifurcations, are prone to atherosclerosis due to the effects of disturbed flow on endothelial cell signaling and function. Disturbed flow leads to increased monocyte adhesion and LDL permeability.
(3) Mechanotransduction influences atherosclerosis through effects on genes like MCP-1, KLK-2, and lipid metabolism pathways in endothelial cells in response to shear stress and cyclic stretch. Sustained activation of pathways like JNK can
This study examined the arterial walls of commonly used free flaps to determine histopathological differences and the influence of age, gender, and side. Light microscopic examinations were performed on 245 arterial specimens from cadavers. The peroneal artery showed the greatest atherosclerotic changes, followed by the radial artery, inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, and circumflex scapular artery. Age had a significant effect on the radial and peroneal arteries. Anatomic side was an important factor for the peroneal and deep circumflex iliac arteries, while gender had little influence. The findings suggest vessel selection for flaps should consider these histological differences related to age, side, and gender
This case report describes a rare arterial variation observed during a routine cadaver dissection. A 30-year-old male cadaver was found to have a celiacomesenteric trunk, where the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery shared a common origin. Additionally, the left gastric artery gave off an accessory left hepatic branch to the liver and the superior mesenteric artery gave off an accessory right hepatic branch. Such arterial variations are clinically significant, especially for liver surgery, as they can impact blood flow and require consideration during procedures.
This study aimed to investigate using reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RetHe) measurement and serum hepcidin level to differentiate iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from anemia of chronic disease (ACD), with the goal of reducing the number of tests required. The study analyzed data from 77 subjects and found that a serum ferritin level of 30μg/L differentiated IDA and ACD with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. A serum hepcidin level of 40ng/mL also differentiated the conditions, though with lower specificity for IDA. For subjects with mixed etiology, RetHe helped identify those likely to respond to iron therapy. The study concludes that using RetHe and serum hepcidin could reduce the diagnostic
This document summarizes bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS), an important cause of intraoperative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing cemented hip arthroplasty. The document proposes a definition and severity classification for BCIS. It reviews the incidence, clinical features, risk factors, pathophysiology, risk reduction strategies, and management of BCIS. High risk patients, such as those undergoing long-stem hip arthroplasty, are more likely to experience hypotension, hypoxia, or other complications from BCIS during cementation. Invasive monitoring should be considered for high risk patients undergoing cemented hip arthroplasty.
A 54-year-old woman presented with fatigue and a history of hemorrhoidal bleeding. She was found to have pale skin, spoon-shaped nails, and laboratory results consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. Further evaluation ruled out other causes of bleeding. She was treated with oral iron supplements, which increased her hemoglobin levels over three months, though her nails remained unchanged. Koilonychia, or spoon-shaped nails, can be associated with iron-deficiency anemia and may persist even after successful treatment of the underlying cause.
Veropaque, a novel contrast agent containing iohexol and a substituted cyclodextrin (SCD), was shown to significantly reduce contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in preclinical studies compared to iohexol alone. In mouse and rat models, Veropaque demonstrated reduced kidney pathology scores and preserved kidney function as measured by plasma creatinine levels. A dog study found Veropaque caused no differences in cardiovascular effects from intracoronary injection of iohexol alone. The SCD was able to protect the kidney from multiple contrast agents, suggesting a mechanism beyond complexation of the contrast. Based on these findings, the authors believe Veropaque has potential to decrease CI-AKI
Role of Plasma Exchange in ABO-incompatible Kidney TransplantationApollo Hospitals
In the past, ABO incompatibility was an absolute contraindication for solid organ transplantation. However,
multiple recent trials have suggested strategies for overcoming the reactions between graft antigens and recipient antibodies that cause graft rejection.
- Recombinant apolipoprotein A-I Milano (apo A-IM), the primary component of HDL, shows promise in reducing atherosclerosis. Two clinical trials found that a drug called ETC-216, made from recombinant apo A-IM, significantly reduced arterial plaque volumes. However, the lumen volume did not change significantly. More studies are needed to fully understand the effects of drugs based on recombinant apo A-IM on reducing plaque buildup and improving blood flow.
What are we missing in CKD-MBD management? - prof. Magdy El SharkawyMNDU net
This document discusses gaps in the current definitions and management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). It notes that while CKD-MBD is now defined more broadly than just renal osteodystrophy, clinical definitions are still lacking. Guidelines for phosphorus management need clarification on organic vs. inorganic phosphorus and dialysate calcium guidelines could be more precise. Role of magnesium and biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase are underexplored. PTH assays and their relationship to bone remodeling is also in need of better definition. Overall, this highlights several areas where CKD-MBD understanding and treatment could be improved.
Modeling of generation and propagation of cardiac action potential using frac...IOSR Journals
This document presents a model for simulating cardiac action potentials using fractional differential equations. The model builds off the existing Hund-Rudy dynamic model by replacing ordinary differential equations with fractional differential equations to more accurately model ion exchange mechanisms. The fractional model is shown to capture cardiac action potential generation and propagation with higher accuracy than ordinary differential equation models. An electrical circuit representation of the fractional model is also proposed to abstract the transmembrane ion exchange process.
Non-invasive Transdermal Delivery of Medical Carbon Dioxide with D`OXYVA® Boo...Circularity
Transdermal delivery of medical carbon dioxide via D'OXYVA has been shown to boost microcirculation and balance the autonomic nervous system. A study delivering CO2 to participants' thumbs found significant increases in skin perfusion pressure in their toes for up to 4 hours after, indicating improved remote microvascular function and wound healing potential. Further research suggests D'OXYVA delivery balances sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity by initially decreasing sympathetic activity during delivery and potentially extending parasympathetic activity afterwards. These effects were seen without adverse events and show promise for conditions involving microvascular dysfunction.
Background: Body of literature are becoming pronounced that pathological condition in one organ of the body might have an effect on other distal organs owing to the fact, that the entire body metabolism is orchestrated centrally.
Pathological events occurring in an organ are likely to be extended to other organs. Pretreatment that minimize these events are presumed to be beneficial to the extended organs.
Methods: Following 30 min of ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion in the kidney, rats under anesthesia were sacrificed and blood sample collected through cardiac puncture. Serum level of troponin I, and activities of total creatine kinase (CK), mass creatine kinase (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma –glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated spectrophotometrically.
Results: Serum troponin I increased to 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/ml in the ischemic group, and following pretreatment with Lmm (600mg/kg), serum level of troponin I decreased significantly to 0.021 ± 0.001 ng/ml (P<.05).><.05),><.05)><.05).
Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology - F. MunshiFaizan Munshi
The document summarizes several key effects of microgravity on human physiology based on numerous studies. It finds that microgravity leads to cellular changes like cytoskeleton thinning and increased senescence. It also causes musculoskeletal issues like muscle atrophy and bone loss. Further, microgravity compromises cardiovascular function and could impact male reproduction. The greatest health concerns are muscle atrophy and bone loss. Exercise and fluid loading are effective countermeasures but more research is still needed on microgravity's long term impacts and developing new countermeasures.
The Heart is a Target Organ in Offspring Rats Due to Maternal HypertensionSymbiosis Group
Maternal hypertension, induced through nitric oxide inhibition (L-NAME model) or spontaneous hypertension (SHR model), caused structural changes in the hearts of offspring rats. Specifically, the study found increased aorta wall area and wall-to-lumen ratio in hypertensive offspring at all ages examined (fetal, 2 days, and 15 days). Microvessel wall area in the heart was also greater in hypertensive offspring at 15 days. Additionally, collagen content in the heart was higher for SHR offspring at 2 and 15 days and L-NAME offspring at 15 days compared to controls. The results suggest that maternal hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular changes in offspring.
A neglected topic for way too long, the interest in fluid therapy seems to be quickly rising as the medical community is making a shift from looking at fluids as a mere method of stabilization towards the appreciation of its relevant side effects.
Many questions remain to be answered indeed:
Is the upgrade from saline 0.9% to balanced crystalloids worth the extra cost?
Does HES still have a place in the OR?
Do we have to fill the gap left by HES on ICU with crystalloids, other colloids or even albumin?
Is it really impossible to avoid fluid overload by using only crystalloids?
Is there still a definitive place for human albumin?
How do we treat and monitor specific patient populations, like patients with trauma, liver failure, brain edema and right heart failure among others?
How do we avoid a one-size-fits-all regimen in perioperative goal-directed therapy?
What with the fluids beyond resuscitation?
And what do the authors of the big fluid trials do in real life themselves?
The 9th International Fluid Academy Day will again be a 1 day concise meeting on all aspects of fluid managament and hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill.
Date: October 26th 2019, 8:00 - 18:00
Vascular calcificationprof.mohammed kamal nassar, mdFAARRAG
This document summarizes vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. It discusses several key factors involved in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification:
1) Phosphorus and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. High phosphorus and FGF23 levels may directly promote vascular calcification.
2) Klotho, the co-receptor for FGF23, plays an important role in phosphorus homeostasis and its downregulation is linked to vascular calcification.
3) Other factors discussed include vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, magnesium, vitamin K, sclerostin, and other proteins that may influence vascular calcification. Understanding the complex interplay between these various
This study investigated how the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is affected by the transplantation dose. The researchers found that:
1) At high transplantation doses, more donor HSCs engrafted and produced all measured blood cell types (granulocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells), compared to low doses.
2) At 4 months post-transplantation, 70-80% of HSC clones only produced one or two blood cell types ("specialized"), rather than all types, as previously thought.
3) High doses led to more HSC clones with balanced lymphocyte production, while low doses produced more clones specialized in T
ABSTRACT- Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hematological disorder that causes red blood cells to break down continuously. This leads to a rigid, sickle like shape under certain conditions, causing polymerization of the sickled hemoglobin. This study was undertaken to know whether sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and prolactin) exert any effect on the polymerization of sickle cell erythrocytes in vitro and the possibility of these hormones having an effect on the sickling phenomenon. The hemoglobin polymerization test was carried out when hemoglobin S undergoes gelation after it was deprived of oxygen using 2% sodium metabisulphite as reductant. The polymerization inhibition studies were shown that estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and not prolactin had a statistical significant reduction effect (P<0.05) on the polymerization of the sickle cell erythrocytes. The polymerization of the sickle cell erythrocytes was reduced to 50.90%, 62.74%, 67.56% and 92.16% at the concentration of 50.0 pg/ml of estrogen, 5.0 ng/ml of progesterone, 6.0 ng/ml of testosterone and 7.0 ng/ml of prolactin in the same order. This effect was achieved at a low concentration of these hormones. Higher concentrations of the hormones increased polymerization. The result suggests that using the hormones substances at low concentrations can help to ameliorate the intracellular polymerization of sickle cell hemoglobin.
Key-words- Sickle cell, Hormones, Polymerization, Progesterone, Estradiol, Testosterone, Prolactin
This study aimed to evaluate two new red blood cell indices - red blood cell size factor (RSf) and low hemoglobin density (LHD%) - for screening iron-deficiency anemia in children. The study established reference ranges for RSf and LHD% based on samples from 200 healthy children. It also analyzed samples from 51 children with confirmed iron-deficiency anemia. The results showed RSf and LHD% can help diagnose iron-deficiency anemia, with RSf of 89 fl and LHD% of 6.0% found to be optimal cutoff points. Both parameters correlated well with reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He), a validated measure of iron availability. The study
This document provides a bibliography of top cardiovascular research papers organized by topic. The topics covered include abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac injection, cardiomyopathy, chick embryo, contrast, developmental cardiology, diastolic dysfunction, graft transplantation, Holt-Oram syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, rabbit cardiovascular, rat cardiovascular, stem cells, stress echocardiography, and valvular flow & function. For each topic, several of the most influential papers from 2009-2010 are listed with their citation information.
Professor panditrao discusses the problems at microcirculation level in septic patients, especially in terms of Oxygen delivery and explains methods of optmizing the delivery of oxygen at cellular/ tissue level
1) The study examined the effects of thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on platelet and neutrophil dynamics in a pig model. Autologous platelets and neutrophils were labeled with indium-111 and injected into pigs undergoing thoracotomy alone, CPB for 180 minutes, or CPB for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion.
2) Thoracotomy alone significantly increased platelet retention in the lungs, heart, and brain compared to unoperated pigs. CPB and reperfusion altered the distribution of platelets and neutrophils in blood, organs, and tissues.
3) During CPB, an equilibrium was reached between single platelets, platelet thrombi
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
Sickle cell disease causes a distinct pattern of glomerular dysfunction. Subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD) are known to develop many potential functional and structural renal abnormalities. Glomerular hypertension and hyper filtration are thought to play a major role in the development of glomerular disease in subjects with SCD. We reported 5 unusual cases of sickle cell disease presenting as nephrotic syndrome. KEYWORDS- Nephrotic syndrome, sickle cell disease
The document summarizes key findings from the North American Stroke Meeting in 2003 regarding stem cell transplantation for stroke. It discusses how immortalized stem cell lines can be mass produced and derived without ethical concerns. A phase 1 trial injected cryopreserved stem cells into 12 patients with basal ganglia strokes, finding subjective improvement in functions and increased metabolism at the injury site. A phase 2 trial of 14 patients receiving different stem cell doses found some improvement on stroke scales but left questions unanswered. Future research is needed to optimize timing, locations and doses of stem cell transplantation for stroke patients.
This document summarizes bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS), an important cause of intraoperative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing cemented hip arthroplasty. The document proposes a definition and severity classification for BCIS. It reviews the incidence, clinical features, risk factors, pathophysiology, risk reduction strategies, and management of BCIS. High risk patients, such as those undergoing long-stem hip arthroplasty, are more likely to experience hypotension, hypoxia, or other complications from BCIS during cementation. Invasive monitoring should be considered for high risk patients undergoing cemented hip arthroplasty.
A 54-year-old woman presented with fatigue and a history of hemorrhoidal bleeding. She was found to have pale skin, spoon-shaped nails, and laboratory results consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. Further evaluation ruled out other causes of bleeding. She was treated with oral iron supplements, which increased her hemoglobin levels over three months, though her nails remained unchanged. Koilonychia, or spoon-shaped nails, can be associated with iron-deficiency anemia and may persist even after successful treatment of the underlying cause.
Veropaque, a novel contrast agent containing iohexol and a substituted cyclodextrin (SCD), was shown to significantly reduce contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in preclinical studies compared to iohexol alone. In mouse and rat models, Veropaque demonstrated reduced kidney pathology scores and preserved kidney function as measured by plasma creatinine levels. A dog study found Veropaque caused no differences in cardiovascular effects from intracoronary injection of iohexol alone. The SCD was able to protect the kidney from multiple contrast agents, suggesting a mechanism beyond complexation of the contrast. Based on these findings, the authors believe Veropaque has potential to decrease CI-AKI
Role of Plasma Exchange in ABO-incompatible Kidney TransplantationApollo Hospitals
In the past, ABO incompatibility was an absolute contraindication for solid organ transplantation. However,
multiple recent trials have suggested strategies for overcoming the reactions between graft antigens and recipient antibodies that cause graft rejection.
- Recombinant apolipoprotein A-I Milano (apo A-IM), the primary component of HDL, shows promise in reducing atherosclerosis. Two clinical trials found that a drug called ETC-216, made from recombinant apo A-IM, significantly reduced arterial plaque volumes. However, the lumen volume did not change significantly. More studies are needed to fully understand the effects of drugs based on recombinant apo A-IM on reducing plaque buildup and improving blood flow.
What are we missing in CKD-MBD management? - prof. Magdy El SharkawyMNDU net
This document discusses gaps in the current definitions and management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). It notes that while CKD-MBD is now defined more broadly than just renal osteodystrophy, clinical definitions are still lacking. Guidelines for phosphorus management need clarification on organic vs. inorganic phosphorus and dialysate calcium guidelines could be more precise. Role of magnesium and biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase are underexplored. PTH assays and their relationship to bone remodeling is also in need of better definition. Overall, this highlights several areas where CKD-MBD understanding and treatment could be improved.
Modeling of generation and propagation of cardiac action potential using frac...IOSR Journals
This document presents a model for simulating cardiac action potentials using fractional differential equations. The model builds off the existing Hund-Rudy dynamic model by replacing ordinary differential equations with fractional differential equations to more accurately model ion exchange mechanisms. The fractional model is shown to capture cardiac action potential generation and propagation with higher accuracy than ordinary differential equation models. An electrical circuit representation of the fractional model is also proposed to abstract the transmembrane ion exchange process.
Non-invasive Transdermal Delivery of Medical Carbon Dioxide with D`OXYVA® Boo...Circularity
Transdermal delivery of medical carbon dioxide via D'OXYVA has been shown to boost microcirculation and balance the autonomic nervous system. A study delivering CO2 to participants' thumbs found significant increases in skin perfusion pressure in their toes for up to 4 hours after, indicating improved remote microvascular function and wound healing potential. Further research suggests D'OXYVA delivery balances sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity by initially decreasing sympathetic activity during delivery and potentially extending parasympathetic activity afterwards. These effects were seen without adverse events and show promise for conditions involving microvascular dysfunction.
Background: Body of literature are becoming pronounced that pathological condition in one organ of the body might have an effect on other distal organs owing to the fact, that the entire body metabolism is orchestrated centrally.
Pathological events occurring in an organ are likely to be extended to other organs. Pretreatment that minimize these events are presumed to be beneficial to the extended organs.
Methods: Following 30 min of ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion in the kidney, rats under anesthesia were sacrificed and blood sample collected through cardiac puncture. Serum level of troponin I, and activities of total creatine kinase (CK), mass creatine kinase (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma –glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated spectrophotometrically.
Results: Serum troponin I increased to 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/ml in the ischemic group, and following pretreatment with Lmm (600mg/kg), serum level of troponin I decreased significantly to 0.021 ± 0.001 ng/ml (P<.05).><.05),><.05)><.05).
Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology - F. MunshiFaizan Munshi
The document summarizes several key effects of microgravity on human physiology based on numerous studies. It finds that microgravity leads to cellular changes like cytoskeleton thinning and increased senescence. It also causes musculoskeletal issues like muscle atrophy and bone loss. Further, microgravity compromises cardiovascular function and could impact male reproduction. The greatest health concerns are muscle atrophy and bone loss. Exercise and fluid loading are effective countermeasures but more research is still needed on microgravity's long term impacts and developing new countermeasures.
The Heart is a Target Organ in Offspring Rats Due to Maternal HypertensionSymbiosis Group
Maternal hypertension, induced through nitric oxide inhibition (L-NAME model) or spontaneous hypertension (SHR model), caused structural changes in the hearts of offspring rats. Specifically, the study found increased aorta wall area and wall-to-lumen ratio in hypertensive offspring at all ages examined (fetal, 2 days, and 15 days). Microvessel wall area in the heart was also greater in hypertensive offspring at 15 days. Additionally, collagen content in the heart was higher for SHR offspring at 2 and 15 days and L-NAME offspring at 15 days compared to controls. The results suggest that maternal hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular changes in offspring.
A neglected topic for way too long, the interest in fluid therapy seems to be quickly rising as the medical community is making a shift from looking at fluids as a mere method of stabilization towards the appreciation of its relevant side effects.
Many questions remain to be answered indeed:
Is the upgrade from saline 0.9% to balanced crystalloids worth the extra cost?
Does HES still have a place in the OR?
Do we have to fill the gap left by HES on ICU with crystalloids, other colloids or even albumin?
Is it really impossible to avoid fluid overload by using only crystalloids?
Is there still a definitive place for human albumin?
How do we treat and monitor specific patient populations, like patients with trauma, liver failure, brain edema and right heart failure among others?
How do we avoid a one-size-fits-all regimen in perioperative goal-directed therapy?
What with the fluids beyond resuscitation?
And what do the authors of the big fluid trials do in real life themselves?
The 9th International Fluid Academy Day will again be a 1 day concise meeting on all aspects of fluid managament and hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill.
Date: October 26th 2019, 8:00 - 18:00
Vascular calcificationprof.mohammed kamal nassar, mdFAARRAG
This document summarizes vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. It discusses several key factors involved in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification:
1) Phosphorus and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. High phosphorus and FGF23 levels may directly promote vascular calcification.
2) Klotho, the co-receptor for FGF23, plays an important role in phosphorus homeostasis and its downregulation is linked to vascular calcification.
3) Other factors discussed include vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, magnesium, vitamin K, sclerostin, and other proteins that may influence vascular calcification. Understanding the complex interplay between these various
This study investigated how the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is affected by the transplantation dose. The researchers found that:
1) At high transplantation doses, more donor HSCs engrafted and produced all measured blood cell types (granulocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells), compared to low doses.
2) At 4 months post-transplantation, 70-80% of HSC clones only produced one or two blood cell types ("specialized"), rather than all types, as previously thought.
3) High doses led to more HSC clones with balanced lymphocyte production, while low doses produced more clones specialized in T
ABSTRACT- Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hematological disorder that causes red blood cells to break down continuously. This leads to a rigid, sickle like shape under certain conditions, causing polymerization of the sickled hemoglobin. This study was undertaken to know whether sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and prolactin) exert any effect on the polymerization of sickle cell erythrocytes in vitro and the possibility of these hormones having an effect on the sickling phenomenon. The hemoglobin polymerization test was carried out when hemoglobin S undergoes gelation after it was deprived of oxygen using 2% sodium metabisulphite as reductant. The polymerization inhibition studies were shown that estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and not prolactin had a statistical significant reduction effect (P<0.05) on the polymerization of the sickle cell erythrocytes. The polymerization of the sickle cell erythrocytes was reduced to 50.90%, 62.74%, 67.56% and 92.16% at the concentration of 50.0 pg/ml of estrogen, 5.0 ng/ml of progesterone, 6.0 ng/ml of testosterone and 7.0 ng/ml of prolactin in the same order. This effect was achieved at a low concentration of these hormones. Higher concentrations of the hormones increased polymerization. The result suggests that using the hormones substances at low concentrations can help to ameliorate the intracellular polymerization of sickle cell hemoglobin.
Key-words- Sickle cell, Hormones, Polymerization, Progesterone, Estradiol, Testosterone, Prolactin
This study aimed to evaluate two new red blood cell indices - red blood cell size factor (RSf) and low hemoglobin density (LHD%) - for screening iron-deficiency anemia in children. The study established reference ranges for RSf and LHD% based on samples from 200 healthy children. It also analyzed samples from 51 children with confirmed iron-deficiency anemia. The results showed RSf and LHD% can help diagnose iron-deficiency anemia, with RSf of 89 fl and LHD% of 6.0% found to be optimal cutoff points. Both parameters correlated well with reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He), a validated measure of iron availability. The study
This document provides a bibliography of top cardiovascular research papers organized by topic. The topics covered include abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac injection, cardiomyopathy, chick embryo, contrast, developmental cardiology, diastolic dysfunction, graft transplantation, Holt-Oram syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, rabbit cardiovascular, rat cardiovascular, stem cells, stress echocardiography, and valvular flow & function. For each topic, several of the most influential papers from 2009-2010 are listed with their citation information.
Professor panditrao discusses the problems at microcirculation level in septic patients, especially in terms of Oxygen delivery and explains methods of optmizing the delivery of oxygen at cellular/ tissue level
1) The study examined the effects of thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on platelet and neutrophil dynamics in a pig model. Autologous platelets and neutrophils were labeled with indium-111 and injected into pigs undergoing thoracotomy alone, CPB for 180 minutes, or CPB for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion.
2) Thoracotomy alone significantly increased platelet retention in the lungs, heart, and brain compared to unoperated pigs. CPB and reperfusion altered the distribution of platelets and neutrophils in blood, organs, and tissues.
3) During CPB, an equilibrium was reached between single platelets, platelet thrombi
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
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1. Archives of Anatomy and Physiology
001
Citation: Stanchev S, Iliev A, Kotov G, Malinova L, Landzhov B (2018) A comparative morphometric study of the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons during the
postnatal development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Anat Physiol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/aap.000001
Clinical Group
CC Byhttp://dx.doi.org/10.17352/aap.000001DOI
Abstract
Background: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is associated with progressive loss of functional nephrons
leading to chronic renal failure. In our study, we analysed the changes in the areas of the renal corpuscles
and glomerular capillary tufts of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in 9 male spontaneously
hypertensive rats, distributed in the following age groups: 4, 6 and 12-month-old.
Results: The initial increase in the areas of the renal corpuscles and glomeruli representing the
compensatory glomerular hypertrophy was followed by decrease in the late stages of glomerulosclerosis.
Our results show that juxtamedullary nephrons were more affected than superficial nephrons.
Conclusion: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is associated with both morphological and morphometric
changes in nephrons, which lead to declining renal function.
Research Article
A comparative morphometric study
of the superficial and juxtamedullary
nephrons during the postnatal
development in spontaneously
hypertensive rats
Stancho Stanchev*, Alexandar Iliev,
Georgi Kotov, Lina Malinova and
Boycho Landzhov
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology,
Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Received: 16 January, 2018
Accepted: 23 January, 2018
Published: 24 January, 2018
*Corresponding author: Stancho Stanchev, MD,
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryol-
ogy Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria, Tel:
+35929172609; E-mail:
Keywords: Glomerulosclerosis, Renal corpuscles,
Morphometry,Hypertension,Spontaneouslyhypertensive
rat (SHR)
https://www.peertechz.com
Introduction
The prolonged and untreated hypertension is an important
risk factor for the development of inevitable structural
alterations in many organs and systems, which are collectively
described by the term “target organ damage” [1]. In addition,
the relationship between elevated blood pressure and chronic renal
failure is pathologically referred to as hypertensive nephrosclerosis
[2]. It is characterized by progressive morphological parenchymal
and interstitial changes – hyaline and fibrinoid arteriosclerosis,
intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation of the interlobular
and small arteries, and duplication of the internal elastic
lamina of arcuate arteries, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy
and glomerulosclerosis [3]. In the literature, two types of
glomerular injury have been described - solidification and
obsolescence. The obsolescent form is characterized by
collapse of the glomerulus and intracapsular fibrosis, while the
solidification is represented by expansion of mesangeal matrix
and enlargement of the glomerular tuft [4].
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain was first
derived by Okamoto and colleagues during the 1960s and is the
most commonly used experimental model of human essential
hypertension [5]. The elevation of blood pressure in SHR
begins at 4 weeks of age and the renal morphological changes
can be observed at 6-12 months of age. In addition, the severity
of the glomerular lesions and tubulointerstitial changes under
hypertonic conditions appears to be more pronounced in the
inner rather than the outer cortex [6].
The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare
the areas of the renal corpuscles and glomerular capillary tufts
of the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons traced among
three age groups (4-month-old, 6-month-old and 12-month-
old) male SHR.
Materials and Methods
In the present study, we used histological material from
the kidneys of male SHR. The total number of SHR was 9,
distributed in three age groups, each containing three animals:
four months old; six months old and twelve months old. All
experiments were conducted with the approval of the University
Committee on Animal Resources (№ 4866). All animals
received humane care in compliance with the “Principles of
laboratory animal care” formulated by the National Society
for Medical Research and the “Guide for the care and use of
laboratory animals” prepared by the National Institute of
2. 002
Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Citation: Stanchev S, Iliev A, Kotov G, Malinova L, Landzhov B (2018) A comparative morphometric study of the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons during the
postnatal development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Anat Physiol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/aap.000001
Health (NIH publication No. 86–23, revised 1996). The rats
were anaesthetised intraperitoneally with Thiopental 40 mg/
kg b.w. The chest cavity was opened and transcardial perfusion
was made with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate
buffer, pH 7.2. Kidneys were quickly removed and fixed in 10%
neutral-buffered formalin. After routine embedding, serial
coronal 5 μm thick sections were cut and stained routinely with
haematoxylin and eosin. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was
conducted in the following way: after removal of the paraffin
with xylol, we washed the slides with water and stained them
with haematoxylin for 5 minutes. They were then stained with
an eosin solution for 10 minutes, washed again with water and
embedded in entellan.
The morphometric analysis was performed on five slides
from the kidney of each animal. Quantitative data were obtained
with a computerised system for image analysis NISElements
Advanced Research (Ver. 2.30). The areas of interest in each
slide were first found on low magnifications (x100, x200),
taking into account the respective age group. Results were
obtained through assessment of randomly selected zones of
the renal cortex with no significant ruptures resulting from
the processing technique of the histological material that could
compromise the proper data analysis. The standardization of
the zone where the areas of renal corpuscles and glomeruli were
measured was performed in line with the following criteria in
order to certify the authenticity of the results: 1. only renal
corpuscles with clearly demarcated vascular and tubular poles
were included in this study; 2. the selected renal corpuscles of
the superficial nephrons were situated in the periphery of the
cortex; 3. the analyzed renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullary
nephrons were located adjacent to the medulla. The following
morphometric parameters of the superficial and juxtamedullary
nephrons during the postnatal development of SHR were
analyzed: area of the renal corpuscles of the superficial nephrons
(μm2
), glomerular area of the superficial nephrons (μm2
), area
of the renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullary nephrons (μm2
),
glomerular area of the juxtamedulllary nephrons (μm2
). The
obtained quantitative data were demonstrated with Bar Chart/
Bar Plot diagrams and were statistically evaluated through a
Student-T-test. Statistically significant differences were read
in the case of p<0.05. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was used to
process the data and to demonstrate the obtained results in an
adequate way.
Results
Results were obtained through assessment of randomly
selected areas of the kidneys of SHR, aged 4-, 6- and 12-month-
old, which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The
selected areas included either superficial (Figures 1-3) or
juxtamedullary nephrons (Figures 4-6). The results were
organized in the form of tables and diagrams, representative
of the obtained quantitative data for the studied morphometric
parameters.
In the group of 4-month-old animals, the comparative
analysis of the parameter area of the renal corpuscles shows
higher values in juxtamedullary nephrons as opposed to
superficial nephrons. That trend was preserved in the group
of 6-month-old SHR, where we noted that the increase of the
area of the renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons was
more pronounced than the respective increase in superficial
nephrons; furthermore, it reached its highest value in this
group. In the group of 12-month-old SHR, the area of the renal
corpuscles in superficial nephrons increased compared to the
value in 6-month-old SHR, while in juxtamedullary nephrons,
we reported a decrease in the area of the renal corpuscles,
which was comparable to the obtained results in 4-month-
old animals (Figure 7) (Table 1). In all age groups, the value
of the parameter remained higher in juxtamedular nephrons,
however in the group of 12-month-old SHR, the values were
closer and this difference was less pronounced.
Figure 1: Photomicrograph of superficial nephrons in the kidney, age 4 months,
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
Figure 2: Photomicrograph of superficial nephrons in the kidney, age 6 months,
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
Figure 3: Photomicrograph of superficial nephrons in the kidney, age 12 months,
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
Figure 4: Photomicrograph of juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney, age 4 months,
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
3. 003
Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Citation: Stanchev S, Iliev A, Kotov G, Malinova L, Landzhov B (2018) A comparative morphometric study of the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons during the
postnatal development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Anat Physiol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/aap.000001
The comparative analysis of the glomerular area of
superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in the group of
4-month-old SHR showed a greater value of the parameter
in juxtamedullary nephrons. As aging advanced, in 6-month-
old animals, we reported an increase in the parameter in both
types of nephrons; however, in juxtamedullary nephrons
this change was much more pronounced and constituted an
increase of more than 40%, while in superficial nephrons the
increase was approximately 20%. In the group of senescent SHR
(12-month-old) a decrease in the glomerular area was observed
both in superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons (Figure 8)
(Table 2). However, this decrease was better pronounced in
juxtamedullary nephrons, where the value of the parameter
decreased with more than 25%, while in superficial nephrons,
the decrease in the value was approximately 10%.
Discussion
In the present study, we conducted a detailed comparative
morphometric analysis of the changes in the areas of the renal
corpuscles and glomerular capillary tufts of the superficial
and juxtamedullary nephrons in SHR. More striking changes
in the evaluated parameters were observed in juxtamedullary
nephrons, while in superficial nephrons the changes were more
subtle. Between the groups of 4-month-old and 6-month-old
SHR, the values increased for both parameters in both types of
nephrons. Comparing 6-month-old with 12-month-old SHR,
we noted that the parameter glomerular area decreased in
both types of nephrons, while the area of the renal corpuscles
decreased in juxtamedullary nephrons but increased in
superficial nephrons.
There is evidence that various diseases may affect the
morphometric parameters of the renal corpuscles such as
glomerular capillary tuft’s diameter and Bowman’s capsule
dimension [7]. Glomerulosclerosis can be observed under
pathological conditions such as hypertension, as well as
during the process of physiological aging. Smith et al. suggest
a formula for estimation of the percentage of age-related
sclerotic glomeruli in the human population: age/2-10, when
the age is above 40 years [8]. Furthermore, the changes in
glomerular size correspond to the phase of glomerulosclerosis
– the initial process of glomerular hypertrophy is followed
by shrinking of glomerular capillary tufts to a smaller size.
Figure 5: Photomicrograph of juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney, age 6 months,
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
Figure 6: Photomicrograph of juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney, age 12
months, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Magnification – x100.
Figure 7: Graphical representation of the comparative analysis of the morphometric
parameter area of renal corpuscles of superficial (SHR-S) and juxtamedullary
nephrons (SHR-J) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. X-axis: age-groups of SHR.
Y-axis: area of renal corpuscles (μm2).
Figure 8: Graphical representation of the comparative analysis of the morphometric
parameter glomerular area of superficial (SHR-S) and juxtamedullary nephrons
(SHR-J) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. X-axis: age-groups of SHR. Y-axis:
glomerular area (μm2).
Table 1: Numerical representation of the comparative analysis of the morphometric
parameter area of renal corpuscles in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
SHR
Superficial nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons
TTEST
Area of renal corpuscles Area of renal corpuscles
Age
Mean value
- μm2
SD
Mean value -
μm2
SD
4 months 9238.8 861.2 11975.1 921.9
p<
0.00001
6 months 9359 713.2 12834.3 1020
p<
0.000001
12
months
10504.2 1265.8 12245.6 762.4
p<
0.000001
Table 2: Numerical representation of the comparative analysis of the morphometric
parameter glomerular area in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
SHR
Superficial nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons
TTEST
Glomerular area Glomerular area
Age
Mean value
- μm2
SD Mean value - μm2
SD
4 months 5822.6 1013.9 6579.4 759.8 p< 0.00001
6 months 7278.5 588 11446.4 1152.9
p<
0.0000001
12
months
6595.8 742.5 8453.6 517.3
p<
0.000001