The document discusses proposals for a second crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge to address increasing traffic congestion. It suggests reusing the abandoned east crossing structure of the original 1936 bridge for the new bridge's east portion. This would involve rebuilding sections of the old bridge onto new foundations placed alongside the existing one. The west portion could be a suspension or cable-stayed bridge. The proposal aims to provide an efficient, economical solution that alleviates traffic while preserving an important historic structure.
The Clem7 tunnel was built in Brisbane, Australia to address traffic congestion issues. At 6.8 km long, it is the longest underground tunnel in Australia and links several major roads to improve travel times. Over 11,000 workers and a budget of $3.2 billion were involved in its construction from 2006 to 2010, making it a massive infrastructure project. The tunnel was named after Clem Jones, Brisbane's longest serving mayor, in recognition of his contributions to the city's development.
The Golden Gate Bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, providing a vital transportation link. Before the bridge was built, the only way to cross the San Francisco Bay was by ferry. This caused traffic jams of up to 18 hours at the ferry docks, demonstrating the need for an alternative. Engineers Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, and Charles Ellis designed a suspension bridge with two massive cantilevers connected by a central suspension segment. Construction began in 1933 and finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge remains a globally recognized wonder of engineering.
The document traces the evolution of roads from early footpaths that were formed by repeated human and animal use to the development of modern paved roads. It discusses how the invention of the wheel led to a need for hard-surfaced roads to allow travel during wet conditions. The first paved roads were developed around 4000 BC in Mesopotamia. The Romans are noted as pioneering large-scale road construction, building thousands of kilometers of straight, well-engineered roads across their empire. Later engineers like Tresaguet, Metcalf, and Telford improved road design through innovations like using smaller stones, improving drainage, and developing stronger foundations. Macadam's road construction method gained prominence for its scientific approach.
The Quebec Bridge project began in 1887 to span the St. Lawrence River and connect Montreal with the railroad network. Theodore Cooper was selected as the head engineer and modified the design to increase the span length. During construction, Cooper had limited oversight which allowed specifications to be exceeded. On August 29, 1907 the partially completed bridge collapsed, killing 86 workers. An investigation found issues with the estimated self-weight, temporary connections, and load calculations. The bridge was later rebuilt and opened in 1919, becoming the world's longest cantilever bridge. Lessons learned included developing design standards in Canada and ensuring responsibility is not left to one person.
The Romans adopted Greek architectural styles for their own purposes, creating new styles through a combination of influences. They absorbed ideas from the Greeks and Etruscans, applying architectural innovations like vaults and arches to build grand public structures like aqueducts, baths, and the Colosseum. Religious and political needs drove the design of buildings like the Pantheon, while practical innovations in housing and sanitation improved urban living standards. Roman architecture left a lasting legacy seen today in arches, domes and other neoclassical features.
The Hoover Dam was constructed between 1921 and 1935 at a cost of $49 million. It stands 726 feet tall and required over 3.25 million cubic yards of concrete. To prevent cracking as the concrete cured, it was poured in stages with steel pipes circulating cold water. This created Lake Mead behind the dam. When completed in 1935, it was the largest dam in the world and harnesses the Colorado River to generate electricity through 17 turbines.
This document discusses the history and development of civil engineering and road construction techniques. It begins with early roads being simple worn paths. The invention of the wheel led to harder surfaces being needed for wheeled vehicles. The Romans were the first to construct roads on a large scale using mortar and stone. Over time, methods became more scientific, focusing on drainage and thinner pavement layers. Macadam introduced his technique using compacted stone layers, which formed the basis for modern roads like water-bound macadam.
The Clem7 tunnel was built in Brisbane, Australia to address traffic congestion issues. At 6.8 km long, it is the longest underground tunnel in Australia and links several major roads to improve travel times. Over 11,000 workers and a budget of $3.2 billion were involved in its construction from 2006 to 2010, making it a massive infrastructure project. The tunnel was named after Clem Jones, Brisbane's longest serving mayor, in recognition of his contributions to the city's development.
The Golden Gate Bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, providing a vital transportation link. Before the bridge was built, the only way to cross the San Francisco Bay was by ferry. This caused traffic jams of up to 18 hours at the ferry docks, demonstrating the need for an alternative. Engineers Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, and Charles Ellis designed a suspension bridge with two massive cantilevers connected by a central suspension segment. Construction began in 1933 and finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge remains a globally recognized wonder of engineering.
The document traces the evolution of roads from early footpaths that were formed by repeated human and animal use to the development of modern paved roads. It discusses how the invention of the wheel led to a need for hard-surfaced roads to allow travel during wet conditions. The first paved roads were developed around 4000 BC in Mesopotamia. The Romans are noted as pioneering large-scale road construction, building thousands of kilometers of straight, well-engineered roads across their empire. Later engineers like Tresaguet, Metcalf, and Telford improved road design through innovations like using smaller stones, improving drainage, and developing stronger foundations. Macadam's road construction method gained prominence for its scientific approach.
The Quebec Bridge project began in 1887 to span the St. Lawrence River and connect Montreal with the railroad network. Theodore Cooper was selected as the head engineer and modified the design to increase the span length. During construction, Cooper had limited oversight which allowed specifications to be exceeded. On August 29, 1907 the partially completed bridge collapsed, killing 86 workers. An investigation found issues with the estimated self-weight, temporary connections, and load calculations. The bridge was later rebuilt and opened in 1919, becoming the world's longest cantilever bridge. Lessons learned included developing design standards in Canada and ensuring responsibility is not left to one person.
The Romans adopted Greek architectural styles for their own purposes, creating new styles through a combination of influences. They absorbed ideas from the Greeks and Etruscans, applying architectural innovations like vaults and arches to build grand public structures like aqueducts, baths, and the Colosseum. Religious and political needs drove the design of buildings like the Pantheon, while practical innovations in housing and sanitation improved urban living standards. Roman architecture left a lasting legacy seen today in arches, domes and other neoclassical features.
The Hoover Dam was constructed between 1921 and 1935 at a cost of $49 million. It stands 726 feet tall and required over 3.25 million cubic yards of concrete. To prevent cracking as the concrete cured, it was poured in stages with steel pipes circulating cold water. This created Lake Mead behind the dam. When completed in 1935, it was the largest dam in the world and harnesses the Colorado River to generate electricity through 17 turbines.
This document discusses the history and development of civil engineering and road construction techniques. It begins with early roads being simple worn paths. The invention of the wheel led to harder surfaces being needed for wheeled vehicles. The Romans were the first to construct roads on a large scale using mortar and stone. Over time, methods became more scientific, focusing on drainage and thinner pavement layers. Macadam introduced his technique using compacted stone layers, which formed the basis for modern roads like water-bound macadam.
The document provides details about the history, design, construction and facts related to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. It discusses how the bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, spanning the Golden Gate strait. Key details include the bridge's length, height, weight, materials used, dates of construction milestones, and notable engineering aspects like its suspension and cable design. Statistics on deflection, load capacity, and quantities of concrete and steel used are also presented.
The document discusses several major engineering mistakes throughout history. It describes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 due to unexpected wind forces. It also discusses the St. Francis Dam failure in 1928, the worst US civil engineering disaster of the 20th century, which was caused by inadequate foundation work. The 20 Fenchurch Street skyscraper in London was criticized for focusing design on aesthetics without considering safety, as its reflective glass caused overheating on nearby streets. The Kinzua Bridge collapsed in 2003 after over 100 years when a tornado struck, highlighting the risks of not properly maintaining and updating old structures. These mistakes provided important lessons that improved engineering safety standards and practices.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. Construction began in 1933 and was completed in 1937, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time. The bridge consists of two large concrete anchorages, steel towers, suspender cables that hang from main cables, and a deck suspended below. It was a pioneering engineering feat that presented many challenges due to the location's harsh environment and seismic activity. The iconic bridge remains one of the most beautiful examples of suspension bridge design.
The document discusses a presentation about famous truss bridges around the world. It provides details on 11 truss bridges, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Ikutsuki Bridge in Japan, Dashengguan Bridge in China, and the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore. It then concludes by reflecting on how civil engineers collaboratively work to enhance life through infrastructure projects like bridges.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a pioneering British engineer in the 19th century. He designed and built several groundbreaking bridges, including the Clifton Suspension Bridge, which had the longest span of any bridge when completed. The Maidenhead Bridge was the largest brick arch bridge and first to use a flattened arch form. The Royal Albert Bridge used an innovative lenticular iron truss design. Brunel's innovative bridge designs broke new ground and were questioned by critics but proved influential in civil engineering.
Historic American Engineering Record: San Francisco-Oakland Bay BridgeChris Austin
The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge construction is extensively documented at the Library of Congress with 20 drawings and over 400 photos. This slideshow assembles the information into a more accessible format. Enjoy!
The document provides an overview of tunneling projects and expertise at Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB). It discusses PB's long history in tunneling beginning with its founder William Barclay Parsons who pioneered cut-and-cover tunneling for the original New York City subway in the early 1900s. PB continues to be a leader in major tunneling projects around the world, with current projects including expansion of the New York City subway system, new tunnels under the Hudson River to New Jersey, and a new rail connection between Long Island and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. The document highlights PB's ongoing innovations in tunneling technologies and role in projects that advance the state of the practice.
This is a PowerPoint project on the Bayville Bridge that won the 2007 Laura and Robert Chodos Award for Excellence in Student Research Using Historical Records, grades sixth through eighth.
A dam is a barrier that impounds water and creates reservoirs. Dams suppress floods and provide water for uses like irrigation, power, and navigation. The Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam on the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931-1936 to control floods and generate hydroelectric power. Over 4 million cubic yards of concrete were used to build the dam, which stands 726 feet tall and created Lake Mead. The dam continues to provide flood control and power to millions in the Southwest United States.
ToPa 3D laser scanned the St. Johns Bridge in Portland, Oregon - another historic site archived through the 'Sentinel Project'.
History of the Bridge:
The St. Johns Bridge, completed in 1931 is the only large, early steel suspension bridge
in the state of Oregon. Designed by internationally-famous bridge engineer David B.
Steinman, St. Johns was the largest of its type in the world for a while. This innovative
structure boasts many notable accomplishments, such as the first use of main steel towers
(400 feet high) without conventional diagonal bracing, the highest concrete rigid-frame pier
in the world, as well as the use of pre-stressed rope strands (in place of conventional parallel
wire cable construction). St. Johns is the tallest of Portland's bridges, and, after it opened, it
marked the end of the use of ferry service across the Willamette River. The St. Johns Bridge is
a designated Portland Historical Landmark.
The document summarizes the forensic investigation into the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis in 2007 which killed 13 people. The primary cause was determined to be undersized gusset plates in the bridge connections that could not withstand the loads. Reinforcements and added weight over the years increased stresses on these weak points. Just before collapse, additional temporary construction materials placed on the bridge increased the load beyond what the plates could bear. Finite element models showed stress concentrations in the plates that aligned with the actual failure location.
The document summarizes a report on the structural material considerations for the first graving dock built in St. John's, Newfoundland in 1882. It discusses how a wooden design was chosen over stone after a thorough investigation by J.J. Little who visited dry docks in several American cities. Little's report favored wood based on shorter construction time, lower costs, and opinions he collected that said wood docks were more durable and effective than stone docks in cold climates. As a result, the Newfoundland government decided to use wood for the first graving dock in St. John's harbor.
Citizens Vision - Cleveland OH Scranton Peninsula River JewelR Ray Saikus
Proposal for a channel along the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland Ohio at the base of the Scranton Peninsula to improve commercial navigation and free up 1 mile of river for continuous public use and more public access time all along the length of the river. An infrastructure shovel ready project with many short and long term benefits for Cleveland and the region. Reduced dredging benefits the environment.
This document provides information about bridges, including:
1) It discusses the history of bridge construction from early wooden bridges built by humans to more advanced stone and iron bridges built by ancient Romans and others.
2) It outlines the importance of bridges for transportation and society.
3) It describes different types of bridges based on their structure, materials used, and whether they are fixed or movable. The types discussed include arch, beam, truss, and cantilever bridges.
Some general information about golden gate bridge, San Francisco, America. Longest suspension bridge of his time and most visited bridge till now and marvel of CONSTRUCTION. Many movies also include this bridge because of because of its beauty. What a achievement!!!!
Camb Inov Center Presentation 05 26 09philgoffalta
This document discusses multi-modal bridges in Portland, Oregon and highlights several key bridges that have been improved to better accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians over the past 15 years. It notes that Portland has invested $100 million in bicycle infrastructure and that vehicle miles traveled per person have declined, showing the effectiveness of improving multi-modal transportation options. The Broadway, Steel, Burnside, and Hawthorne bridges as well as the Eastbank Esplanade are specifically called out as examples of bridges that now provide dedicated paths for bicyclists and pedestrians.
http://www.scenic.com/tours/hoover-dam-bus-tour | Learn the fascinating history of Hoover Dam and its construction. See why it is the most-visited dam in the world. Together with Lake Mead and the nearby Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge, it manages water flow from the mighty Colorado River into three surrounding states.
The journey of famous bridges in the world started back in the year 1345 with the construction of Florence’s Ponte Vecchio (“Old Bridge”) which is one of the most famous bridges in the world because of its charming and ionic site over Arno River.
By Brandon FooThe Race Across America The First Trans.docxhumphrieskalyn
By Brandon Foo
The Race Across America: The First Transcontinental Railroad
Introduction:The transcontinental railroad was an innovated technology by conveniently and efficiently letting people travel across the country. Replacing months of travel to mere weeks, it allowed communication and trade across vast amounts of distances. It employed both Chinese immigrants and Irish workers who helped build the railroad. After it was completed, it united the country together and helped build the way for commerce, people and ideas to travel from the east to the west.
Union Pacific Railroad
Part 1: How it was builtThe Union Pacific Railroad would start at Omaha, Nebraska and go west
Central Pacific RailroadThe Central Pacific Railroad would start at Sacramento, California and go east
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864It outlined how the railroad was going to be built, the route it was going to take and how it was going to get funded. The path that they would go through followed the established Oregon and California trails, which was used at the time by wagon trains, stagecoach lines and the Pony Express.
Black Powder/Nitroglycerin
Part 2: Technology UsageBlack powder was usually used to blast through the hard rock, but some situations, nitroglycerin had to be used. Nitroglycerin at the time was fairly new as a blasting tool and was very dangerous to transport, so they had to make it on the site.
Telegraph LinesBrought instant communication to people working along the tracks to people across the nationUsed on the day the railroad was completed where telecommunication lines were wrapped around the last spike on the track and whenever the person struck the spike, the sound pulsated across the nation.
Snow sheds
Part 2 ContinuedSnow and avalanches were delaying construction and supervisors had to devise a plan to overcome it. Snow sheds were built by making a shelter over the tracks so the snow would not interfere the construction of the railroad
Bridges/Trestle BridgesTrestle bridges were built when there was a deep gorge that the railroad had to go over and was usually built with timber until it could have been replaced with iron, which is more durable and permeant.
Chinese Immigrants
Part 3: Social ImpactThe Chinese were the backbone of building the tracks for the Central Pacific and compromised nearly 80% of the workforce They worked in eight hour shifts and only stopped when another person had to put in the black powder, where they lit fuse and would then run to a safe distance to avoid the explosion.
Irish Immigrants and Civil War VeteransOn the Union Pacific Railroad, it mostly consisted of Irish immigrants and Civil War Veterans.The Irish workers and veterans constantly got drunk, went to brothels and gambling dens which brought a lot of vices to the towns that the tracks went through.
Mormons
Part 3 ContinuedThe main reason why the Mormons worked on the railroad was because it would go through the Utah territ ...
The document provides details about the history, design, construction and facts related to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. It discusses how the bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, spanning the Golden Gate strait. Key details include the bridge's length, height, weight, materials used, dates of construction milestones, and notable engineering aspects like its suspension and cable design. Statistics on deflection, load capacity, and quantities of concrete and steel used are also presented.
The document discusses several major engineering mistakes throughout history. It describes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 due to unexpected wind forces. It also discusses the St. Francis Dam failure in 1928, the worst US civil engineering disaster of the 20th century, which was caused by inadequate foundation work. The 20 Fenchurch Street skyscraper in London was criticized for focusing design on aesthetics without considering safety, as its reflective glass caused overheating on nearby streets. The Kinzua Bridge collapsed in 2003 after over 100 years when a tornado struck, highlighting the risks of not properly maintaining and updating old structures. These mistakes provided important lessons that improved engineering safety standards and practices.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. Construction began in 1933 and was completed in 1937, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time. The bridge consists of two large concrete anchorages, steel towers, suspender cables that hang from main cables, and a deck suspended below. It was a pioneering engineering feat that presented many challenges due to the location's harsh environment and seismic activity. The iconic bridge remains one of the most beautiful examples of suspension bridge design.
The document discusses a presentation about famous truss bridges around the world. It provides details on 11 truss bridges, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Ikutsuki Bridge in Japan, Dashengguan Bridge in China, and the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore. It then concludes by reflecting on how civil engineers collaboratively work to enhance life through infrastructure projects like bridges.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a pioneering British engineer in the 19th century. He designed and built several groundbreaking bridges, including the Clifton Suspension Bridge, which had the longest span of any bridge when completed. The Maidenhead Bridge was the largest brick arch bridge and first to use a flattened arch form. The Royal Albert Bridge used an innovative lenticular iron truss design. Brunel's innovative bridge designs broke new ground and were questioned by critics but proved influential in civil engineering.
Historic American Engineering Record: San Francisco-Oakland Bay BridgeChris Austin
The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge construction is extensively documented at the Library of Congress with 20 drawings and over 400 photos. This slideshow assembles the information into a more accessible format. Enjoy!
The document provides an overview of tunneling projects and expertise at Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB). It discusses PB's long history in tunneling beginning with its founder William Barclay Parsons who pioneered cut-and-cover tunneling for the original New York City subway in the early 1900s. PB continues to be a leader in major tunneling projects around the world, with current projects including expansion of the New York City subway system, new tunnels under the Hudson River to New Jersey, and a new rail connection between Long Island and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. The document highlights PB's ongoing innovations in tunneling technologies and role in projects that advance the state of the practice.
This is a PowerPoint project on the Bayville Bridge that won the 2007 Laura and Robert Chodos Award for Excellence in Student Research Using Historical Records, grades sixth through eighth.
A dam is a barrier that impounds water and creates reservoirs. Dams suppress floods and provide water for uses like irrigation, power, and navigation. The Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam on the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931-1936 to control floods and generate hydroelectric power. Over 4 million cubic yards of concrete were used to build the dam, which stands 726 feet tall and created Lake Mead. The dam continues to provide flood control and power to millions in the Southwest United States.
ToPa 3D laser scanned the St. Johns Bridge in Portland, Oregon - another historic site archived through the 'Sentinel Project'.
History of the Bridge:
The St. Johns Bridge, completed in 1931 is the only large, early steel suspension bridge
in the state of Oregon. Designed by internationally-famous bridge engineer David B.
Steinman, St. Johns was the largest of its type in the world for a while. This innovative
structure boasts many notable accomplishments, such as the first use of main steel towers
(400 feet high) without conventional diagonal bracing, the highest concrete rigid-frame pier
in the world, as well as the use of pre-stressed rope strands (in place of conventional parallel
wire cable construction). St. Johns is the tallest of Portland's bridges, and, after it opened, it
marked the end of the use of ferry service across the Willamette River. The St. Johns Bridge is
a designated Portland Historical Landmark.
The document summarizes the forensic investigation into the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis in 2007 which killed 13 people. The primary cause was determined to be undersized gusset plates in the bridge connections that could not withstand the loads. Reinforcements and added weight over the years increased stresses on these weak points. Just before collapse, additional temporary construction materials placed on the bridge increased the load beyond what the plates could bear. Finite element models showed stress concentrations in the plates that aligned with the actual failure location.
The document summarizes a report on the structural material considerations for the first graving dock built in St. John's, Newfoundland in 1882. It discusses how a wooden design was chosen over stone after a thorough investigation by J.J. Little who visited dry docks in several American cities. Little's report favored wood based on shorter construction time, lower costs, and opinions he collected that said wood docks were more durable and effective than stone docks in cold climates. As a result, the Newfoundland government decided to use wood for the first graving dock in St. John's harbor.
Citizens Vision - Cleveland OH Scranton Peninsula River JewelR Ray Saikus
Proposal for a channel along the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland Ohio at the base of the Scranton Peninsula to improve commercial navigation and free up 1 mile of river for continuous public use and more public access time all along the length of the river. An infrastructure shovel ready project with many short and long term benefits for Cleveland and the region. Reduced dredging benefits the environment.
This document provides information about bridges, including:
1) It discusses the history of bridge construction from early wooden bridges built by humans to more advanced stone and iron bridges built by ancient Romans and others.
2) It outlines the importance of bridges for transportation and society.
3) It describes different types of bridges based on their structure, materials used, and whether they are fixed or movable. The types discussed include arch, beam, truss, and cantilever bridges.
Some general information about golden gate bridge, San Francisco, America. Longest suspension bridge of his time and most visited bridge till now and marvel of CONSTRUCTION. Many movies also include this bridge because of because of its beauty. What a achievement!!!!
Camb Inov Center Presentation 05 26 09philgoffalta
This document discusses multi-modal bridges in Portland, Oregon and highlights several key bridges that have been improved to better accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians over the past 15 years. It notes that Portland has invested $100 million in bicycle infrastructure and that vehicle miles traveled per person have declined, showing the effectiveness of improving multi-modal transportation options. The Broadway, Steel, Burnside, and Hawthorne bridges as well as the Eastbank Esplanade are specifically called out as examples of bridges that now provide dedicated paths for bicyclists and pedestrians.
http://www.scenic.com/tours/hoover-dam-bus-tour | Learn the fascinating history of Hoover Dam and its construction. See why it is the most-visited dam in the world. Together with Lake Mead and the nearby Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge, it manages water flow from the mighty Colorado River into three surrounding states.
The journey of famous bridges in the world started back in the year 1345 with the construction of Florence’s Ponte Vecchio (“Old Bridge”) which is one of the most famous bridges in the world because of its charming and ionic site over Arno River.
By Brandon FooThe Race Across America The First Trans.docxhumphrieskalyn
By Brandon Foo
The Race Across America: The First Transcontinental Railroad
Introduction:The transcontinental railroad was an innovated technology by conveniently and efficiently letting people travel across the country. Replacing months of travel to mere weeks, it allowed communication and trade across vast amounts of distances. It employed both Chinese immigrants and Irish workers who helped build the railroad. After it was completed, it united the country together and helped build the way for commerce, people and ideas to travel from the east to the west.
Union Pacific Railroad
Part 1: How it was builtThe Union Pacific Railroad would start at Omaha, Nebraska and go west
Central Pacific RailroadThe Central Pacific Railroad would start at Sacramento, California and go east
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864It outlined how the railroad was going to be built, the route it was going to take and how it was going to get funded. The path that they would go through followed the established Oregon and California trails, which was used at the time by wagon trains, stagecoach lines and the Pony Express.
Black Powder/Nitroglycerin
Part 2: Technology UsageBlack powder was usually used to blast through the hard rock, but some situations, nitroglycerin had to be used. Nitroglycerin at the time was fairly new as a blasting tool and was very dangerous to transport, so they had to make it on the site.
Telegraph LinesBrought instant communication to people working along the tracks to people across the nationUsed on the day the railroad was completed where telecommunication lines were wrapped around the last spike on the track and whenever the person struck the spike, the sound pulsated across the nation.
Snow sheds
Part 2 ContinuedSnow and avalanches were delaying construction and supervisors had to devise a plan to overcome it. Snow sheds were built by making a shelter over the tracks so the snow would not interfere the construction of the railroad
Bridges/Trestle BridgesTrestle bridges were built when there was a deep gorge that the railroad had to go over and was usually built with timber until it could have been replaced with iron, which is more durable and permeant.
Chinese Immigrants
Part 3: Social ImpactThe Chinese were the backbone of building the tracks for the Central Pacific and compromised nearly 80% of the workforce They worked in eight hour shifts and only stopped when another person had to put in the black powder, where they lit fuse and would then run to a safe distance to avoid the explosion.
Irish Immigrants and Civil War VeteransOn the Union Pacific Railroad, it mostly consisted of Irish immigrants and Civil War Veterans.The Irish workers and veterans constantly got drunk, went to brothels and gambling dens which brought a lot of vices to the towns that the tracks went through.
Mormons
Part 3 ContinuedThe main reason why the Mormons worked on the railroad was because it would go through the Utah territ ...
By Brandon FooThe Race Across America The First Trans.docx
Bay bridge second cr vassil final
1. SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND
BAY BRIDGE SECOND CROSSING
Ronald F. Middlebrook, S.E.
Roumen V. Mladjov, S.E.
Louie International, San Francisco, California, USA
International IABSE Conference, Rotterdam May 6 - 8, 2013
Assessment, Upgrading and Refurbishment of Infrastructures
2. REUSE THE EAST BAY BRIDGE
Reuse the abandoned East Crossing structure for the
East Crossing portion of the new Second Bay Bridge
2SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
Use the abandoned East Crossing Structure for the East Portion of a New Second Bay Bridge
3. 3
- Ralph Modjeski et al
- Suspension Spans – 704 m
- Cantilever truss – 427 m
span, tower to tower
- Longest bridge in the world at time
of completion, 7,1 km
- Construction 3 ½ years; 1933 – 1936
- Seismic-Safety East Crossing, by
the end of 2013?
THE ORIGINAL SFO BAY BRIDGE (1936)
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
4. 4
San Francisco
YBI
Oakland
The 1936 SFO Bay Bridge + 2013 Safety Project
San Francisco – Oakland Bay Original Bridge (1936)
and the East Bay Seismic Safety Project (2013?)
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
5. 5
The 1936 SFO Bay Bridge:
- West Crossing - San Francisco to YBI twin suspension bridges;
3 140 m, with two main spans 704 m Steel Structures used 97 161
tons
- YBI segment – tunnel and short viaduct
- East Crossing - YBI to Oakland 3 377 m, including:
4 - 88 m steel truss spans + 738 m cantilever truss structure
+ 5 - 155 m through-truss spans
+ 14 - 88 m deck-truss spans Steel Structures used 54 432 tons
-Total Steel structures used 151 593 tons
Original 1936 SFO Bay Bridge Structure
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
6. 6
SFO Bay Bridge Traffic Lanes 1936 - 2013+
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
The original Bay Bridge had from 1936 to 1964 – 6 narrow
lanes on the upper deck and 3 –truck lanes plus 2 – light
rail lanes on the lower deck.
The current Bay Bridge has 5 traffic lanes on
both the upper and lower decks
7. 7
The SFO Bay Bridge is listed in the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
The National Register calls the Bay Bridge:
“ One of the largest and most important
historic bridges in the country”.
Former President Herbert Hoover at his
ground-breaking ceremony: “This marks the
physical beginning of the greatest bridge yet
erected by the human race”
SFO Bay Bridge an Historical Structure
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
8. 8
Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1989
Partial Earthquake Damage
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
The East Span suffered local
damage. One edge of a 15 m
section collapsed and dropped
onto the lower deck. This
damage triggered extensive
studies on the existing structure
and its foundations and resulted
in a 12 year construction
Seismic Safety project.
9. 9
EAST CROSSING: SKYWAY + SUSPENSION BRIDGE, 2013 ?
T.Y. Lin International, Moffat & Nichol Engineers, Weidlinger
Associates, Donald MacDonald Architects
Total Length 3,513 m, Cost $6,45 Billion
East Crossing B.B. - Seismic Safety Project
Skyway, Multiple Spans 160 m SAS, Span 386 m
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
10. 10
Bridge Element Original Bridge Replacement Bridge
Total Length (meters) 3 377 3 513
Main Span (meters) 427 385
Secondary Spans (meters) 155 160
Traffic Lanes 10 10
Vehicles per Day 280 000 300 000 +?
Construction Time (years) 3.5 12 ?
Completed/Estimated 1936 2013
Steel (kg/m2) 416 1843
Cost USD 78 M (non comparable) 6450 M
Bay Bridge East Span Replacement
EAST SPAN REPLACEMENT 77 YEARS LATER
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
11. 11
Traffic Capacity:
5 lanes Eastbound from San Francisco to Oakland
5 lanes Westbound from Oakland to San Francisco
The traffic capacity remains the same from
1964 to 2012 and will not change in 2013
when the replacement of the East Crossing
is put into service.
The average daily traffic reached 280,000 vehicles
in the early 1990’s and was already creating heavy
congestions.
Bay Bridge’s Insufficient Traffic Capacity
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
12. 12
Insufficient traffic capacity of the SFO Bay Bridge will not
improve after the Seismic-Safety replacement of the East
Crossing is completed in late 2013. The situation will only get
worse with the continuing increase of the Bay Area population.
Considering the possible options – the best one is to build a new
Second Bay Bridge along side the original structure
A Solution for Bay Bridge Traffic Problem
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
13. 13
Bay Bridge Second Crossing Alignment
Proposed Second Crossing Alignment
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
14. 14
This new bridge should be a highly efficient bridge, designed and built to
the best standards of today’s sophisticated bridge engineering
community.
The direction is given by David P. Billington, Professor at
Princeton University in Civil Engineering, March 1990:
“There are three principles of good bridge design:
• Efficiency (materials)
• Economy (cost and time)
• Elegance (slenderness)…
The least expensive bridge is the best bridge with all
other factors the same”
SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
Selecting a Bridge Type for the Second Crossing
15. What are the possible structural systems for the new
West Crossing? Suspension, cable-
stayed, or a combination of the two.
760740 740
760740 740
15SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
Selecting a Bridge Type for the Second Crossing
16. What are the possible structural systems for the
new East Crossing?
Selecting a Bridge Type for the Second Crossing
The best solution for the Second East Crossing is to build
foundations on a new alignment alongside the existing bridge
and to rebuild onto these foundations the existing 1936 bridge
in large portions using powerful jacks and temporary piers
installed on barges.
16SFO Bay Bridge Second Crossing. Ronald F. Middlebrook & Roumen V. Mladjov, Louie Intl, San Francisco, CA, USA
17. SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND
BAY BRIDGE SECOND CROSSING
FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE SEE THE
WEB-PAGE “SAVE THE BAY BRIDGE”
www.SavetheBayBridge.com
EMAIL YOUR COMMENTS, QUESTIONS OR SUGGESTIONS TO:
Ronald Middlebrook at ronfranco@gmail.com
Roumen Mladjov at rmladjov@louieintl.com
International IABSE Conference, Rotterdam May 6 - 8, 2013
Assessment, Upgrading and Refurbishment of Infrastructures