The document is an introduction to database systems, covering fundamental concepts like data, databases, tables, and queries. It discusses the process of creating a database, including designing tables, defining fields, and establishing relationships between them. Various database management systems, such as MS Access, and their functions for managing information are also mentioned.

1. 1
omputer Science & Engineering 2111
Introduction to Database Systems
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

2. 2
Database Terms
– Data
• A collection of numbers and text
– 273459368
– Information
• Meaning derived from the data
– SSN: 273-45-9368
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

3. 3
What is a database?
• A large collection of data stored in a well-defined structure
– You can think of a database as
• An electronic filing system
• A repository for large amounts of information
– Example of a paper database
• Telephone book
• Examples of computer databases
– Ohio State stores student information in a database
– Insurance companies store policy holder information in a
database
– Your employer stores your information in a database
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

4. 4
Database Software
• How do I create a database?
– Purchase the software
• We will use MS Access, but there are many database
software products
– Oracle
– Sybase
– SQL Server
• How do I access information in the database?
– Purchase a Database Management System (DBMS)
• A DBMS is a collection of programs that enable you to
enter, organize, and select data in a database.
– We will use MS Access, but there are many database
management software products
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

5.  Tables - a list of data organized into fields and records
 Queries - question structures to sort, filter and select
specific information
 Forms - structures for screen views of data
 Reports - structures for written output of data
 Program Modules & Macros - program code to perform
specific actions
DBMS “objects”:
CSE 2111- Introduction to Database
Management Systems
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6. 6
Tables
• A table is an entity used to organize
information by categories of like information
• A database is made up of one or more tables
CSE 2111 Introduction to Database
Management Systems

7. 7
Queries
• Used to extract information from a database
CSE 2111 Introduction to Database
Management Systems

8. What is a database Form?
• Structures for screen view and input of information
• Used to simplify viewing and inputting of information
Datasheet View Form View
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Management Systems
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9. • Structures for viewing written output of information
What is a database Report?
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10. 10
• The design should be initially created schematically, and
then the database should be created using the chosen
database software
Steps when setting up a Database
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1. Decide what information you will store in the database
Research Papers database
First Name Charge Amount
Last Name Charge Date
Address Payment Amount
City Payment Type
State Payment Date
Zip Code
Home Phone
This database is a very simplistic one. Most databases you create will be much more
complex.
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2. Create the layout of the database
• What tables do you need in your database?
• What is a table?
– An entity used to organize information by categories of like
information
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

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Research Papers Database Tables
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems
• Client
Stores client information
• Charges
Stores client charges information
• Payments
Stores client payment information
• PaymentMethod
Stores the payment method
Credit Card
Cash
Check

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2. Create the layout of the database
• What fields do you need in your database?
• What is a field?
– An attribute (piece of information) of the table/entity.
• How will you set them up?
– Divide Tables into Inseparable Fields
•Address as 1 field –
• 17 Main St. New York, New York 10002
•Address as 4 fields
• Street Address - 17 Main St.
• City - New York
• State - New York
• Zip code – 10002
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

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Research Papers Database
Table Name: Client
Fields: Client ID
First Name
Last Name
Address
City
State
Zip Code
Home Phone
Table Name: Charges
Fields: Client ID
Charge Amount
Charge Date
Table Name: Payments
Fields: Client ID
Payment Amount
Payment Type
Payment Date
Table Name: PaymentMethod
Fields: MethodID
MethodType
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2. Create the layout of the database
• Fields contain field types/data types and field properties
• What is a field Type/Data Type?
– Defines the type of information that can be stored. i.e. text,
numbers, dates, etc.
• What is a field Property?
– Field size
– Input Mask
– Validity
– Default Value
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Research Papers Database
Table Name: Client Field Type/
Data Type
Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long Primary Key
First Name Text 25 Characters long
Last Name Text 50 Characters long
Address Text 60 Characters long
City Text 25 Characters long
State Text 2 Characters long Default Value
Zip Code Text 5 Characters long
Home Phone Text 10 Characters long Input Mask
Table Name: Charges Field Type Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long
Charge Amount Currency None
Charge Date Date Input Mast
Table Name: Payments Field Type Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long
Payment Amount Currency None
Payment Type Text 2 Characters long
Payment Date Date Input Mask
Table Name: PaymentMethod Field Type Properties
Fields: MethodID Text 2 Characters long
MethodType Text 20 Characters long
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2. Create the layout of the database
• What will be the primary key for each table?
• A field, or a collection of fields, whose values uniquely
identify each record in a table
• A primary key is a table column that can be used to uniquely
identify every row of the table. Any column that has this
property will do -- these columns are called candidate keys.
A table can have many candidate keys but only one primary
key. ... A composite primary key is a primary key consisting
of more than one column.
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Research Papers Database
Table Name: Client Field Type/
Data Type
Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long Primary Key
First Name Text 25 Characters long
Last Name Text 50 Characters long
Address Text 60 Characters long
City Text 25 Characters long
State Text 2 Characters long Default Value
Zip Code Text 5 Characters long
Home Phone Text 10 Characters long Input Mask
Table Name: Charges Field Type Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long
Charge Amount Currency None
Charge Date Date Input Mast
Table Name: Payments Field Type Properties
Fields: Client ID Text 5 Characters long
Payment Amount Currency None
Payment Type Text 2 Characters long
Payment Date Date Input Mask
Table Name: PaymentMethod Field Type Properties
Fields: MethodID Text 2 Characters long
MethodType Text 20 Characters long
CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems

20. File
Table
Primary
Key
Each Record is made
up of 8 Fields Data Type/Field Type
Field Properties
A field, or combination of fields,
which uniquely identifies a record
in a database
Primary
Key
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21. How is a database Organized?
(Hierarchy of Data in a database)
Table
Each Record is made up of 8 Fields
File
16 Records CSE 2111-Introduction to Database Systems 21

22. Steps when setting up a Database
1. Decide what information you will store in
the database
2. Create the layout of the database
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23. 3. Create a relationship diagram to identify the table
relationships, primary keys and foreign keys
• We know the information we want to store, but how do we match a
customer’s name to their charges and payments?
• We need a way to relate these two tables to extract useful
information.
• We can relate these two tables by matching the Client ID
• Foreign key
• A field that defines the relationship between 2 tables
• Relationship Rules
• Must be a primary key (unique) in at least one of the tables
• The field names on each table do not have to match as long as
the information is the same.
• The related fields must be the same data type
– number, text etc.
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Management Systems
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24. Table Name:
Client
Primary Key:
ClientID
Table Name:
Charges
Primary Key:
None
Foreign Key:
ClientID
On Charges table
Foreign Key:
ClientID On Payments table
Table Name:
MethodTypes
Primary Key:
MethodID
Foreign Key:
PaymentType On Payments table
RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM FOR
RESEARCH PAPERS DATABASE
1 1
1
∞
∞
∞
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Table Name:
Payments
Primary Key:
None

25. 4. Create the database using the database software
• Create tables
– Fields
– Primary keys
– Field Types
– Field Properties
• Create Relationships
– “Join” tables
– Enforce Referential Data Integrity
• A set of rules that specifies what records may exist in each table
– A record input with a foreign key must always have a matching record in the primary
key table in the relationship
• Cascade Delete Related Records
– Removing any entry in a primary key field will automatically remove all entries in
foreign key fields of related tables.
• Cascade Update Related Records
– Updating any entry in a primary key field will automatically update all entries in foreign
key fields of related tables.
• Input the information
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26. Once Relationships are established you can gather information
from one or more tables to answer questions
• Create a list of account numbers and owner names and total transactions
• What are the total deposits made by accounts starting with 5?
• What is the total balance of all accounts held by Jane Doe ?
These requests are known as Queries
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27. Defining Properties for each Field in a Table
For a person’s social security number use:
• What field type?
– Text, Number - Short Integer, Number- Long
Integer etc.
• Should it be optional or required?
• Does the value need to be within certain
limits or from a predefined list?
• Is there a default value?
• Would an input mask be appropriate
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28. How should you decide what information goes on which table?
• If a fact appears in more than one record of a table, then this
fact should probably be defined in another table.
– Example: Account number
• Each fact should change in only one place
– Example: Address
• Calculations shouldn’t be part of the database
– Example: Current Balance
• Select a Primary Key where applicable so you can relate your
tables
– Example: Account number
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