The document discusses Behavior Driven Development (BDD) using Calabash for Android, focusing on how it can facilitate collaboration between product owners and developers by using clear acceptance criteria formatted in Gherkin language. It highlights the structure of BDD with the use of scenarios, steps, and Cucumber for automated acceptance testing. Additionally, it covers various features of the Calabash framework for both Android and iOS applications, including its capabilities for writing automated acceptance tests and predefined steps.

1. Behavior Driven
Development with
Calabash for Android
Teresa Holfeld | Ubilabs

2. Credits
Teresa Holfeld
Head of Mobile @ Ubilabs
@TeresaHolfeld
Selim Salman
Android Evangelist Engineer
@A_SelimS

3. Behavior Driven Development

4. Behavior Driven Development
We want to do Scrum.
We have a Product Owner who can’t code.
This Product Owner has to write Acceptance Criteria for our tickets.
We have to show them that the Acceptance Criteria are met.
Can we agree on some format that makes it easier for both of us?

5. Behavior Driven Development
Ruby: Cucumber
Language: Gherkin

6. Behavior Driven Development
Ruby: Cucumber
Language: Gherkin Given <some precondition>
When <some action by the actor>
Then <some testable outcome is achieved>

7. Behavior Driven Development
Ruby: Cucumber
Language: Gherkin
Mobile: Calabash
● Implements Cucumber
● Uses Gherkin
Given <some precondition>
When <some action by the actor>
Then <some testable outcome is achieved>

8. Behavior Driven Development
Ruby: Cucumber
Language: Gherkin
Mobile: Calabash
● Implements Cucumber
● Uses Gherkin
Android: Calabash-android
Given <some precondition>
When <some action by the actor>
Then <some testable outcome is achieved>

9. Gherkin

10. Gherkin
● Simple Domain Specific Language (DSL) with
natural language constructs

11. Gherkin
● Simple Domain Specific Language (DSL) with
natural language constructs
Given <some precondition>
When <some action by the actor>
Then <some testable outcome is achieved>

12. Gherkin
● Simple Domain Specific Language (DSL) with
natural language constructs
Scenario: Multiple Givens
Given one thing
Given another thing
Given yet another thing
When I open my eyes
Then I see something
Then I don't see something else

13. Gherkin
● Simple Domain Specific Language (DSL) with
natural language constructs
Scenario: Multiple Givens
Given one thing
And another thing
And yet another thing
When I open my eyes
Then I see something
But I don't see something else

14. Cucumber

15. Cucumber
Cucumber:
● Software tool for writing automated acceptance tests in BDD
● Gherkin: Given - When - Then
● Origin: Ruby

16. Cucumber
Cucumber:
● Software tool for writing automated acceptance tests in BDD
● Gherkin: Given - When - Then
● Origin: Ruby
● Java, JavaScript, C#, PHP

17. Cucumber
Keywords:
● Feature
● Scenario
● Given, When, Then, And, But
● Background
● Scenario Outline
● Examples

18. Cucumber Feature, Scenario
Feature: Load tracks of the releases of a record label.
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for all records of a given record label.
Given I see the record label “Rivulet Records”
And I see the record “Closed Sessions”
And I see the artist “Various”
When I press “Show all tracks”
And I wait for 3 seconds
Then I see “Sigil Magic, How To Lose Orientation, This Is The Game We Play, So Fi Trance,
Closed Session”

19. Cucumber Background
Feature: Load tracks of the releases of a record label.
Background:
Given I see a search field
When I type “Rivulet Records” into the search field
And I wait for 3 seconds
Then I see “Rivulet Records” # this is the record label
And I see “Closed Sessions” # this is the album
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for all records of a given record label.
Given I see the record label “Rivulet Records”
And I see the record “Closed Sessions”
And I see the artist “Various”
When I press “Show all tracks”
[...]

20. Cucumber Scenario Outline, Examples
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for the record “Closed Sessions” of the label
“Rivulet Records”.
Given I see the record label “Rivulet Records”
And I see the record “Closed Sessions”
When I press “Show all tracks”
Then I see “Sigil Magic, How To Lose Orientation, This Is The Game We Play, So Fi Trance,
Closed Session”
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for the record “Floating Woven” of the label
“Paradise Now”.
Given I see the record label “Paradise Now”
And I see the record “Floating Woven”
When I press “Show all tracks”
Then I see “Gerold Dub, Meridia 02509, Floating Woven”

21. Cucumber Scenario Outline, Examples
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for the record “Closed Sessions” of the label
“Rivulet Records”.
Given I see the record label “Rivulet Records”
And I see the record “Closed Sessions”
When I press “Show all tracks”
Then I see “Sigil Magic, How To Lose Orientation, This Is The Game We Play, So Fi Trance,
Closed Session”
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for the record “Floating Woven” of the label
“Paradise Now”.
Given I see the record label “Paradise Now”
And I see the record “Floating Woven”
When I press “Show all tracks”
Then I see “Gerold Dub, Meridia 02509, Floating Woven”

22. Cucumber Scenario Outline, Examples
Scenario Outline: As a user I want to load all tracks for a given record of a given label.
Given I see the record label <label>
And I see the record <record>
When I press “Show all tracks”
Then I see <tracks>
Examples:
| label | record | tracks |
| Rivulet Records | Closed Sessions | Sigil Magic, [...] |
| Paradise Now | Floating Woven | Gerold Dub, [...] |
https://cucumber.io/docs/reference

23. Cucumber Step Definitions
Scenario: As a user I want to load all tracks for all records of a given record label.
Given I see the record label “Rivulet Records”
Given(/I see the record label “([^”]*)”$/) do |label|
puts “Record label: #{label}”
end

24. Calabash

25. Calabash

26. Calabash

27. Calabash

28. Calabash
Calabash:
● Framework for automated acceptance tests for iOS and Android
● By Xamarin
Calabash-android:
● Calabash testing framework for Android
● Uses Cucumber + Gherkin
● Ruby

29. Calabash
How does it work?
Android app wrapper around Robotium
Exposes view hierarchy as HTML server
Calabash Ruby framework talks to this HTML server

30. Calabash
Image source: https://anadea.info/blog/introduction-to-calabash

31. Calabash

32. Calabash
show_tracks.feature

33. Calabash
calabash_steps.rb

35. Calabash
Calabash console

36. Calabash
Calabash console

37. Calabash
Calabash console

38. Calabash
Canned steps:
steps the framework already implemented for you
Step Definitions:
how to define your own steps
Ruby API:
what you can use for implementing your own steps

39. Calabash - Canned Steps
Check if text is there:
Then /^I see "([^"]*)"$/
Then /^I should see "([^"]*)"$/

40. Calabash - Canned Steps
Check if text is there:
Then /^I see "([^"]*)"$/
Then /^I should see "([^"]*)"$/
Check if text is not there:
Then /^I should not see "([^"]*)"$/
Then /^I don't see "([^"]*)"$/

41. Calabash - Canned Steps
Input actions:
Then /^I toggle checkbox number (d+)$/ do |index|
Then /^I enter "([^"]*)" into input field number (d+)$/ do |text, index|

42. Calabash - Canned Steps
Input actions:
Then /^I toggle checkbox number (d+)$/ do |index|
Then /^I enter "([^"]*)" into input field number (d+)$/ do |text, index|
Touching:
Then /^I press the "([^"]*)" button$/ do |text|
Then /^I click on screen (d+)% from the left and (d+)% from the top$/ do |x, y|

43. Calabash - Canned Steps
Input actions:
Then /^I toggle checkbox number (d+)$/ do |index|
Then /^I enter "([^"]*)" into input field number (d+)$/ do |text, index|
Touching:
Then /^I press the "([^"]*)" button$/ do |text|
Then /^I click on screen (d+)% from the left and (d+)% from the top$/ do |x, y|
Buttons:
Then /^I go back$/
Then /^I press the menu key$/

44. Calabash - Canned Steps
Gestures:
Then /^I swipe left$/
Then /^I scroll down$/

45. Calabash - Canned Steps
Gestures:
Then /^I swipe left$/
Then /^I scroll down$/
Waiting:
Then /^I wait for (d+) seconds$/ do |seconds|
Then /^I wait up to (d+) seconds for "([^"]*)" to appear$/ do |timeout, text|

46. Calabash - Canned Steps
Even more:
https://github.com/calabash/calabash-android/blob/master/ruby-gem/lib/calabash-
android/canned_steps.md

47. Calabash - Step Definitions
Then(/^I see a map$/) do
map_view = element_exists("MapView")
if not map_view
screenshot_and_raise "No map view found!"
end
end

48. Calabash - Step Definitions
Setting a geolocation:
Then(/^I set my location to (d+).(d+), (d+).(d+)$/) do |arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4|
lat = "#{arg1}.#{arg2}"
long = "#{arg3}.#{arg4}"
set_gps_coordinates(lat, long)
end

49. Calabash - Advanced Stuff
Referencing steps:
Given(/^I checked if notes are empty$/) do
steps %Q{
Given I see the "Notes" button
When I press the "Notes" button
Then I see "No notes."
}
end

50. Calabash - Advanced Stuff
Repeating steps:
Given(/^I entered (d+) note(?:s)?$/) do |n|
for i in 1..n.to_i
steps %Q{
Given I see "New Note"
When I press "New Note"
And I enter "Note #{i}" into the note field
And I press "Save"
Then I see "Note #{i}"
}
end
end

51. Calabash - Ruby API
> query("FrameLayout index:0")
[
[0] {
"id" => "content",
"enabled" => true,
"contentDescription" => nil,
"class" => "android.widget.FrameLayout",
"rect" => {
"center_y" => 617.0,
"center_x" => 384.0,
"height" => 1134,
"y" => 50,
"width" => 768,
"x" => 0
},
"description" => "android.widget.FrameLayout{41f40dc0 V.E..... ........ 0,50-768,1184 #1020002
android:id/content}"
}
]

52. Calabash - Ruby API
element_exists(uiquery)
element_does_not_exist(uiquery)

53. Calabash - Ruby API
element_exists(uiquery)
element_does_not_exist(uiquery)
wait_for_elements_exist(elements_arr, options={})
wait_for_elements_exist( ["button marked:'OK'", "* marked:'Cancel'"], :timeout => 2)

54. Calabash - Ruby API
fail(msg)
fail(msg="Error. Check log for details.")

55. Calabash - Ruby API
fail(msg)
fail(msg="Error. Check log for details.")
screenshot(options={:prefix=>nil, :name=>nil})
screenshot({:prefix => "/tmp", :name => "my.png"})

56. Calabash - Ruby API
fail(msg)
fail(msg="Error. Check log for details.")
screenshot(options={:prefix=>nil, :name=>nil})
screenshot({:prefix => "/tmp", :name => "my.png"})
screenshot_and_raise(msg, options)
screenshot_and_raise(msg="Error. Check log for details.",
options={:prefix => "/tmp", :name => "error.png"})

57. Calabash - Ruby API
And much more:
https://github.com/calabash/calabash-android/blob/master/documentation/ruby_ap
i.md

58. Calabash - Documentation and Tutorials
Calabash Android GitHub:
https://github.com/calabash/calabash-android
Calabash Ruby API:
https://github.com/calabash/calabash-android/blob/master/documentation/ruby_ap
i.md
Calabash Developer Site:
https://developer.xamarin.com/guides/testcloud/calabash/
Testmunk Documentation and Tutorials:
https://testmunk.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

59. Behavior Driven Development

60. Alternatives
● Cucumber-android + Espresso
● Espresso and comments
● JBehave
● Concordion
● JDave
● Easyb

61. Yay or nay?
+ Serves as a technical documentation
+ Non-tech staff can understand
+ Enforces well-defined acceptance criteria
+ Easy to run, easy to learn
- Comes with overhead: have to develop steps in Ruby
- You have to implement certain things yourself
(e.g. scrolling in RecyclerView)
- You need to convince your Product Owner to write acceptance criteria m(

62. Teresa Holfeld
Head of Mobile @ Ubilabs
@TeresaHolfeld

64. www.ubilabs.net/jobs
And also thank you for listening.
Questions welcome!

65. Calabash - Advanced Stuff
Resuming an Activity:
Then(/^I resume the app$/) do
system("#{default_device.adb_command} shell am start -n
com.example.calabash.MainActivity")
end

66. Calabash - Canned Steps
Gestures:
Then /^I swipe left$/
Then /^I swipe right$/
Then /^I scroll down$/
Then /^I scroll up$/
Then /^I select "([^"]*)" from the menu$/ do |identifier|
Then /^I drag from (d+):(d+) to (d+):(d+) moving with (d+) steps$/ do
|from_x, from_y, to_x, to_y, steps|
x:y co-ordinates are expressed as percentages of the screen width:height.

67. Calabash - Canned Steps
Waiting:
Then /^I wait for 1 second$/ # 1 second
Then /^I wait for a second$/ # 1 second
Then /^I wait$/ # 2 seconds
Then /^I wait for (d+) seconds$/ do |seconds| # specified number of seconds

68. Calabash - Canned Steps
Waiting:
Then /^I wait for 1 second$/ # 1 second
Then /^I wait for a second$/ # 1 second
Then /^I wait$/ # 2 seconds
Then /^I wait for (d+) seconds$/ do |seconds| # specified number of seconds
Then /^I wait for "([^"]*)" to appear$/ do |text|
Then /^I wait up to (d+) seconds for "([^"]*)" to appear$/ do |timeout, text|
Then /^I wait up to (d+) seconds to see "([^"]*)"$/ do |timeout, †ext|