This document provides an overview of basic chemical science concepts including definitions of matter and its four states, elements and the three main kinds (metals, non-metals, metalloids). It describes key properties of elements like metals being solid and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals exist as gases, liquids or powders and are typically poor conductors. Examples are given of important metals, non-metals and metalloids. Some interesting facts about elements in the universe and on Earth are also noted.

1. B A S I C S & E L E M E N T S
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND MATERIAL
SCIENCE.
•Definitions.
•Matter & its States.
•Element & its Kinds.
•Metals.
•Non Metals.
•Metalloids.
•Some facts about Elements.
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2. Basics of Chemical Sciences.
 Science is the study of the nature and behavior of
Natural things and the Knowledge that we obtain
about them.
 Branch of Science that deals with the study of
matter is called Chemistry.
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3. Matter & its States.
 Something with Mass and Volume is called Matter.
 States of Matter are Solids, Liquids, Gases and Plasma.
 In a Solid , particles are closely packed together. Forces b/w the
particles are so Strong.
 Liquid is nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its
container but retains constant volume.
 Gas is compressible fluid not only will a gas conform to the shape of its
container but it will also expand to fill the container.
 Like a gas, Plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike
gases Plasmas are electrically conductive, produce Magnetic fields and
electric Current.
“Plasma was identified by William Crooks in 1898. 99% of the
Universe is made up of Plasma”
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4. Elements.
 Every kind of matter either living or non-living is made up of a
combination of four basic substances called Elements.
 There are 118 total elements in modern Periodic Table.
 92 Natural Elements & 26 Artificial Elements.
 Types of Elements are Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids.
“Simplest Element among Natural element is Hydrogen & Most Complex
Natural Element is Uranium.”
“All Elements heavier than Uranium are Transuranics. So by this conclusion we
said All Artificial Elements are Transuranics.”
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5. Metals.
 More than 80% of the elements of Periodic table are Metals.
 Metals are Hard.
 High Melting and Boiling Point.
 Metals are Solids.
 Metals have the Property of Malleable and Ductile.
 Metals are Electron Losers.
 Metals are Excellent Conductor.
“Metals are reactive and interact with Environment but there was three metals i.e.
Gold(Au), Silver(Ag) and Platinum (Pt) which never interact with Environment at
ordinary conditions so called as Noble Metals”
“All Metals are Solid except Mercury(Hg), Cesium (Cs) and Gallium (Ga)”
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6. Some Important Metals.
 Copper (Cu).
 Gold (Au).
 Magnesium (Mg).
 Sodium (Na).
 Aluminum (Al).
 Nickel (Ni).
 Chromium (Cr).
 Zinc (Zn).
 Lead (Pb).
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7. Non-Metals.
 Non Metals exists as gases, liquids or Powder form.
 Non Metals have Low Melting and Boiling Point.
 Non Metals are non Conductor.
 Non Metals cannot be Drawn into wires & Sheets.
Some Important Non Metals:
 Bromine (Br).
 Iodine (I).
 Fluorine (G).
 Hydrogen (H).
 Oxygen (O).
 Carbon (C).
 Chlorine (Cl).
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8. Metalloids.
 Metalloids have property in between Metals and Non Metals.
 They have intermediate conductance of electricity and therefore are
called semiconductors.
 They are also called Semi Metals.
Some Important Metalloids.
 Germanium (Ge).
 Boron (B).
 Arsenic (As).
 Silicon (Si).
“Conductance of Metals decrease by increasing the temperature while, conductance
of semi-metals increases by increasing temperature”
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9. Some Facts about Elements.
 Helium is the second most common element in the universe, but is
very rare on the Earth.
 Elements found on Earth and Mars are exactly the same.
 The Commonest element (Lithosphere) Gas is Oxygen.
 The Commonest element (Atmosphere) is Nitrogen.
 The Commonest element (Universe) is Hydrogen.
 The Commonest element (Lithosphere) (Metals) is Silicon.
 The Rarest element is Astatine.
 The Lightest element is Lithium.
 The Lightest element Gas is Hydrogen.
 The Heaviest element Gas is Radon.
“Radon is an important gas and it is used for earthquake prediction and
radiotherapy.
System of symbols was introduced by J-Berzillius (1779-1848).”
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10. References.
 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/engli
sh/science
 https://www.facebook.com/466379293535565/phot
os/d41d8cd9/498727953634032/
 https://www.ducksters.com/science/elements.php
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