This document provides an overview of basic concepts for the ekoSign senior project. It discusses digital signatures and how XML can be used to achieve success in e-business processes. It describes the business challenges of information flows in a supply chain and how a company's policies can define authorization levels for internal, external, and internal departmental information flows. It also outlines the process for signing documents, including retrieving certificates and submitting signed documents. Finally, it explains the structure of XML documents and how XML digital signatures can provide authentication and integrity for business transactions.
Cloud Information Accountability Frameworks for Data Sharing in CloudIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on cloud information accountability frameworks for data sharing in the cloud. It discusses how accountability is important for transactions and data usage in cloud computing. It reviews a cloud information accountability framework that uses Java Archives files to automatically log any access and usage of user data in the cloud. This ensures end-to-end accountability and transparency about how user data is used in a distributed cloud environment. It also discusses challenges around privacy, security and control over personal data when using cloud services.
White Paper: Saml as an SSO Standard for Customer Identity ManagementGigya
SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is an XML standard that allows secure websites and services to exchange user authentication and authorization data to enable single sign-on (SSO). It structures user identity data to create a rich user profile that can be shared across affiliated systems. While complex to implement, SAML provides a secure standard for user authentication and authorization, especially for enterprises and consumer-facing businesses. The document discusses how SAML works, provides examples of its use cases, and considerations for whether it is suitable for a given organization's identity management needs.
INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK TO MODEL DATA WITH BUSINESS PROCESS AND BUSINESS RULESijdms
Data modeling is an approach to model data by mapping operational tasks iteratively, while associated guidelines are either partly mapped in the data model or expressed through software applications. Since an organization is a collection of business processes, it is essential that data models utilize such processes to facilitate data modeling. Also, data models should incorporate guidelines for completing operational tasks
through the concept of business rules. This paper outlines a unified framework on database modeling and design based on business process concepts that also incorporates business rules impacting business operations. The paper focuses on the relational database and its primary mode of conceptual modeling in the form of an en tity relationship model. Concepts are illustrated through Oracle's database language
PL/SQL and its Web variant PL/SQL Server Pages.
Company Metadata and Master Data Management Unit 9 Assigment 1 Jessica GrafJessica Graf
1. Metadata is organized data that describes and gives information about other data. There are three main types of metadata that corporations use: descriptive metadata for discovery and identification, structural metadata for describing how complex objects are composed, and administrative metadata for management of resources.
2. Security of metadata is important as it can contain sensitive customer information. Access control, mobile device security policies, secure storage environments, and limiting what data is considered metadata can help secure it.
3. For a service division, important metadata would include customer service histories, technician information, and logs of troubleshooting activities to integrate into a new system. Master data is critical business data like customer, supplier, and organizational information.
http://www.embarcadero.com
Data yields information when its definition is understood or readily available and it is presented in a meaningful context. Yet even the information that may be gleaned from data is incomplete because data is created to drive applications, not to inform users. Metadata is the data that holds application
data definitions as well as their operational and business context, and so plays a critical role in data and application design and development, as well as in providing an intelligent operational environment that's driven by business meaning.
This document defines e-business and e-commerce, and discusses their roles in business. E-business refers to using digital technology and the internet to execute major business processes within a company and with external partners. E-commerce is the part of e-business that deals with buying, selling, marketing and servicing products/services online. The document also discusses internet, intranets and extranets, and different types of information systems used in business like transaction processing systems and management information systems. It covers challenges in information system management and development like changing requirements and lack of user input, and discusses ensuring ethical and responsible use of information technology.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource" which discusses electronic business systems. The chapter identifies cross-functional enterprise systems like enterprise application integration and transaction processing systems. It also explains how internet technologies can support business functions in areas such as accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, production and operations. Key concepts covered include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management and knowledge management systems.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a textbook on foundations of information systems in business. It defines what an information system is, the types and purposes of information systems, and how information technology can help businesses. It also discusses the roles of information systems in operations, management, and e-business, as well as careers in information technology.
Cloud Information Accountability Frameworks for Data Sharing in CloudIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on cloud information accountability frameworks for data sharing in the cloud. It discusses how accountability is important for transactions and data usage in cloud computing. It reviews a cloud information accountability framework that uses Java Archives files to automatically log any access and usage of user data in the cloud. This ensures end-to-end accountability and transparency about how user data is used in a distributed cloud environment. It also discusses challenges around privacy, security and control over personal data when using cloud services.
White Paper: Saml as an SSO Standard for Customer Identity ManagementGigya
SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is an XML standard that allows secure websites and services to exchange user authentication and authorization data to enable single sign-on (SSO). It structures user identity data to create a rich user profile that can be shared across affiliated systems. While complex to implement, SAML provides a secure standard for user authentication and authorization, especially for enterprises and consumer-facing businesses. The document discusses how SAML works, provides examples of its use cases, and considerations for whether it is suitable for a given organization's identity management needs.
INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK TO MODEL DATA WITH BUSINESS PROCESS AND BUSINESS RULESijdms
Data modeling is an approach to model data by mapping operational tasks iteratively, while associated guidelines are either partly mapped in the data model or expressed through software applications. Since an organization is a collection of business processes, it is essential that data models utilize such processes to facilitate data modeling. Also, data models should incorporate guidelines for completing operational tasks
through the concept of business rules. This paper outlines a unified framework on database modeling and design based on business process concepts that also incorporates business rules impacting business operations. The paper focuses on the relational database and its primary mode of conceptual modeling in the form of an en tity relationship model. Concepts are illustrated through Oracle's database language
PL/SQL and its Web variant PL/SQL Server Pages.
Company Metadata and Master Data Management Unit 9 Assigment 1 Jessica GrafJessica Graf
1. Metadata is organized data that describes and gives information about other data. There are three main types of metadata that corporations use: descriptive metadata for discovery and identification, structural metadata for describing how complex objects are composed, and administrative metadata for management of resources.
2. Security of metadata is important as it can contain sensitive customer information. Access control, mobile device security policies, secure storage environments, and limiting what data is considered metadata can help secure it.
3. For a service division, important metadata would include customer service histories, technician information, and logs of troubleshooting activities to integrate into a new system. Master data is critical business data like customer, supplier, and organizational information.
http://www.embarcadero.com
Data yields information when its definition is understood or readily available and it is presented in a meaningful context. Yet even the information that may be gleaned from data is incomplete because data is created to drive applications, not to inform users. Metadata is the data that holds application
data definitions as well as their operational and business context, and so plays a critical role in data and application design and development, as well as in providing an intelligent operational environment that's driven by business meaning.
This document defines e-business and e-commerce, and discusses their roles in business. E-business refers to using digital technology and the internet to execute major business processes within a company and with external partners. E-commerce is the part of e-business that deals with buying, selling, marketing and servicing products/services online. The document also discusses internet, intranets and extranets, and different types of information systems used in business like transaction processing systems and management information systems. It covers challenges in information system management and development like changing requirements and lack of user input, and discusses ensuring ethical and responsible use of information technology.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource" which discusses electronic business systems. The chapter identifies cross-functional enterprise systems like enterprise application integration and transaction processing systems. It also explains how internet technologies can support business functions in areas such as accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, production and operations. Key concepts covered include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management and knowledge management systems.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a textbook on foundations of information systems in business. It defines what an information system is, the types and purposes of information systems, and how information technology can help businesses. It also discusses the roles of information systems in operations, management, and e-business, as well as careers in information technology.
This document discusses various management concepts and how information technology can support management functions. It covers the roles and levels of management, types of management decisions, and dimensions of management information. It also discusses how IT can enable managerial communications, collaborative work, distributed computing, and the automated office. Further, it explores how IT supports managerial decision making through management information systems, decision support systems, group decision support systems, and expert systems. Finally, it discusses how IT can support business strategy and improve efficiency and effectiveness through the value chain.
This document discusses different types of information systems. It describes Anthony's model of strategic, tactical, and operational information systems. It also outlines Laudon and Laudon's three types of information systems that correspond to each level: executive information systems, management information systems/decision support systems, and transaction processing systems. Additionally, it discusses McAfee's three types of work-changing IT: function IT, network IT, and enterprise IT. The document also briefly discusses enterprise 2.0, interorganizational systems, and includes references.
ERP II systems aim to integrate information, processes, and functions both within and between companies in real-time. This allows for data to be shared anywhere at any time accurately, regardless of location, borders, or language. Key needs driving the adoption of these extended enterprise systems include speed of execution, adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness to better serve customers and the supply chain. The future of ERP II will focus on clear information flows within and between organizations, differentiating solutions with bottom-line impact, utilizing web services to link applications and exchanges, and establishing standards.
Chap01 Foundations of Information Systems in BusinessAqib Syed
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
james o'brien chapter 7 electronic business system mousumsts
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed." by James A. O'Brien and George Marakas. The chapter discusses electronic business systems, including enterprise systems that cross traditional business functions, as well as systems that support specific business functions. It describes how enterprise application integration connects cross-functional systems, and how transaction processing systems handle business transactions. It also discusses enterprise collaboration systems, marketing systems, manufacturing and human resource management systems, and accounting/financial systems.
The document discusses a joint whitepaper from several major IT vendors that outlines a proposed common interface for configuration management database (CMDB) products to facilitate data federation. The whitepaper proposes services for CMDB administration, resource federation and reconciliation, resource querying, and subscription/notification to address key challenges around connecting diverse management data sources. While this cooperation is promising, open standards will be important to ensure interoperability and avoid vendor lock-in.
The document discusses the key concepts of systems and information systems. It defines a system as a set of interrelated components working together to achieve common objectives through input, processing, and output. An information system is then defined as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and data resources that stores, retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization. The document also outlines different types of information systems like operations support systems and management support systems.
The document discusses how an IT service catalog can help achieve alignment between IT and business goals. It describes three key views that a service catalog should provide: a user view that defines available services and service levels for customers, an IT view that maps infrastructure and workflows to services, and a portfolio view that allows senior leaders to understand IT spending and value. Taken together, these three views establish shared expectations and make IT investments and responsibilities more transparent and accountable, thereby promoting business/IT alignment.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document provides a 5-step process for defining IT services based on the Shared Information and Data (SID) model from the Telemanagement Forum (TMF). The 5 steps are: 1) select an enterprise product and identify supporting IT services, 2) list all related IT systems, 3) mark IT services as customer-facing (CFS) or resource-facing (RFS), 4) map RFS to CFS, and 5) identify the resources that make up RFS. Defining services using this process helps connect products to CFS and moves the IT organization closer to the end-customer.
Customer IAM vs Employee IAM (Legacy IAM)Ubisecure
Internal or enterprise IAM solutions are driven by the HR systems and concentrate on provisioning. Customer IAM solutions provide flexibility and features that facilitate the management of external users. CIAM is a tool to increase capture & conversion, reduce cost, improve the customer experience and journey.
ENHANCING INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY IN REAL ESTATEIJNSA Journal
As a result of the increased dependency on obtaining information and connecting each computer together for ease of access/communication, organizations risk being attacked and losing private information through breaches or insecure business activities. To help protect organizations and their assets, companies need to develop a strong understanding of the risks imposed on their company and the security solutions designed to prevent/minimize vulnerabilities. To reduce the impact threats have on a network, organizations need to: design a defense layer system that provides multiple instances of protection to prevent unauthorized access to core information, implement a strong network hardware/intrusion prevention system, and create all-inclusive network/security policies that detail user rules and company rights. In order to enhance the overall security of a basic infrastructure, this paper will provide a detailed look into gathering the organizational requirements, designing and implementing a secure physical network layout, and selecting the standards needed to prevent unauthorized access.
The value of networks comes from the relationships between members, not just the members themselves. However, coordinating large groups is difficult due to complexity that grows faster than group size. New technologies have reduced transaction costs, allowing group coordination without traditional management structures. As transaction costs fall further, more activities that were previously too costly can be accomplished through loose, self-organizing groups using social tools.
Automate the collection, processing & management of your data using digital forms. Intercon’s Information Capture Solution bridges the gap in engagement between end users and e-forms and collapses the business process by automating the capture, management and processing of a company’s business data.
This paper will provide an overview of Intercon Associates and a description of their information capture solutions and services and how they can benefit your organization.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
- Firms are increasingly engaging in electronic commerce to gain competitive advantages such as improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for stockholders.
- Electronic commerce can be defined narrowly as online business transactions with customers and suppliers. The main benefits firms expect from electronic commerce are improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for investors.
- Initially, firms were hesitant to adopt electronic commerce due to high costs, security concerns, and immature software. However, these constraints are decreasing over time as technology advances and becomes more affordable and secure.
This document contains information about Information System Management (ISM) architecture and infrastructures. It covers the difference between architecture and infrastructures, ISA layers, concepts, representation, framework, elements, role in system development and components.
Management Information System one or two chapter By Amjad Ali Depar MBA StudentAG RD
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to information systems. It defines an information system as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, data, networks and procedures that stores, retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization. The document also discusses the types of information systems, including operations support systems that efficiently process transactions, and management support systems that provide information to support managerial decision making.
Chap 17 managing information systems and communication technologyMemoona Qadeer
This document discusses managing information systems and communication technology. It covers information management and information systems, which involve gathering, organizing and distributing data to support business performance. New business technologies in the information age are also examined, including electronic information technologies that provide coordination and speed up transactions. The key elements of information systems are reviewed, including hardware, software, databases, applications and computer networks. Finally, telecommunications and networking concepts are introduced, such as multimedia communication systems, communication devices and channels, and system architecture.
Managers have responsibilities to plan, organize, direct and control business processes. They make three types of decisions: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. Information technology supports managerial decision making through management information systems, decision support systems, and group decision support systems. These systems provide managers with internal and external data, models, and tools to make quantitative judgments and identify optimal solutions.
Diana Navarro, Tricicle y Luis Piedrahita, entre la oferta cultural del Gran Teatro. Se incluye la presencia de primeras figuras de renombre nacional junto a artistas locales ya consolidados o con gran proyección
DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY SYLLOGISTIC ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS DISTRIBUTED REAS...Hüseyin Çakır
A syllogism, also known as a rule of inference or logical appeals, is a formal logical scheme used to draw a conclusion from a set of premises. It is a form of deductive reasoning that conclusion inferred from the stated premises. The syllogistic system consists of systematically combined premises and conclusions to so called figures and moods. The syllogistic system is a theory for reasoning, developed by Aristotle, who is known as one of the most important contributors of the western thought and logic. Since Aristotle, philosophers and sociologists have successfully modelled human thought and reasoning with syllogistic structures. However, a major lack was that the mathematical properties of the whole syllogistic system could not be fully revealed by now. To be able to calculate any syllogistic property exactly, by using a single algorithm, could indeed facilitate modelling possibly any sort of consistent, inconsistent or approximate human reasoning. In this work generic fuzzifications of sample invalid syllogisms and formal proofs of their validity with set theoretic representations are presented. Furthermore, the study discuss the mapping of sample real-world statements onto those syllogisms and some relevant statistics about the results gained from the algorithm applied onto syllogisms. By using this syllogistic framework, it can be used in various fields that can uses syllogisms as inference mechanisms such as semantic web, object oriented programming and data mining reasoning processes.
This document discusses various management concepts and how information technology can support management functions. It covers the roles and levels of management, types of management decisions, and dimensions of management information. It also discusses how IT can enable managerial communications, collaborative work, distributed computing, and the automated office. Further, it explores how IT supports managerial decision making through management information systems, decision support systems, group decision support systems, and expert systems. Finally, it discusses how IT can support business strategy and improve efficiency and effectiveness through the value chain.
This document discusses different types of information systems. It describes Anthony's model of strategic, tactical, and operational information systems. It also outlines Laudon and Laudon's three types of information systems that correspond to each level: executive information systems, management information systems/decision support systems, and transaction processing systems. Additionally, it discusses McAfee's three types of work-changing IT: function IT, network IT, and enterprise IT. The document also briefly discusses enterprise 2.0, interorganizational systems, and includes references.
ERP II systems aim to integrate information, processes, and functions both within and between companies in real-time. This allows for data to be shared anywhere at any time accurately, regardless of location, borders, or language. Key needs driving the adoption of these extended enterprise systems include speed of execution, adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness to better serve customers and the supply chain. The future of ERP II will focus on clear information flows within and between organizations, differentiating solutions with bottom-line impact, utilizing web services to link applications and exchanges, and establishing standards.
Chap01 Foundations of Information Systems in BusinessAqib Syed
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
james o'brien chapter 7 electronic business system mousumsts
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed." by James A. O'Brien and George Marakas. The chapter discusses electronic business systems, including enterprise systems that cross traditional business functions, as well as systems that support specific business functions. It describes how enterprise application integration connects cross-functional systems, and how transaction processing systems handle business transactions. It also discusses enterprise collaboration systems, marketing systems, manufacturing and human resource management systems, and accounting/financial systems.
The document discusses a joint whitepaper from several major IT vendors that outlines a proposed common interface for configuration management database (CMDB) products to facilitate data federation. The whitepaper proposes services for CMDB administration, resource federation and reconciliation, resource querying, and subscription/notification to address key challenges around connecting diverse management data sources. While this cooperation is promising, open standards will be important to ensure interoperability and avoid vendor lock-in.
The document discusses the key concepts of systems and information systems. It defines a system as a set of interrelated components working together to achieve common objectives through input, processing, and output. An information system is then defined as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and data resources that stores, retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization. The document also outlines different types of information systems like operations support systems and management support systems.
The document discusses how an IT service catalog can help achieve alignment between IT and business goals. It describes three key views that a service catalog should provide: a user view that defines available services and service levels for customers, an IT view that maps infrastructure and workflows to services, and a portfolio view that allows senior leaders to understand IT spending and value. Taken together, these three views establish shared expectations and make IT investments and responsibilities more transparent and accountable, thereby promoting business/IT alignment.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document provides a 5-step process for defining IT services based on the Shared Information and Data (SID) model from the Telemanagement Forum (TMF). The 5 steps are: 1) select an enterprise product and identify supporting IT services, 2) list all related IT systems, 3) mark IT services as customer-facing (CFS) or resource-facing (RFS), 4) map RFS to CFS, and 5) identify the resources that make up RFS. Defining services using this process helps connect products to CFS and moves the IT organization closer to the end-customer.
Customer IAM vs Employee IAM (Legacy IAM)Ubisecure
Internal or enterprise IAM solutions are driven by the HR systems and concentrate on provisioning. Customer IAM solutions provide flexibility and features that facilitate the management of external users. CIAM is a tool to increase capture & conversion, reduce cost, improve the customer experience and journey.
ENHANCING INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY IN REAL ESTATEIJNSA Journal
As a result of the increased dependency on obtaining information and connecting each computer together for ease of access/communication, organizations risk being attacked and losing private information through breaches or insecure business activities. To help protect organizations and their assets, companies need to develop a strong understanding of the risks imposed on their company and the security solutions designed to prevent/minimize vulnerabilities. To reduce the impact threats have on a network, organizations need to: design a defense layer system that provides multiple instances of protection to prevent unauthorized access to core information, implement a strong network hardware/intrusion prevention system, and create all-inclusive network/security policies that detail user rules and company rights. In order to enhance the overall security of a basic infrastructure, this paper will provide a detailed look into gathering the organizational requirements, designing and implementing a secure physical network layout, and selecting the standards needed to prevent unauthorized access.
The value of networks comes from the relationships between members, not just the members themselves. However, coordinating large groups is difficult due to complexity that grows faster than group size. New technologies have reduced transaction costs, allowing group coordination without traditional management structures. As transaction costs fall further, more activities that were previously too costly can be accomplished through loose, self-organizing groups using social tools.
Automate the collection, processing & management of your data using digital forms. Intercon’s Information Capture Solution bridges the gap in engagement between end users and e-forms and collapses the business process by automating the capture, management and processing of a company’s business data.
This paper will provide an overview of Intercon Associates and a description of their information capture solutions and services and how they can benefit your organization.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
- Firms are increasingly engaging in electronic commerce to gain competitive advantages such as improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for stockholders.
- Electronic commerce can be defined narrowly as online business transactions with customers and suppliers. The main benefits firms expect from electronic commerce are improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for investors.
- Initially, firms were hesitant to adopt electronic commerce due to high costs, security concerns, and immature software. However, these constraints are decreasing over time as technology advances and becomes more affordable and secure.
This document contains information about Information System Management (ISM) architecture and infrastructures. It covers the difference between architecture and infrastructures, ISA layers, concepts, representation, framework, elements, role in system development and components.
Management Information System one or two chapter By Amjad Ali Depar MBA StudentAG RD
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to information systems. It defines an information system as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, data, networks and procedures that stores, retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization. The document also discusses the types of information systems, including operations support systems that efficiently process transactions, and management support systems that provide information to support managerial decision making.
Chap 17 managing information systems and communication technologyMemoona Qadeer
This document discusses managing information systems and communication technology. It covers information management and information systems, which involve gathering, organizing and distributing data to support business performance. New business technologies in the information age are also examined, including electronic information technologies that provide coordination and speed up transactions. The key elements of information systems are reviewed, including hardware, software, databases, applications and computer networks. Finally, telecommunications and networking concepts are introduced, such as multimedia communication systems, communication devices and channels, and system architecture.
Managers have responsibilities to plan, organize, direct and control business processes. They make three types of decisions: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. Information technology supports managerial decision making through management information systems, decision support systems, and group decision support systems. These systems provide managers with internal and external data, models, and tools to make quantitative judgments and identify optimal solutions.
Diana Navarro, Tricicle y Luis Piedrahita, entre la oferta cultural del Gran Teatro. Se incluye la presencia de primeras figuras de renombre nacional junto a artistas locales ya consolidados o con gran proyección
DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY SYLLOGISTIC ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS DISTRIBUTED REAS...Hüseyin Çakır
A syllogism, also known as a rule of inference or logical appeals, is a formal logical scheme used to draw a conclusion from a set of premises. It is a form of deductive reasoning that conclusion inferred from the stated premises. The syllogistic system consists of systematically combined premises and conclusions to so called figures and moods. The syllogistic system is a theory for reasoning, developed by Aristotle, who is known as one of the most important contributors of the western thought and logic. Since Aristotle, philosophers and sociologists have successfully modelled human thought and reasoning with syllogistic structures. However, a major lack was that the mathematical properties of the whole syllogistic system could not be fully revealed by now. To be able to calculate any syllogistic property exactly, by using a single algorithm, could indeed facilitate modelling possibly any sort of consistent, inconsistent or approximate human reasoning. In this work generic fuzzifications of sample invalid syllogisms and formal proofs of their validity with set theoretic representations are presented. Furthermore, the study discuss the mapping of sample real-world statements onto those syllogisms and some relevant statistics about the results gained from the algorithm applied onto syllogisms. By using this syllogistic framework, it can be used in various fields that can uses syllogisms as inference mechanisms such as semantic web, object oriented programming and data mining reasoning processes.
This document summarizes Hüseyin Çakır's thesis defense presentation on the development of fuzzy syllogistic algorithms and applications of distributed reasoning approaches. The presentation covered the introduction and aims of the thesis, which were to use syllogisms as a reasoning mechanism, analyze the structural properties of syllogisms, introduce fuzzy syllogisms to assign possibilistic values to propositions, and verify the approach with applications. It also discussed the research approach, background on syllogisms including Aristotle's theory and formal representations, structural analysis of syllogisms using set relationships, and potential application areas for syllogistic reasoning.
1) The document discusses logical reasoning and rules for logical deductions, including premises, quantifiers, and Venn diagrams.
2) It outlines basic rules for logical deductions, such as the middle term not appearing in the conclusion, and premises and conclusions having only 3 distinct terms.
3) An example deduction is provided to demonstrate applying the rules, showing that the conclusion is "Some sappy movies are great."
The document outlines five rules for determining the validity of syllogisms:
1) The middle term must be distributed at least once. If not, it commits the fallacy of the undistributed middle.
2) Terms distributed in the conclusion must also be distributed in the premises, otherwise it commits the fallacy of illicit major/minor.
3) Syllogisms cannot have two negative premises or it commits the fallacy of exclusive premises.
4) A negative premise requires a negative conclusion and vice versa, otherwise it commits the fallacy of drawing an affirmative/negative conclusion from negative/affirmative premises.
5) If both premises are universal, the conclusion cannot be particular or it
Este documento presenta las reglas de inferencia lógica para validar argumentos cuyas premisas y conclusiones son proposiciones no cuantificadas. Define las premisas, conclusión y objetivo del juego lógico. Explica las reglas de Modus Ponens, Silogismo y Modus Tollens, y cómo usarlas para justificar la validez de un argumento de manera deductiva en menos pasos que con tablas de verdad. También introduce cuatro reglas adicionales para argumentos con cuantificadores.
Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
Figures and Moods of the Categorical Syllogism
Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
This document contains code for classes used to encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify signatures for an XML document. The encryption class uses RSA to encrypt an element in an XML document. The decryption class uses an RSA key to decrypt an encrypted XML document. The signature class signs elements in an XML document based on the element ID, and the verify signature class verifies a signature in an XML document using an RSA key.
This document discusses policies for governing secure data changes and administration in social network applications. It proposes a collaborative policy administration approach where a policy administrator can refer to other similar policies to set policies for their own application. The system architecture described generates public and private keys using multi-hand administration to prevent malicious data modifications. When an intruder tries to modify data, the system sends an alert message to the administrator via SMTP. This helps enforce security while allowing authorized users to access private information with administrator approval.
Corporate Policy Governance in Secure MD5 Data Changes and Multi Hand Adminis...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses a proposed approach for collaborative policy administration to securely manage changes to data and allow for multi-user administration.
2) It involves generating public and private keys using multi-user administration, where one member generates a public key and administrators generate private keys. These keys are used to verify and authorize any major data definition language changes.
3) If an intruder tries to modify content, an alert message is sent to administrators via SMTP. This approach aims to prevent malicious modifications while allowing flexible multi-user administration of database systems and applications.
This document summarizes a case study of a company that represents business rules primarily as relational data rather than via code. The company grew from $13 million to $175 million in revenues over 23 years while transitioning through three enterprise systems. The most recent system, developed using a "Ultra-Structure" approach where rules are stored as data, required more time and money than planned but resulted in lower ongoing maintenance costs compared to the industry average. Representing rules as data rather than code allows for more flexibility and easier updates over time as rules change.
2008: "Case Study of an Enterprise System That Represents Rules Primarily as Relational Data Rather Than via Code". Published in Acta Systemica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2008) pp. 47‐54 available at http://iias.info/pdf_general/Booklisting.pdf
Business logic refers to the custom rules and algorithms that govern the flow of information between a database and user interface in a computer program. It contains the business rules that define how a business operates in true or false binaries. Business logic determines workflows and sequences of steps that specify how information and data are properly passed and decisions are made. It exists at a higher level than basic code maintaining computer infrastructure and performs critical behind-the-scenes data processing invisible to users. Business logic enables business rules to be implemented and determines how data is calculated, changed, and transmitted, while business rules provide the framework.
The Role of Password Management in Achieving CompliancePortalGuard
Password management solutions have had a dramatic impact on organiza-tions; from eliminating password-related Help Desk calls to simplifying end-user access, password management has gone beyond tightening security to delivering improvements to the bottom line. Now, with the implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley, HIPAA and other regulations, password management has proven to be a strategic component for successful compliance.
http://www.portalguard.com
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1) The document describes a scenario for applying digital signatures to a company's supply chain document flow. It involves roles like a company, management, sales department, warehouse, and customer.
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Basic concepts
1. SENIOR PROJECT 2007-2008
(Basic concepts of the ekoSign project)
3. Basic Concepts
XML Digital Signature:
Use and Adaptation to
Achieve Success in E-business
Processes
Project team members
Hüseyin Çakır, Mehmet Mesut Özışık, Yılmaz Kaya
Abstract:This paper presents basic concepts that are needed during project implementation. At first part of
the document the description of supply chain and it's elements are explained with motivation to the business
challenges, company policies in an organization and some terminologies about XML Signature including
digital signatures.
Keywords:Digital signature, e-business, supply chain, XML signature.
http://groups.google.com/group/digitalsignature
digitalsignature@googlegroups.com
PRINT DATE: 12/25/07
1
2. During 80s business start to be conducted over internet especially after emergence of high speed
communication networks as a result of this a lot of companies try to carry their internal and external
operations using digital rather than traditional manual documentation. Constructing new procedures
in data exchange become highly needed to fulfill e-commerce mechanisms. At this point XML
become the most important source to be used in digital signature processes. XML Signature helps
business actions to be authenticated and made accessible in business processes.
There are also some shortcomings of the current XML signature procedures, first of all current
technology is capable of providing signing capabilities for final document however in business
logic there is a significant need to construct partial document ownership. Signature binding to the
whole document is not a feasible solution in e-business, in fact participants in business need to
make individual modifications on the document.
According to Gupta, partial document ownership involves assigning ownership of the content to an
individual when that individual changes part of a document. Clearly, partial document ownership
requires that a document be recognized as a collection of objects [1].
3.1 Business Challenge
To understand business challenges, initially we had to understand supply chain concept in business.
Supply chain consists of all stages involved directly or indirectly in fulfilling customer requests. As
emphasis is on the customer, companies are reassessing their supply-chain processes. For
companies to succeed, today's supply chains must be quick enough to respond to customer
demands.
In supply chain there are five main stages suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and
customers. Also there are three types of flows product, information and fund. Information flow is
the main issue to focus in digital signature processing. Information deeply affects every part of the
supply chain. Its impact is easy to underestimate, as information affects a supply chain in many
different ways. Consider the following;
1.Information serves as the connection between various stages of a supply chain, allowing them to
coordinate and maximize total supply chain profitability.
2.Information is also crucial to the daily operations of each stage in supply chain [2].
In business, flows can be classified in two categories as internal flow and external flow. Figure 3.1
is the main motivation of our project which underlies the tree main information flow:
•
•
Information flows inside the company between departments which is called internal flow.
Information flows coming from outside of the company which are called external flow and
information flows inside the departments themselves.
2
3. Figure 3.1 Internal & external information flows.
Our concern is to make information flows more efficient in a business structure by using XML in
work flow applications. In work flows documents are moving around a community of people who
perform particular tasks in business. XML is the best source to use in these application as XML has
a structure like paper documents people are already using.
To analyze work flows more concretely ; we have to think more technically, in traditional way of
handling of information flow, data is kept in a database and when needed ad-hoc queries are used
to get them, but this approach does not support the work flow. Typically in a document-based work
flow, a document goes through a number of iterations as different people add to its content so XML
structure is more effective to manage data on a work flow.
3.2 Company Policy
Policies are high-level documents that represent corporate philosophy of an organization. In
addition to the corporate policies, an organization should also define lower level of policies for
departments and individual divisions. These lower level policies should have aligned philosophies
with corporate level policies. Information system management policy is also one of the lower level
policies that reflect the implementation of policies and procedures developed for various
information system related management activities. Information system management policies will
often set the stage in terms of what tools and procedures are needed for the organization in other
words they are the frameworks for defining how a particular work should be performed.
The project team should set a clear policy direction in line with business objectives and demonstrate
support for, and commitment to, information security through the issue and maintenance of an
information security policy across the organization [3].
Company policy will be constructed according to these three flows; Internal organization flows,
external organization flows and flows inside company's departments.
The XML documents' structure will be used to create policy levels. For instance, a company
maintains it's order records in XML. Each record consist of the order name, order priority, order
time and digital signature.
•
Nodes inside Sales Department of the company (information flow inside department) is
allowed to see the entire order record, and modify order records so will have a most authorized
digital signature.
3
4. •
•
Internal nodes (other department e.g. Warehouse) are allowed to see the order name,order
priority and order time, and only modify order time.
External nodes are only allowed to see the order name, order priority and order time. Cannot
modify any part of the record.
So all these nodes must have different levels of authorization according to their positions at
company policy. Moreover, every nodes has different level of authorization. For instance, Sales
Managers' authorization level is different than Sales Representatives'. While Sales Managers are
allowed to sign documents that has high order costs Sales Representatives cannot sign these type of
documents as a result of company policies defined by the organization.
3.3 Process Flow for Document Signing
Figure 3.2 presents the conceptual diagram of a prototype document signing system. The system
involves an integration of digital signature technology with organizational sign-on initiatives and a
document management system.
Figure 3.2 The process flow for document signing.
The process flow for document signing as follows;
Retrieve certificate: Before starting to sign documents with a digital signature, users need to
download a personal certificate from a certificate server to their PC. This can be done by submitting
on-line authentication to the certificate server or by using plug-in certificate tools (e.g. RSA's web
passport.). Certificate can be stored in user's PC for future use or deleted after signing.
Obtain the document: Users can download document from any file server in use. When user is
checking out a document, other users can be prevented from obtaining that document with write
access. However, many file servers write file information to the documents, which in turn,
invalidates digital signatures.
Signing the document: User can use digital signature plug-in tools that are compatible with
document creation software to sign or validate signatures on document.
Submit the signed document: After signing a document, users can check document back into file
server, which then lets other authorized users have complete access to it.
Locking down the document: When all individuals of the contract process have signed in the
document, the document can be locked down and moved to an access-controlled directory in the
file server [1].
4
5. 3.4 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to
meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly
important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. The XML
standard has been developed and quickly a large number of software vendors have adopted the
standard. XML will be the most common tool for all data manipulation and data transmission.
The features that make XML so powerful for business transactions (e.g. , semantically rich and
structured data, text-based, and Web-ready nature) provide both challenges and opportunities for the
application of encryption and digital signature operations to XML-encoded data. For example, in
many work flow scenarios where an XML document flows stepwise between participants, and
where a digital signature implies some sort of commitment or assertion, each participant may wish
to sign only that portion for which they are responsible and assume a concomitant level of liability.
Older standards for digital signatures provide neither syntax for capturing this sort of highgranularity signature nor mechanisms for expressing which portion a principal wishes to sign.
As XML becomes a vital component of the emerging electronic business infrastructure, we need
reliable, secure XML messages to form the basis of business transactions. One key to enabling
secure transactions is the concept of a digital signature, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of
origin for business documents. XML Signature is an evolving standard for digital signatures that
both addresses the special issues and requirements that XML presents for signing operations and
uses XML syntax for capturing the result, simplifying its integration into XML applications [4].
3.4.1 Layout of an XML Document
XML divides documents into two main parts which are;
•
•
Plain part of document. (Users insert their messages which they need to send.)
XML Signature part. (Signatures that constructs signature process according to polcies.)
A basic example to use of XML for a company can be seen below. The whole document is covered
as a root element "progressReport". In the root element there are two departments "Sales
Department" and "Warehouse" that are communicating with each other through the
"plainPartOfDocument". Security issues can be controlled by "digitalSignature" element. Both two
departments have different signatures related to their part of the document's content (Figure 3.2) .
Figure 3.3 General layout of XML.
5
6. <progressReport>
<salesDepartment>
Plain part of
document
for Sales
Department at
our example
<plainPartOfDocument>
X-product stock out!, new shipment
needed.
</plainPartOfDocument>
Sample Digital
Signature
<digitalSignature>
X6fshSf45ZS63a56ta35
</digitalSignature>
</salesDepartment>
<warehouse>
Plain part of
document
for Warehouse at
our example
<plainPartOfDocument>
Distribution of X- product is waiting
to be approved.
</plainPartOfDocument>
Sample Digital
Signature
<digitalSignature>
sf789HaODh67s8h7shs7
</digitalSignature>
</warehouse>
</progressReport>
Figure 3.4 Detailed document layout.
One of the most important benefits of XML is its extensibility. This feature can be used in our
example by adding another department "management" into the "progressReport". XML is also
platform-independent so that documents can be used on various systems.
<management>
<plainPartOfDocument>
MESSAGE
</plainPartOfDocument>
<digitalSignature>
adgX8d6g686g6A6dgsKCkvm
</digitalSignature>
</management>
6
7. 3.4.2 XML Digital Signature Concept
Digital signatures are important because they provide end-to-end message integrity guarantees, and
can also provide authentication information about the originator of a message. In order to be most
effective, the signature must be part of the application data, so that it is generated at the time the
message is created, and it can be verified at the time the message is ultimately consumed and
processed.
An XML signature would define a series of XML elements that could be embedded in, or otherwise
affiliated with, any XML document. It would allow the receiver to verify that the message has not
been modified from what the sender intended.
The XML-Signature Syntax and Processing specification (abbreviated in this article as XML DSIG)
was a joint effort of the W3C and the IETF. It's been an official W3C Recommendation since
February 2002 [5].
A top-level of XML Signature document is fairly simple. It has information about what is being
signed, the signature, the keys used to create the signature, and a place to store arbitrary
information:
<element name="Signature" type="ds:SignatureType"/>
<complexType name="SignatureType">
<sequence>
<element ref="ds:SignedInfo"/>
<element ref="ds:SignatureValue"/>
<element ref="ds:KeyInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
<element ref="ds:Object" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
There are eight main concepts that is used in the XML layout :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Id
ds:SignatureValue
ds:Object
ds:SignedInfo
ds:KeyInfo
Reference Element
Transforms Element
Manifest Element
Id
The global Id attribute allows a document to contain multiple signatures, and provides a way to
identify particular instances. Multiple signatures are common in business policies, such as when
both the manager and the Travel Office must approve a trip application.
7
8. ds:Signature Value Element
This element contains the actual signature. As signatures are always binary data, XML DSIG
specifies that the signature value is always a simple element with Base64-encoded content:
<element name="SignatureValue" type="ds:SignatureValueType"/>
<complexType name="SignatureValueType">
<simpleContent>
<extension base="base64Binary">
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
</extension>
</simpleContent>
</complexType>
ds:Object Element
An XML DSIG can cover multiple items. An item will often be able to stand on its own, such as a
Web page or XML business document, but sometimes an item is best treated as metadata for the
"true" content being signed. For example, the data might be a "property" of the signature, such as a
time stamp for when the signature was generated.
The ds:Object element can be used to hold such data within the Signature:
<element name="Object" type="ds:ObjectType"/>
<complexType name="ObjectType" mixed="true">
<sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<any namespace="##any" processContents="lax"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
<attribute name="MimeType" type="string" use="optional"/>
<attribute name="Encoding" type="anyURI" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
ds:SignedInfo Element
The content of ds:SignedInfo can be divided into two parts, information about the SignatureValue,
and information about the application content, as we can see from the following XML Schema
fragment:
<element name="SignedInfo" type="ds:SignedInfoType"/>
<complexType name="SignedInfoType">
<sequence>
<element ref="ds:CanonicalizationMethod"/>
<element ref="ds:SignatureMethod"/>
<element ref="ds:Reference" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
8
9. ds:KeyInfo Element
Recall that content is protected by using indirection: the ds:SignatureValue covers the
ds:SignedInfo, which contains ds:References that contain the digest values of the application data.
Change any of those things, and the chain of math computations is broken, and the signature won't
verify.
The only thing left to do is to identify the signer, or at least the key that generated the signature (or,
more cryptographically, the key that protects the digest from being modified). This is the job of the
ds:KeyInfo element:
<element name="KeyInfo" type="ds:KeyInfoType"/>
<complexType name="KeyInfoType" mixed="true">
<choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
<element ref="ds:KeyName"/>
<element ref="ds:KeyValue"/>
<element ref="ds:RetrievalMethod"/>
<element ref="ds:X509Data"/>
<element ref="ds:PGPData"/>
<element ref="ds:SPKIData"/>
<element ref="ds:MgmtData"/>
<any processContents="lax" namespace="##other"/>
<!-- (1,1) elements from (0,unbounded) namespaces -->
</choice>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
Reference Element
Reference is an element that may occur one or more times. It specifies a digest algorithm and digest
value, and optionally an identifier of the object being signed, the type of the object, and/or a list of
transforms to be applied prior to digesting. The identification (URI) and transforms describe how
the digested content (i.e., the input to the digest method) was created. The Type attribute facilitates
the processing of referenced data. For example, while this specification makes no requirements over
external data, an application may wish to signal that the referent is a Manifest. An optional ID
attribute permits a Reference to be referenced from elsewhere [6].
<element name="Reference" type="ds:ReferenceType"/>
<complexType name="ReferenceType">
<sequence>
<element ref="ds:Transforms" minOccurs="0"/>
<element ref="ds:DigestMethod"/>
<element ref="ds:DigestValue"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
<attribute name="URI" type="anyURI" use="optional"/>
<attribute name="Type" type="anyURI" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
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10. Transforms Element
The optional Transforms element contains an ordered list of Transform elements; these describe
how the signer obtained the data object that was digested. The output of each Transform serves as
input to the next Transform. Examples of transforms include but are not limited to base64 decoding
[MIME], canonicalization [XML-C14N], XPath filtering [XPath], and XSLT [XSLT] [6].
<element name="Transforms" type="ds:TransformsType"/>
<complexType name="TransformsType">
<sequence>
<element ref="ds:Transform" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</sequence>
</complexType>
<element name="Transform" type="ds:TransformType"/>
<complexType name="TransformType" mixed="true">
<choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
<!-- (1,1) elements from (0,unbounded) namespaces -->
<element name="XPath" type="string"/>
</choice>
<attribute name="Algorithm" type="anyURI" use="required"/>
</complexType>
Manifest Element
The Manifest element provides a list of References. The difference from the list in SignedInfo is
that it is application defined which, if any, of the digests are actually checked against the objects
referenced and what to do if the object is inaccessible or the digest compare fails [6].
<element name="Manifest" type="ds:ManifestType"/>
<complexType name="ManifestType">
<sequence>
<element ref="ds:Reference" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</sequence>
<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>
</complexType>
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11. 3.5 References
[1]. A. Gupta., Y.A. Tung, J.R. Marsten, “Digital signature:use and modification to achieve success
in nextgenerational e-business processes”, Sicience Direct, p.571, June 2003. [Online].
Avaliable:http://www.sciencedirect.com. [Accessed October 17, 2007].
[2].Sunil Chopra,Peter Meindil , “Chapter1, Understanding the supply chain ”, in Supply Chain
Management 3rd edition, pp.3-18.
[3]. “Information technology . Security techniques”, ISO/IEC, p.7, February 2005.
[4].The
World
Wide
Web
Consortium,
“XML
Avaliable:http://www.w3.org/Signature [Accessed October 25, 2007].
Signature”,
[Online].
[5].Microsoft Developer Network, “ Understanding XML Digital Signature”[Online].
Avaliable:http://msdn2.microsoft. com/en-us/library/ms996502.aspx [Accessed November 2007].
[6]. The World Wide Web Consortium , “XML Signature Syntax and Processing”, [Online].
Avaliable: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/#sec [Accessed December 20, 2007].
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