Modern biotechnology involves the use of living organisms and genetic engineering to modify DNA, creating products that enhance crops, medicine, and chemicals. Key processes include isolating genes, inserting them into vectors, transferring them into host organisms, and expressing desired traits. The scope of biotechnology spans medicine, food production, agriculture, and environmental control.

2. Modern Biotechnology
BIO Living Organism
TECHNOLOGY Machinery & equipment
Technology that involves the use of
living organism

3.  Changing the DNA in living organism
Create Something new

4. Extract DNA
Introduce into another
organism Products
e.g. Increase the production of crops

5.  Scientists use Genetic Engineering to enhance &
modify characteristics
 Started in 1944

6. Objectives of Genetic
Engineering

7. No. 1
 Desirable characteristics of plants

8. No. 2
 For enzymes
 Medicine &
 Organic Chemicals

9. No. 3
 For Gene therapy

10. No. 4
 Preparation of RNA & Protein

11. Process
Step 1

12. Isolation of gene of interest:
 Identify
 Enzyme Restriction Endonucleases

13. 2. Insertion of gene into
Vector:
 Plasmid or Bacteriophage
 Restriction endonucleases &
ligase
 Recombinant DNA
(rDNA)
rDNA

14. 3. Transfer of rDNA into host
organism:
 Genetically modified organism (GMO)

15. 4. Growth of the GMO:
Culture medium Nutrients

16. 5. Expression of Gene of interest:
 Make desirable protein
 Separation

17. Diagram

19. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
Medicine

20.  Insulin and interferon
 Human growth hormones
 Vaccines & antigens
 Enzymes
 Gene therapy

21. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
Food

22.  Fermented Food
 Malted Food
Malt is germinated cereal grain that has
been dried in a process known as
"malting"
• Breakdown of carbs like starch and sugar by bacteria and
yeast and
• An ancient technique of preserving food

23. beer, whisky, malted milk, malt vinegar,
Kefir, Natto, Cheese, Miso.Fermented
Malted

24. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
Agriculture

25.  Transgenic plants :
 Strong immunity against
 Disease
 Infection
 Herbicides

26.  Transgenic animals
 Better milk production
More meat production

27. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
Biotechnology &Environment

28. Control Problems
 Pollution control
 Renewable resources of energy
 Maintain degraded land
 Protection of Biodiversity