1) The document discusses the basics of hydraulics, including definitions, classifications of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics, pressure, Pascal's law, and the multiplication of forces using Bramah's press.
2) It describes uses of hydraulics for linear and rotary power transmission and advantages like speed, direction, and force control as well as overload protection.
3) The document provides practical details on how pressure is created and flow works in hydraulic systems, discussing principles of flow, laminar and turbulent flow, and flow and pressure drop.
The document discusses the basics of hydraulics including definitions, classifications, formulas, Pascal's law, and the multiplication of forces. It explains how pressure is transmitted undiminished through confined liquids according to Pascal's law. Bramah's press and the law of conservation of energy are also summarized. Practical uses of hydraulics like linear and rotary power transmission are mentioned. The advantages of hydraulics include speed, direction, and force control as well as overload protection. The document concludes by covering topics like how pressure is created, parallel vs series flow paths, principles of flow measurement, laminar vs turbulent flow, and pressure drops due to friction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in hydraulics. It begins with definitions of hydraulics, hydrostatics, and hydrodynamics. It then covers concepts like force, pressure, area, and Pascal's law. Further sections discuss hydraulic power transmission using linear and rotary actuators. Additional topics include advantages of hydraulics like speed control and compactness. Practical hydraulic details are also covered, such as pressure in a fluid column, flow through an orifice, laminar and turbulent flow, and Bernoulli's principle. Diagrams and examples are provided throughout to illustrate hydraulic concepts and applications.
1) Hydraulics is the study of fluids in pipes and how they can be used to transmit and modify force and motion. It includes hydrostatics, dealing with fluids at rest, and hydrodynamics, dealing with fluids in motion.
2) Pascal's law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, allowing hydraulic systems to multiply applied forces. Bramah's press demonstrated this principle to multiply mechanical advantage.
3) Hydraulic systems use confined fluids to transmit power through linear or rotary actuators, providing advantages like speed and direction control as well as force multiplication and overload protection.
The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of water using capillary flow. It involves measuring the volume flow rate (Q) of water through capillary tubes at different pressure differences (p) and using Poiseuille's formula along with corrections to calculate viscosity. Temperature measurements are taken to account for water's changing viscosity with temperature. The corrections term is typically much smaller than the main term in Poiseuille's formula for typical flow rates.
This document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of water using Poiseuille's Law. Students measure the flow rate and pressure difference across a glass tube for varying pump speeds. They then plot the results and calculate the viscosity. The Reynolds number is also considered to analyze if the flow is laminar or turbulent. Estimates of the critical velocity for transition between the two flow types are made based on the experimental setup.
This document discusses flow measurement techniques. It begins by introducing different types of flow meters including mechanical, inferential, electrical, and other varieties. Key concepts are then explained such as units of flow, measurement principles, Reynolds number, discharge coefficient, and flow coefficient. Specific mechanical flow meters are covered in depth, including the theory and equations for fixed restriction variable head meters and orifice flow meters. Compressible gas flow is also analyzed using concepts such as rational expansion factor and moisture factor.
This document discusses sediment transport in channels. It summarizes that the cross-section and slope of a stable channel are controlled by discharge, sediment grain size/shape/density, and sediment load. It also classifies sediment as suspended load carried by the flow or bed load moving along the bed. Methods for calculating sediment discharge, suspended load distribution, bed load transport, and design of an irrigation channel carrying sediment load are presented.
This document defines and provides the mathematical definitions and units of measurement for viscosity and surface tension. It discusses absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and the effects of viscosity being too high or too low. It also describes four common viscometers used to measure viscosity and the relationship between surface tension, capillary rise, and wetting angle in capillary tubes. Several example problems are provided to calculate viscosity, kinematic viscosity, capillary rise, surface tension, and wetting angle.
The document discusses the basics of hydraulics including definitions, classifications, formulas, Pascal's law, and the multiplication of forces. It explains how pressure is transmitted undiminished through confined liquids according to Pascal's law. Bramah's press and the law of conservation of energy are also summarized. Practical uses of hydraulics like linear and rotary power transmission are mentioned. The advantages of hydraulics include speed, direction, and force control as well as overload protection. The document concludes by covering topics like how pressure is created, parallel vs series flow paths, principles of flow measurement, laminar vs turbulent flow, and pressure drops due to friction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in hydraulics. It begins with definitions of hydraulics, hydrostatics, and hydrodynamics. It then covers concepts like force, pressure, area, and Pascal's law. Further sections discuss hydraulic power transmission using linear and rotary actuators. Additional topics include advantages of hydraulics like speed control and compactness. Practical hydraulic details are also covered, such as pressure in a fluid column, flow through an orifice, laminar and turbulent flow, and Bernoulli's principle. Diagrams and examples are provided throughout to illustrate hydraulic concepts and applications.
1) Hydraulics is the study of fluids in pipes and how they can be used to transmit and modify force and motion. It includes hydrostatics, dealing with fluids at rest, and hydrodynamics, dealing with fluids in motion.
2) Pascal's law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, allowing hydraulic systems to multiply applied forces. Bramah's press demonstrated this principle to multiply mechanical advantage.
3) Hydraulic systems use confined fluids to transmit power through linear or rotary actuators, providing advantages like speed and direction control as well as force multiplication and overload protection.
The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of water using capillary flow. It involves measuring the volume flow rate (Q) of water through capillary tubes at different pressure differences (p) and using Poiseuille's formula along with corrections to calculate viscosity. Temperature measurements are taken to account for water's changing viscosity with temperature. The corrections term is typically much smaller than the main term in Poiseuille's formula for typical flow rates.
This document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of water using Poiseuille's Law. Students measure the flow rate and pressure difference across a glass tube for varying pump speeds. They then plot the results and calculate the viscosity. The Reynolds number is also considered to analyze if the flow is laminar or turbulent. Estimates of the critical velocity for transition between the two flow types are made based on the experimental setup.
This document discusses flow measurement techniques. It begins by introducing different types of flow meters including mechanical, inferential, electrical, and other varieties. Key concepts are then explained such as units of flow, measurement principles, Reynolds number, discharge coefficient, and flow coefficient. Specific mechanical flow meters are covered in depth, including the theory and equations for fixed restriction variable head meters and orifice flow meters. Compressible gas flow is also analyzed using concepts such as rational expansion factor and moisture factor.
This document discusses sediment transport in channels. It summarizes that the cross-section and slope of a stable channel are controlled by discharge, sediment grain size/shape/density, and sediment load. It also classifies sediment as suspended load carried by the flow or bed load moving along the bed. Methods for calculating sediment discharge, suspended load distribution, bed load transport, and design of an irrigation channel carrying sediment load are presented.
This document defines and provides the mathematical definitions and units of measurement for viscosity and surface tension. It discusses absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and the effects of viscosity being too high or too low. It also describes four common viscometers used to measure viscosity and the relationship between surface tension, capillary rise, and wetting angle in capillary tubes. Several example problems are provided to calculate viscosity, kinematic viscosity, capillary rise, surface tension, and wetting angle.
This document discusses concepts related to ship stability including:
- Density and its effects on a ship's volume and displacement. As density increases, volume decreases due to an inverse relationship between density and volume. Displacement increases with density due to a direct relationship.
- The law of floatation and how it relates to a ship's center of gravity, center of buoyancy, draft, and density. It explains how these factors work together to keep a ship floating.
- Static stability and concepts like metacentric height, righting arm, and their relationship to a stable, unstable, or neutral ship. Ship stability depends on maintaining a positive metacentric height and righting moment.
- Additional topics
The document discusses several key concepts in hydrostatics:
1. It defines fluid pressure and provides an example calculation of pressure on a piston.
2. It explains Pascal's Law that pressure at a point in a fluid is the same in all directions.
3. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing height in a fluid under gravity.
4. It discusses pressure measurement using various devices like manometers and provides example calculations.
The document discusses fluid pressure and related concepts. It defines pressure in fluids of constant density as equal to atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the weight of the fluid. It then provides several example problems calculating fluid pressure, buoyant force, flow rate, and other variables related to fluid mechanics using equations like Bernoulli's equation, Poiseuille's equation, and Archimedes' principle.
Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and specific gravity are important to characterize different fluids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and determines whether a flow is compressible or incompressible. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. It is proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient. Water has a viscosity of 1x10-3 N-s/m2 while air is less viscous at 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water and is a dimensionless property.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and fluid properties. It defines a fluid as a nonsolid state of matter that can flow and change shape. Fluids have density, and buoyant force is defined as the upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in it. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced. Pressure is also discussed, along with Pascal's principle about pressure being transmitted equally in fluids.
The document discusses concepts related to fluids at rest, including:
- Hot air balloons use heated air which is less dense than surrounding air to create an upward buoyant force according to Archimedes' Principle.
- Fluid pressure is directly proportional to depth and density of the fluid, and is independent of container shape or area.
- Buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced by the object.
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Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
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Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
This document discusses concepts related to ship stability including:
- Density and its effects on a ship's volume and displacement. As density increases, volume decreases due to an inverse relationship between density and volume. Displacement increases with density due to a direct relationship.
- The law of floatation and how it relates to a ship's center of gravity, center of buoyancy, draft, and density. It explains how these factors work together to keep a ship floating.
- Static stability and concepts like metacentric height, righting arm, and their relationship to a stable, unstable, or neutral ship. Ship stability depends on maintaining a positive metacentric height and righting moment.
- Additional topics
The document discusses several key concepts in hydrostatics:
1. It defines fluid pressure and provides an example calculation of pressure on a piston.
2. It explains Pascal's Law that pressure at a point in a fluid is the same in all directions.
3. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing height in a fluid under gravity.
4. It discusses pressure measurement using various devices like manometers and provides example calculations.
The document discusses fluid pressure and related concepts. It defines pressure in fluids of constant density as equal to atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the weight of the fluid. It then provides several example problems calculating fluid pressure, buoyant force, flow rate, and other variables related to fluid mechanics using equations like Bernoulli's equation, Poiseuille's equation, and Archimedes' principle.
Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and specific gravity are important to characterize different fluids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and determines whether a flow is compressible or incompressible. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. It is proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient. Water has a viscosity of 1x10-3 N-s/m2 while air is less viscous at 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water and is a dimensionless property.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and fluid properties. It defines a fluid as a nonsolid state of matter that can flow and change shape. Fluids have density, and buoyant force is defined as the upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in it. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced. Pressure is also discussed, along with Pascal's principle about pressure being transmitted equally in fluids.
The document discusses concepts related to fluids at rest, including:
- Hot air balloons use heated air which is less dense than surrounding air to create an upward buoyant force according to Archimedes' Principle.
- Fluid pressure is directly proportional to depth and density of the fluid, and is independent of container shape or area.
- Buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced by the object.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka Result Satta Matka Guessing Satta Fix jodi Kalyan Final ank Satta Matka Dpbos Final ank Satta Matta Matka 143 Kalyan Matka Guessing Final Matka Final ank Today Matka 420 Satta Batta Satta 143 Kalyan Chart Main Bazar Chart vip Matka Guessing Dpboss 143 Guessing Kalyan night
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
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Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
2. BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
1) DEFINITIONS
1.1) HYDRAULICS BASIC
DEFINITIONS
1.2) CLASSIFICATION
&
1.2.1) HYDROSTATICS FORMULAE
1.2.2) HYDRODYNAMICS
1.3) FORCE , PRESSURE , AREA
1.4) PASCAL’S LAW
2) MULTIPLICATION OF FORCES
2.1) BRAMAH’S PRESS
2.2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
3) HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION
USES OF
3.1) LINEAR ACTUATOR HYDRAULICS
3.2) ROTARY ACTUATOR
3. BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
4) ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
4.1) SPEED CONTROL
4.2) DIRECTION CONTROL
4.3) FORCE CONTROL
4.4) OVERLOAD PROTECTION ADVANTAGES
OF
4.5) COMPACTNESS
HYDRAULICS
5) HOW PRESSURE IS CREATED
PRACTICAL
DETAILS IN
HYDRAULICS
4. HYDRAULICS
HYDRO AULUS
( meaning Water ) ( meaning Pipe )
HYDRAULICS :
Work done by fluids in pipes.
H y d r a u lic s is C la s s if e d a s
H Y D R O S T A T IC S H Y D R O D Y N A M IC S
5. HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
Eg.:- FORCE
F1
F1 = 1 Kg
A1 = 1 Cm2
P = F1 = 1 Kg
A1 1 Cm2 AREA
A1
= 1 Kg / Cm2
( Same Pressure P )
A2 = 10 Cm2
F2 = P x A2
= 1 x 10 FORCE AREA
F2 A2
= 10 Kg
7. PRESSURE
• IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL FORCE EXERTED
ON A SURFACE WE NEED TO KNOW THE PRESSURE OR
FORCE PER UNIT AREA.
• PRESSURE = FORCE FORCE IN → KILOGRAMS ( Kg )
AREA AREA IN → SQ. CM ( Cm2 )
PRESSURE IN → KILOGRAM / SQ.CM
(Kg / Cm2 )
P = F
F
A
• FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA P A
• THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR EXERTS UNIFORM PRESSURE
ALL ROUND. THIS PRESSURE IS APPROX. 1 Kg / Cm2 AND
IS DENOTED AS 1 BAR ( BAROMETER )
8. PASCAL’S LAW
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS
TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND
ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT
RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM.
• PRESSURE APPLIED ON A • FRENCH SCIENTIST
PASCAL DISCOVERED
CONFINED FLUID
THIS LAW IN THE
IS TRANSMITTED
17th CENTURY.
UNDIMINISHED
• RELATES TO
IN ALL DIRECTIONS
USE OF CONFINED FLUID
ACTS WITH EQUAL IN
FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS ♦ TRANSMITTING
POWER
AND ♦ MODIFYING
MOTION
AT RIGHT ANGLES TO
♦ MULTIPLYING
THEM FORCE.
9. PASCAL’S LAW
FORCE F1
SMALL AREA
A1
PRESSURE
P = F1
P
A1
F2 = P x A2
LARGE AREA
A2
FORCE F2
10. BRAMAH’S PRESS
THIS
HYDRAULIC LEVERAGE PRESSURE
SUPPORTS A
WT OF 100 Kg
10 Kg ON A IF AREA IS
1Cm2 100 kg 10 Cm2
10 AREA PRESSURE
kg DEVELOPED
1Cm2 THROUGHOUT 10 Cm2
IS 10 Kg / Cm2
INPUT THE FORCES ARE PROPORTIONAL OUTPUT
TO THE PISTON AREAS
10 Kg = 100 Kg
1 Cm2 10 Cm2
MECHANICAL LEVERAGE WILL
BALANCE
A LOAD 100 Kg A LOAD OF
10 Kg OF 10 Kg 100 Kg
HERE HERE
10 1
11. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
MOVING THE SMALL PISTON 10 Cm OF LIQUID WILL
10 Cm DISPLACES MOVE LARGER PISTON
1 Cm2 x 10 Cm = 10 Cm3 OF LIQUID ONLY 1Cm.
10 Cm2 x 1 Cm = 10 Cm3
10 Q=Axh 100 kg
1 Cm
kg
1Cm2 10 Cm2
10 Cm
WORK DONE = FORCE x DISTANCE MOVED
W=Fxd
W=Fxd W=Fxd
= 10 Kg x 10 Cm = 100 Kg x 1 Cm
= 100 Kg-Cm = 100 Kg-Cm
ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED.
WHAT IS GAINED BY FORCE IS SACRIFICED IN THE
DISTANCE MOVED.
13. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
SPEED CONTROL
PISTON MOVES
MAXIMUM SPEED “X” Cm IN 1 min.
THIS VOL.
(No speed control ) 10 lpm IS 10 Lts.
Q=AxV PUMP
Q Flow
(Cm3/min)
A Area
FLOW
( Cm2 ) CONTROL
VALVE
10 lpm
V Velocity
(Speed control ) PUMP 5 lpm
(Cm/ min )
RELIEF
VALVE
ACTUATOR GETS ONLY
5 LPM AND TRAVELS
“X/2” Cm IN ONE MIN.
14. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULIC DRIVES ARE REVERSIBLE
DIRECTION CONTROL
PUMP RELIEF
VALVE
DIRECTIONAL THE CYLINDER
ROD EXTENDS
VALVE
RELIEF
PUMP VALVE
DIRECTIONAL THE CYLINDER
VALVE ROD RETRACTS
15. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
OVER LOAD PROTECTION
RELIEF VALVE PROTECTS THE SYSTEM BY MAINTAINING
THE SYSTEM SET PRESSURE.
ANY INCREASE IN PRESSURE IN SYSTEM IS RELEAVED
TO TANK . ( MOMENTARILY DIVERTING FLOW TO THE
TANK. )
THUS OVERLOAD PROTECTION IS ACHIEVED.
16. PRESSURE HEAD
PUMP INLET LOCATIONS
PRESSURE HERE IS
OIL LEVEL ABOVE PUMP 0.85 x 100 gm / Cm2
CHARGES INLET 100 Cm = 0.085 Kg / Cm2
PUMP
INLET OUTLET
INLET OUTLET
PUMP
OIL LEVEL BELOW PUMP
REQUIRES VACUUM TO
“LIFT “ OIL 100 Cm THERE MUST BE A VACUUM
EQUIVALENT TO
0.085 Kg / Cm2 TO LIFT THE
OIL
PUMP MECHANISM CREATES
THE LOWER PRESSURE
CONDITION.
17. HOW PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED
NO PRESSURE
PUMP
NO RESTRICTION
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
PRESSURE
BUILDS UP
WITH RESTRICTION PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
PRESSURE BUILDS
UPTO RELIEF VALVE
SETTING (100 Kg / Cm2)
PUMP
CLOSING
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100 Kg/
Cm2
18. PARALLEL FLOW PATHS
10
THE OIL CAN CHOOSE
A
10 BAR OPENS VALVE A
3 PATHS
PUMP
B
20 BAR OPENS VALVE B
C
30 BAR OPENS VALVE C
IF FLOW IS BLOCKED
OIL TAKES THE BEYOND “ A”
PATH OF LEAST 20
RESISTANCE
OIL WILL FLOW
THRO “B” WHEN
PUMP PRESSURE
REACHES 20 BAR
19. SERIES RESISTANCE ADD PRESSURE
P1 = 0
A 0
10 BAR
P2 = ( P1 + 10 )
10
B = 0 + 10
20 BAR = 10 BAR
P3 = ( P2 + 20 )
C 30 = 10 + 20
30 BAR = 30 BAR
P = ( P3 + 30 )
PUMP
60 = 30 + 30
= 60 BAR
20. PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
♦ HOW FLOW IS MEASURED ?
VELOCITY
FLOW ( FLOW RATE )
♦ FLOW RATE AND SPEED
♦ FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
♦ LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
♦ BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
FLOW IS THE ACTION IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
THAT GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS MOTION.
PRESSURE GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS FORCE , BUT
FLOW IS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE MOVEMENT.
FLOW IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS CREATED BY THE
PUMP
PRESSURE INDICATES WORK LOAD.
21. VELOCITY : IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE FLUID’S
PARTICLES PAST A GIVEN POINT
OR
THE AVERAGE DISTANCE THE PARTICLES
TRAVEL PER UNIT OF TIME.
Unit :m/Sec or m / min ( Metres / Sec or Metres/min )
FLOW RATE : IS THE VOLUME OF FLUID PASSING A POINT
IN A GIVEN TIME.
Unit: Cm3 / min or l / min ( cc / minute or litres / min )
SPEED OF AN ACTUATOR DEPENDES ON THE ACTUATOR
SIZE AND RATE OF FLOW INTO IT.
Q=AxV
FLOW IN Cm3 / min : AREA IN Cm 2 :
VELOCITY IN Cm / min
22. FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
MAX. PRESSURE SUCEEDINGLY LOWER LEVEL OF LIQUID
HERE BECAUSE SHOWS PRESSURE IS REDUCED AT POINTS
OF THE HEAD OF DOWNSTREAM FROM SOURCE.
THE FLUID
PRESSURE
GRADIENT
FRICTION IN PIPE PRESSURE IS
DROPS PRESSURE ZERO HERE AS
THE FLUID
FLOWS OUT
UNRESTRICTED
DUE TO EFFECT OF FRICTION RECOMMENDED VELOCITY RANGES ARE :
1.) PUMP INLET LINE : 0.6 ~ 1.2 metres / Second
2.) WORKING LINE ( PR. LINES) : 2~6 metres / Second
23. NOR DOES A
GRADUAL
CHANGE IN
LAMINAR FLOW DIRECTION.
LOW VELOCITY FLOW IN A
STRAIGHT PIPE IS STREAMLINED.
THE FLUID PARTICLES MOVE
PARALLEL TO FLOW DIRECTION.
SO DOES AN ABRUPT
TURBULENT FLOW CHANGE IN DIRECTION.
AN ABRUPT
THE FLOW MAY START OUT CHANGE IN CROSS-
STREAMLINED. SECTION MAKES IT NON PARALLEL PATHS OF PARTICLES
TURBULENT. INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FLOW.