The document discusses the history of the Bangsamoro people in the southern Philippines. It describes how the term Bangsamoro emerged and refers to the Moro Muslim population in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. It traces the origins of Islam in the region in the 15th century and the establishment of sultanates. It then summarizes the Spanish colonial period, American occupation, World War 2, the creation of autonomous regions, and peace agreements between the government and separatist groups like the MNLF and MILF over the decades. The ultimate goal was to establish a new autonomous Bangsamoro region to replace the existing ARMM, which was ratified by voters in 2019.

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BANGSA MORO
JEFRELYN E. MONTIBON

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PHILIPPINE MAP

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The recently coined term Bangsamoro is derived from the Old Malay word bangsa ("race" or "nation") and Moro
(the collective term for the various predominantly Muslim ethnic groups in the Philippines, from the Spanish for
"Moors").
Moro is the Spanish term for “Moor” meaning Muslim or Moslem.
Bangsamoro is an autonomous territory mostly inhabited by the Moro people in the southern Philippines,
consisting of the western region of the island of Mindanao and the adjacent Sulu Archipelago. Bangsamoro
consists of the provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur and 63 villages in Cotabato province (Mindanao
island) and the provinces of Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and Basilan (except Isabela City) in the Sulu Archipelago.
Bangsamoro is the only Muslim-majority territory in Christian-majority Philippines. It is one of the most impoverished
regions and has one of the lowest human development indices in the Philippines.
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, officially designated as BARMM, is an administrative
region in the Philippines grouped under the Mindanao island group. It covers 5 provinces, namely, Basilan, Lanao
del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. The regional center is the City of Cotabato.
HISTORY

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• For the most part of Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao have been a separate territory, which enabled
it to develop its own culture and identity. The westernmost and west-central areas have been the traditional homeland
of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish, who began to colonize most of the
Philippines in 1565. Majority of Mindanao was the homeland of indigenous Lumad groups, who were
neither Christians nor Muslims.
• Muslim missionaries arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started the colonization of the area and the conversion of the
native population to Islam. In 1457, the Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that, the sultanates
of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. Many indigenous Lumad communities were displaced as a result
of some of the area's 'Islamization'.At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule, these sultanates
maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on
Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last
quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish suzerainty, but these areas remained
loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of
civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato,] until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat
in the Spanish–American War.
Early history and arrival of Islam

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The Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish,
American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The
violent armed struggle against
the Japanese, Filipinos, Spanish, and Americans is
considered by modern Moro Muslim leaders as part of
the four centuries long "national liberation movement"
of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation), although the term is
only used in mainland Mindanao as those in the Sulu
archipelago had a much distinct culture.The 400-year-
long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and
Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed
into a war for independence against the Philippine
state.
Spanish Colonial Era

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The United States' Insular Government of the Philippine Islands had
only been in existence for two years in 1903 when it initiated the
"Homestead Program," which was meant to encourage migration of
landless populations from non-Muslim areas of the country into the
Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao. Lanao and Cotabato in particular
saw an influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas. This influx of
migrants led to tensions about land ownership and
disenfranchisement of Lumads and Muslims, because the mostly-
Christian migrants established claims on the land, whereas the native
peoples of Mindanao didn't have a land titling system in place at the
time. This US-led Homestead Program, which was later continued
or copied by Philippine administrations after independence, is
therefore often cited as one of the root-causes of what would later
become the larger Moro conflict.
American Colonial Era

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• In 1942, during the early stages of the Pacific War of the
Second World War, troops of the Japanese Imperial
Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native Moro
Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese.
• Three years later, in 1945, combined United
States and Philippine Commonwealth
Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local
guerrilla units, ultimately defeated the Japanese forces
occupying the region.
World War II

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• Under pressure to resolve agrarian unrest in various parts of the country, and noting
that Mindanao was rich in mineral resources and weather favorable to agriculture,
later Philippine presidents continued the promotion of migration which the American
colonial government began in 1903. Massive arrivals of non-Muslim migrants
happened particularly during the Commonwealth period under President Manuel
Quezon and later under right-wing presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand
Marcos.As a result, the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from
majority in 1913 to minority by 1976. The best lands in Mindanao were given to
settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments
and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the
Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own
country. The resettlement programme was not entirely peaceful as some settlers
managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other
violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands.
Postwar Era

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• The Muslims felt alienated by the Philippine government and felt threatened
by the migrants' economic and political domination in their own homeland, the
same way the Lumads were displaced centuries ago when Islam arrived in
the Philippines. Some Muslim groups turned to extortion and violence to
protect their land and avoid being displaced. These efforts at “integration” are
credited for helping the Moro identity in mainland Mindanao crystallize,
because the Muslims’ ability to identify with the rest of Filipino nation suffered
in light of the threat to their economic and social safety.
• As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred
as datu) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a
significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them.
These local datus suffered a loss in prestige as they could no longer control
the Muslim lands. These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had
possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace.

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• In March 1968, fishermen in Manila Bay rescued a Muslim man named Jibin Arula
from the waters. They discovered that he had suffered from gunshot wounds, and he
later recounted that he was the lone survivor of what would later be termed the
"Jabidah Massacre."
• According to Jibin Arula's account, the Marcos administration had gathered a group
of Tausūg recruits for an operation called "Project Merdeka" (merdeka being the
Malay "freedom"). The military began training them on the island of Corregidor to
form a secret commando unit called Jabidah, which would destabilize and take
over Sabah.The trainees eventually rejected their mission, for reasons that are still
debated by historians today. Jibin Arula said that whatever the reasons behind their
objections, all of the recruits aside from him were killed, and he escaped only by
pretending to be dead. Marcos loyalist Juan Ponce Enrile, who served as Justice
Secretary and Defense Minister during the Marcos administration, claimed this was a
hoax, which was reputed as fake news and an attempt "absolve him (Enrile) of his
crimes as the architect of martial law"
The Jabidah Massacre and its Impact

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Then Lanao del Sur congressman Rashid Lucman called
for Congress to begin proceedings to impeach President Marcos
after the exposé implied that Marcos was ultimately responsible
for the massacre. When his proposal didn't get enough
congressional support, he became convinced that Muslims should
rule themselves in Muslim Mindanao - a conviction which led him
to eventually establish the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization
(BMLO), which later joined forces with the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF)
Bangsamoro Liberation Organization

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Cotabato governor Datu Udtog Matalam saw the anger of the Muslim people of
Mindanao and established the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), which openly
called for the secession of the region to create a Muslim state.The MIM did not last
long because Datu Udtog Matalam negotiated with Marcos and accepted a post in his
cabinet, but many of its members broke away and became the main force of the
MNLF.
Muslim Independence Movement

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On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines, including
Muslim Mindanao, under martial law. While Datu Udtog Matalam's MIM was already defunct, one of its former
members, Nur Misuari, established the MNLF a month after the declaration of Martial Law, on October 21, 1972.
Proclamation 1081 dissolved the various political groups that had been previously established in the Moro provinces,
and with the MIM having already been dissolved, Marcos' declaration of martial law effectively assured the MNLF,
which was more radical than its predecessors, would come to dominate the Moro separatist movement.
The 1976 Tripoli Agreement
On December 23, 1976, the Tripoli Agreement was signed between the Philippine government and the MNLF with the
deal brokered by then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Under a deal an autonomous region was to be created in
Mindanao.
Marcos would later implement the agreement by creating two regional autonomous governments, rather than one, in
Regions 9 and 12, which cover ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to the collapse of the peace pact and the
resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces.
Martial Law and the creation of the Moro National
Liberation Front

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• On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines, including Muslim
Mindanao, under martial law. While Datu Udtog Matalam's MIM was already defunct, one of its former members, Nur
Misuari, established the MNLF a month after the declaration of Martial Law, on October 21, 1972.[
• Proclamation 1081 dissolved the various political groups that had been previously established in the Moro provinces, and
with the MIM having already been dissolved, Marcos' declaration of martial law effectively assured the MNLF, which was
more radical than its predecessors, would come to dominate the Moro separatist movement.
The 1976 Tripoli Agreement
• On December 23, 1976, the Tripoli Agreement was signed between the Philippine government and the MNLF with the
deal brokered by then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Under a deal an autonomous region was to be created in
Mindanao.
• Marcos would later implement the agreement by creating two regional autonomous governments, rather than one, in
Regions 9 and 12, which cover ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to the collapse of the peace pact and the
resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces.
Martial Law and the creation of the Moro National
Liberation Front

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Thirteen Provinces stated in Tripoli
Agreement
Basilan, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Lanao del Norte,
Tawi-tawi, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur,
Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, South
Cotabato, North Cotabato, Palawan and
Maguindanao.
The two autonomous Region/ Goverment
Cordilleras and in Muslim Mindanaoor Bangsa
Moro.

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• In signing the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, however, Misuari did not consult one of the MNLF's key commanders, Salamat
Hashim. Salamat formed a splinter faction along with 57 other MNLF ground commanders, which then became
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
1987 Jeddah Accord
• A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the People Power Revolution, the government under
President Corazon Aquino signed the 1987 Jeddah Accord in Saudi Arabia with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further
discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of Mindanao and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the
1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces, majority of which were Christian
provinces, be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces were
predominantly Christian. Shortly thereafter, the government held only four provinces as only Lanao del
Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-tawi voted to be included in the ARMM. The four provinces were the only Muslim-
majority provinces at the time.
Establishment of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front

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A plebiscite was held in 1989 for the ratification of the charter
which created the ARMM, with Zacaria Candao, a counsel of the
MNLF as the first elected regional governor. On September 2,
1996, a final peace deal was signed between the MNLF and the
Philippine government under President Fidel Ramos. MNLF
leader and founder Nur Misuari was elected regional governor
three days after the agreement.
ARMM and peace deal with the MNLF

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In 1996, peace talks between the Philippine government and MNLF's rival group, the MILF, began.The first deal between
the national government and the MILF was made in 2008: the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-
AD). The agreement would be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court many weeks later. The deal would have
led to the creation of the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE). Under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III, two
deals were agreed upon between the national government and the MILF: the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro,
which was signed on October 15, 2012, and the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, on March 27,
2014,[41][42] which included plans regarding the establishment of a new autonomous region. In 2012, Aquino announced
intentions to establish a new autonomous political entity to be named Bangsamoro to replace the ARMM, which he called
a "failed experiment".[43] Under his administration, a draft for a Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) was formulated but failed to
gain traction to become law, owing in part to the Mamasapano clash that occurred in January 2015 that involved the
murder of 44 mostly-Christian Special Action Force (SAF) personnel by allegedly combined forces of the MILF and
the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) after an operation to kill Malaysian militant Zulkifli Abdhir, known by the
alias "Marwan".
Attempts to create a Bangsamoro autonomous region

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• Under the presidency ofAquino'ssuccessor,RodrigoDuterte, a new draft forthe BBLwasmade and became legislated into
lawas the BangsamoroOrganicLaw (BOL)in2018. Aplebisciteto ratifythe BOLwasheld onJanuary 21, 2019, with a
majorityofARMMvotersdeciding forthe ratificationofthe law.VotersinCotabato City voted tojoin the new autonomous
region,while votersinIsabela City votedagainst inclusion.The CommissiononElections proclaimedthat the BOLwas
"deemed ratified"onJanuary 25, 2019.[The provincialgovernmentofSulu,where majorityvoted against inclusion,wasalso
not infavorofthe law,withits governorchallenging the constitutionality ofthe law beforethe SupremeCourt.Despite
voting against inclusion,Suluwasstillincluded inthe Bangsamororegiondue to rulesstatedinthe BOL,sparkingoutrage
fromresidents.[
• In February2019, the secondroundofthe plebiscite washeldin the provinceofLanao del Norteand sometownsinNorth
Cotabato.The plebiscite resulted in the inclusion of63 of67barangaysinNorthCotabato that participated.It alsoresulted
inthe rejection fromthe provinceofLanaodel Norteagainst the bid ofsixofits Muslim-majoritytownstojointhe
Bangsamoro,despite the six towns(Baloi,Munai, Nunungan, Pantar,Tagoloanand Tangcal) optingto jointhe Bangsamoro
by asheer majority,withone towneven voting forinclusionby 100%.A majorcampofthe MILFwaswithin the Muslim
areas ofLanao del Norte.
Bangsamoro Organic Law and 2019 Plebiscite

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With the ratification of the BOL following the plebiscite on January 21,
2019, the abolition process of the ARMM began, paving way for the
setting up of the Bangsamoro autonomous region. Under the BOL, a
transitional body, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA), was
organized pending the election of the new region's government officials in
2022. The second part of the plebiscite held on February 6, 2019,
expanded the scope of the future Bangsamoro region to include 63
barangays in North Cotabato. The members of the BTA took their oaths
on February 22, 2019, along with the ceremonial confirmation of the
plebiscite results of both the January 21, and February 6, 2019, votes.
The official turnover from the ARMM to BARMM took place on February
26, 2019, which meant the full abolition of the former.
President Rodrigo Duterte sounds
the agung during the inauguration
of Bangsamoro. He is joined by
Chief Minister Murad Ebrahim.
Transition process

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The inauguration of BARMM and the inaugural session of the Bangsamoro Parliament
took place on March 29, 2019.
Murad Ebrahim took office as the region's first chief minister.
In 2020, the Bangsamoro parliament requested that the BTA be extended for an additional
three years past 2022, to allow further time for the transition.[56]
On October 28, 2021, Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11593, postponing BARMM's first
regular parliamentary elections from 2022 to 2025. The law also extended the transition
period of the Bangsamoro until 2025.
Following a plebiscite on September 17, 2022, Maguindanao was split into two
provinces; Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte

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Bangsamoro consists of 3 component cities, 116 municipalities, and
2,590 barangays. The city of Isabela, despite being part of Basilan, is not
under the administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region. Likewise, 63
barangays in North Cotabato also are part of Bangsamoro despite North
Cotabato and their respective parent municipalities not being under the
administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region.
Administrative Divisions

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BANGSA MORO MAP

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Bangsa Moro Map
Some of the barangays in
Cotabato Province:
Dunguan and Tapodoc in
Aleosan; Manarapan,
Nasapian, Kibayao, Ktulaan,
Langogan, Pebpoloan and
Tupig in Carmen; Nanga-an,
Simbuhay, Sanggadong,
Buluan, Pedtad, Simone and
Tamped in Kabacan;
Damatulan, Kadigasan,
Kadingilan, Kapinpilan,
Kudarangan, Central Labas,
Malingao, Mudseng,
Nabalawag.

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Province Capital
Population (2020
)A Area[60] Density Cities Muni. Bgy.
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Basilan (excludin
g Isabela City)
Lamitan 11.3% 426,207 1,103.50 426.06 390 1,000 1 11 210
Lanao del Sur Marawi 24.2%
1,195,5
18
3,872.89
1,495.3
3
310 800 1 39 1,159
Maguindanao
del Norte
Datu Odin
Sinsuat
12.5% 618,421 3,653.64
1,410.6
8
130 340 0 12 250
Maguindanao
del Sur
Buluan 14.6% 723,758 1,217.96 470.26 150 390 0 24 258
Sulu Jolo 20.2%
1,000,1
08
1,600.40 617.92 620 1,600 0 19 410
Tawi-Tawi Bongao 8.9% 440,276 1,087.40 419.85 400 1,000 0 11 203
Cotabato City ‡— 6.6% 325,079 176.00 67.95 1,800 4,700 1 — 37
Special
Geographic
Area
‡
‡
— 4.4% 215,433 — — — — — — 63
Total
4,944,8
00
12,711.79
4,908.0
5
320 830 3 116 2,590

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Islamization, Islamicization, or
Islamification, refers to the process
through which a society shifts towards
the religion of Islam and becomes
largely Muslim.
Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called
cultural linguistics) is an area of
anthropological linguistics that studies
the relationship between a language
and the nonlinguistic cultural behavior
of the people who speak that language.
Ethnic relating to large groups of
people classed according to
common racial, national, tribal,
religious, linguistic, or cultural
origin or background
BANGSA MORO
ETHNIC GROUP

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Population census of Bangsamoro
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1918 308,024 —
1939 517,695 +2.50%
1948 677,520 +3.03%
1960 1,167,928 +4.64%
1970 1,466,414 +2.30%
1975 1,484,424 +0.25%
1980 1,648,272 +2.12%
1990 2,234,781 +3.09%
1995 2,509,079 +2.19%
2000 2,966,894 +3.66%
2007 4,379,948 +5.52%
2010 3,527,926 −7.57%
2015 4,080,825 +2.81%
2020 4,944,800 +3.85%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[62][63][64][65][5]
Demographics
As per the organic law, the people "at the advent of the Spanish colonization, were considered natives or original
inhabitants of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago and its adjacent islands, shall have the right to identify
themselves, their spouses and descendants" as part of the Bangsamoro people.

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Government
Between the ratification of the BOL and the inauguration of its first permanent government in 2025, the BTA will
head the region. After the ratification of the BOL, the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) begins to transition
the ARMM into the BARMM.
Organizational structure
Based on the organic law, the autonomous Bangsamoro government system is parliamentary-
democratic, similar to that practised in the United Kingdom, which is based on a political party
system.
Ceremonial
The ceremonial head of the region is the wa'lī. The Bangsamoro Parliament selects and appoints the wa'lī.
The wa'lī has ceremonial functions and powers such as moral guardianship of the territory
and convocation and dissolution of the legislature

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Executive
The regional government is headed by a chief minister. Murad Ebrahim is the current
chief minister, who was appointed by the Philippine president, Rodrigo Duterte, on an
interim basis. The interim chief minister is also the head of the BTA, which also serves
the function of serving as the transitional Bangsamoro Parliament.
Once the first regular session of the Bangsamoro Parliament is organized in 2022, the
chief minister will be elected by the members of the Bangsamoro Parliament. The chief
minister of the Bangsamoro is the chief executive of the regional government, and is
assisted by a cabinet not exceeding 10 members. The holder of this position appoints the
members of the cabinet, subject to confirmation by the Parliament. The chief minister has
control of all the regional executive commissions, agencies, boards, bureaus, and
offices.
Cabinet
The Bangsamoro Cabinet is composed of two deputy chief minister and ministers from
the members of the parliament. The deputy chief ministers are selected through
nomination of the chief minister and are elected by the members of the Parliament. The
ministers in the cabinet on their part are appointed by the chief minister.
Wa'lī Kalifa Usman
Nando (left) and Chief
Minister Murad
Ebrahim (right)

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Council of Leaders
The Council of Leaders advises the chief minister on matters of governance of the autonomous region. It is roughly an
equivalent of an unelected Senate, though only advisory, without legislative powers, and not part of the Parliament.[68]
The council consist of the:
• Chief minister
• Members of the Congress from the Bangsamoro
• Governors and mayors of chartered cities in the Bangsamoro
• Representatives of traditional leaders, non-Moro indigenous communities, women, settler communities, the Ulama,
youth, and Bangsamoro communities outside the region.
• Other sector representatives subject to mechanism laid out by the parliament

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Legislative
Under the BOL, the Bangsamoro Parliament serves as the legislature of the autonomous
region, mandated to have 80 members and is led by the speaker. The wa'lī, a ceremonial
head, could dissolve the parliament.
Regional ordinances are created by the Bangsamoro Parliament, composed of members
of Parliament. Members are meant to be elected by direct vote. Regional elections are
planned to be held one year after general elections (national and local) depending on
legislation from Congress. The first Bangsamoro regional elections are to be held in
2025. Regional officials have a fixed term of three years, which can be extended by an
act of Congress.
Under the BOL, the BTA was organized as a transitional body pending the election of the
new region's government officials in 2025, with the first regular session of the parliament
to be held in 2025.

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Judiciary
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region has its own regional justice system which applies Shari'ah to its residents like its
predecessor, the ARMM. Unlike its predecessor though, the BOL, which became effective as of August 10, 2018,[69] has a
provision for the creation of a Shari'ah High Court, which, if and when realized, would consist of five justices including a
presiding justice and would oversee appellate courts, district courts, and circuit courts. Non-Muslims could also volunteer to
submit themselves under the jurisdiction of Shari'ah law. The Bangsamoro justice system also recognizes traditional or tribal
laws but these would only apply to disputes of indigenous peoples within the region.
Relation to the central government
The BOL provides that BARMM "shall remain an integral and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic." The
Philippine president exercises general supervision over the regional chief minister. The regional government has fiscal
autonomy or the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to Constitutional
provisions and the provisions of No. 11054. The regional government has to gain approval from the central
government's Department of Finance to receive donations and grants from foreign entities.

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The people of the Bangsamoro region, including Muslims, Lumads, and Christians, have a culture that revolves
around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern
Philippines. Each ethnic group in BARMM also has their own distinct architectures, intangible heritage, and craft arts.[A fine
example of a distinct architectural style in the region is the Royal Sulu architecture which was used to make the Daru
Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) in Maimbung, Sulu. The palace was demolished during the American period after being
heavily damaged by a typhoon in 1932, and was never rebuilt. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines.
A campaign to faithfully re-establish it in Maimbung town has been ongoing since 1933. A very small replica of the palace
was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct
the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. In 2013,
Maimbung was designated as the royal capital of the former Sultanate of Sulu by one of the family claimants to the Sulu
Sultanate throne where the pretenders are buried there.
Cultural heritage

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Islamic Center in Marawi City
Ginakit boat of the Maguindanao
people
Bacolod- Kalawi, Lanao Del Sur
Daru Jambangan (Palace of
Flowers) in Maimbung, Sulu before it
was destroyed by a typhoon in 1932.
Tulay Central Mosque in Jolo, Sulu
Inaul, a Maguindanaon woven
cloth.

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A Moro brass lantaka or swivel gun.
19th century illustration of a lanong, the
main warships used by
the Iranun and Banguingui people
Tausūg horsemen in Sulu, taken on December
30, 1899.
Sarimanok statue of the Maranao

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Thank you!