Bell's palsy is caused by triggers such as viruses, tumors, or injuries that damage the facial nerve. There are three main treatment approaches depending on the cause: allowing minor cases to heal naturally, using antiviral drugs for virus-caused cases, or prescribing corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Surgery or physical therapy may be needed for cases with permanent facial paralysis.
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Headaches and migraines can vary in duration, cause and severity. Many common headaches and migraines can be dealt with over the counter products. Severe headaches and migraines may need to be treated by a doctor
RC Homeopathy offers natural homeopathic remedies to treat all sorts of body and mind related sickness. Buy homeopathic remedies online from RC homeopathic clinic in Sydney and avail discount prices for all the natural products ordered online. RC Homeopathy is a holistic health and wellbeing centre with a varied range of natural medicine and therapies. Our professional and experienced healthcare services guarantee the best possible treatment for our clients.
Headaches and migraines can vary in duration, cause and severity. Many common headaches and migraines can be dealt with over the counter products. Severe headaches and migraines may need to be treated by a doctor
Wrinkles, creaky elbows, and silver hair aren't the solitary side effects old enough. Think about waterfalls, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and glaucoma, which are additional age-related issues that can harm vision. What you should know: While they are more continuous in individuals 50 and over, they are not really present.
To maintain your lifestyle, taking care of your eyesight is important. At least 1 in 6 adults aged 45 or older suffer from eye disorders that threaten vision. The risk of vision changes increases with age.
According to a report from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), an estimated million in the world will develop an eye disease by the year 2020. Following are some helpful tips to help protect your eyesight as you age.
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Everything You Need to Know about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderEPIC Health
ADHD is a developmental impairment that’s treatable & completely curable.Check out this infographic to know more about the disease, it's causes, symptoms & treatment options.
How to treat ear infections in kids at homeIhsan Umraity
How to treat Ear Infections In kids At Home - Ear infections are often suffered by kids. Generally this disease is suffered by five of six children before turning three years. If your baby looks often tugged on his ear, irritability, frequently crying more than usual, it is possible that he was ill. Notice the common signs, such as the appearance of fever, discharge from the ear, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. If that is so, it means that he is having an ear infection.
Seizures In Dogs: Why Do Dogs Have Them?Pet Care Club
Seizures are symptoms of a brain problem. Seizures can threaten your dog’s life by causing complete damage to his brain if not addressed on time. Therefore, be there and take mandatory actions before this fatal ailment thrust mercilessly on your dog.
Wrinkles, creaky elbows, and silver hair aren't the solitary side effects old enough. Think about waterfalls, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and glaucoma, which are additional age-related issues that can harm vision. What you should know: While they are more continuous in individuals 50 and over, they are not really present.
To maintain your lifestyle, taking care of your eyesight is important. At least 1 in 6 adults aged 45 or older suffer from eye disorders that threaten vision. The risk of vision changes increases with age.
According to a report from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), an estimated million in the world will develop an eye disease by the year 2020. Following are some helpful tips to help protect your eyesight as you age.
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Everything You Need to Know about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderEPIC Health
ADHD is a developmental impairment that’s treatable & completely curable.Check out this infographic to know more about the disease, it's causes, symptoms & treatment options.
How to treat ear infections in kids at homeIhsan Umraity
How to treat Ear Infections In kids At Home - Ear infections are often suffered by kids. Generally this disease is suffered by five of six children before turning three years. If your baby looks often tugged on his ear, irritability, frequently crying more than usual, it is possible that he was ill. Notice the common signs, such as the appearance of fever, discharge from the ear, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. If that is so, it means that he is having an ear infection.
Seizures In Dogs: Why Do Dogs Have Them?Pet Care Club
Seizures are symptoms of a brain problem. Seizures can threaten your dog’s life by causing complete damage to his brain if not addressed on time. Therefore, be there and take mandatory actions before this fatal ailment thrust mercilessly on your dog.
Bells palsy-causes |management |a brief medical studymartinshaji
Bell's palsy causes sudden weakness in your facial muscles. This makes half of your face appear to droop. Your smile is one-sided, and your eye on that side resists closing.
Bell's palsy, also known as facial palsy, can occur at any age. The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to be the result of swelling and inflammation of the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of your face. It may be a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.
For most people, Bell's palsy is temporary. Symptoms usually start to improve within a few weeks, with complete recovery in about six months. A small number of people continue to have some Bell's palsy symptoms for life. Rarely, Bell's palsy can recur.
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If you or your loved ones have rare eye diseases, keep this in mind: While this condition may be unusual, you are not alone. And while most doctors don’t know much about your condition, there are specialists and organizations that do. They are dedicated to helping people with all kinds of rare eye diseases and their families. Find out what they offer.
Rare Eye Diseases List
National Eye Institute has information on a number of rare eye diseases, including:
Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia
Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy
Behçet’s Disease
Coloboma
Graves’ Eye Disease
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinoblastoma
Stargardt Disease
Usher Syndrome
1. Anophthalmia And Microphthalmia
Summary: Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia
Signs: Being born with unusually small eyes (microphthalmia) or without one or both eyes (anophthalmia)
Diagnosis: Prenatal tests, physical exam
Treatment: Prosthetic devices, surgery, medicine
What are anophthalmia and microphthalmia?
microphthalmia and anophthalmia are eye conditions that people are born with. Microphthalmia occurs when a child has one or both small eyes. Both conditions are rare and can lead to vision loss or blindness. Anophthalmia occurs when a baby is born without one or both eyes.
There is no cure for people born with anophthalmia or microphthalmia that can create a new eye or restore sight. But early treatment can help the growth and development of infants and children with these conditions.
What causes anophthalmia and microphthalmia?
Most of the time, doctors do not know what causes anophthalmia or microphthalmia. These conditions can be caused by:
Changes in genes. (genetic mutations) These changes occur during pregnancy before the baby is born. These changes can also lead to other birth defects.
Some medications can cause anophthalmia and microphthalmia if you take them during pregnancy.
Coming into contact with harmful things could also cause anophthalmia and microphthalmia. This may include :
X-rays
Chemicals
Drugs
Pesticides
Radiation
Viruses
Experts think that a combination of genes and other factors, such as harmful things in your environment, can also cause anophthalmia and microphthalmia.
2. Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy
Summary: Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy
Symptoms: Loss of vision especially night vision and peripheral (side) vision
Diagnosis: Dilated eye exam, genetic testing
Treatment: None
What is Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy?
Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a genetic disease and it’s rare. In BCD outer layer of the front of the eye). People with, crystals made of fatty acids build in your retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye) and your cornea (the clear
BCD May first experience symptoms in their teens or early twenties, such as difficulty seeing in low light or out of the corner of the eye. Over time, this leads to eyesight loss.
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Nasal polyps - a detailed medical study martinshaji
Nasal polyps (NP) are noncancerous growths within the nose or sinuses , A painless growth on the lining of the nose or sinuses. Nasal polyp treatment usually starts with drugs, such as corticosteroids, which can make even large polyps shrink or disappear. However, some foods like soy, dairy, eggs, yeast, and gluten-containing products such as wheat, which may trigger an allergic reaction, should be avoided. Other common allergens include certain food additives and preservatives such as benzoates, tartrazine, monosodium glutamate, and sulfites.
In clinical watching now a days more than drugs we are recorrecting this condition with surgical options , and found it more beneficial and also be done easily ……………………thank you
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent tissue that covers the front surface of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. Conjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, allergies, and irritants, leading to different types of conjunctivitis that require specific management and therapy.
Infectious conjunctivitis is often caused by bacteria or viruses. Bacterial conjunctivitis typically presents with redness, discharge, and crusting of the eyelids. It is commonly treated with topical antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection. On the other hand, viral conjunctivitis is caused by a viral infection and tends to be self-limiting, with symptoms like redness, watery discharge, and sensitivity to light. Management for viral conjunctivitis involves supportive care, such as cold compresses and lubricating eye drops, to alleviate discomfort while waiting for the infection to resolve.
Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the eyes react to allergens, such as pollen, pet dander, or dust mites. It results in itching, redness, watery discharge, and swollen eyelids. Antihistamine eye drops or oral antihistamines can help relieve symptoms by reducing the allergic response. In some cases, mast cell stabilizers or corticosteroid eye drops may be prescribed to control severe allergic reactions.
Other specific types of conjunctivitis include giant papillary conjunctivitis, which is often associated with contact lens use or ocular prosthetics, and vernal conjunctivitis, a chronic allergic condition primarily affecting young people. These types may require a combination of treatments, including avoiding the triggering factors, using lubricating eye drops, and, in severe cases, prescribed medications like mast cell stabilizers or topical steroids.
Additionally, conjunctivitis can be caused by exposure to irritating substances, such as chemicals or smoke, leading to chemical conjunctivitis. The primary management for this type involves thoroughly rinsing the eyes with clean water or saline solution to flush out the irritants.
In all cases, practicing good hygiene measures, such as frequent hand washing and avoiding touching the eyes, can help prevent the spread of infectious conjunctivitis.
It is important to consult an eye care professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of conjunctivitis. They can provide personalized recommendations and prescribe the most suitable therapy based on the type and severity of the condition, with the goal of relieving symptoms, promoting healing, and preventing complications.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group is neurological disorder. An epileptic seizure is a paroxysm(sudden) of uncontrolled discharges of neurons causing an event that is discernible(visible) by the person experiencing the seizures or by the observer. The tendency to have recurrent attacks is known as epilepsy.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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