banana and carrot.pptx

Post harvest diseases of banana and carrot/21/01/2021
Post harvest diseases of banana and
carrot and their management
WELCOME
Ranapratap A. Raut
Ph. D. (1st Year)
Department of Plant Pathology,
N. M. College of Agriculture,
Navsari Agriccultural University, Navsari (Gujrat)

Post harvest diseases of banana and
their management

The study revealed that overall post harvest
loss in banana after harvesting till ripening was found to be
10.83% to 30.34 % which included losses at field level, at trader's
level comprising of transportation and handling losses as well as
ripening losses (Annual Report – 2018-19 of AICRP on Fruits).
Major post harvest diseases of banana and their management
1. Anthracnose
2. Cigar end rot
3. Crown Rot
Major post harvest diseases of banana

Symptoms
 The disease is variously known as
anthracnose, black rot, blakened rot, ripe
rot.(Smoot et al.,1971)
 Small, black, circular specks on the skin of
fruits.
 Later the spots become sunken & coalesce
to form large spots.
 Bright salmon-coloured conidial mass
appears on the spots.
 Severely infected fruits become dark due
to blemishes.
1. Anthracnose

 Acervuli also develop on the
skin and the pulp becomes
partially soft.
 Latent infection usually starts
during or after the harvest of
bunches in small peel
 Light brown depressed lesion,
coalesce and cover the whole
fruit and in Severe case pink
spore masses on fruit surface
will appear.

Causal organism: Colletotrichum musae
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Ascomycota
Class : Glomerellales
Order : Sordariomycetes
Family : Glomerellaceae
Genus : Colletotrichum
Species : musae
Taxonomy:

 The disease is favoured by high temp of 30 -35 0 C and
humidity(85 -100%) and also by fruit damage
 Disease is more abundant during rainy season.
 Ripe fruits in storage are more susceptible than the unripe fruits
in the fields.
 Cavendish is the most susceptible variety
Epidemiology

Management
 Use plastic coverings on emerging fruit to prevent infection.
 Avoid damaging fruit tissue during harvest and storage.
 Remove decaying plant parts such as leaves.
 Actively remove weeds and other non-crop species from plots to
reduce favourable humid conditions for fungal infection.
 Sufficient irrigation and draining of plantations to reduce
unnecessary conditions which favour fungi.
 Place green fruit in hot water bath (55°C) for 2 minutes to
reduce fungal infection..(CABI)

 Post harvest dipping of fruits in Carbendazim 400 ppm, or
Benomyl 1000 ppm, or Aureofunginsol 100 ppm.
 Use of biofungicides during harvest (10% Arabic gum and 1.0%
chitosan) to control fungal spread in storage.(CABI)
 Use of natural plant extracts to reduce fungal growth (citiric,
ginger rhizomes, Clerodendrum inerme extracts).(CABI)

2. Cigar end rot
Symptoms
 Tips of fingers initially begin to darken
and wrinkle, tips of fingers develop a dark
rot,
 If Musicillium fungi are present then the
rot is typically dry and the tips become
mummified,
 If Trachysphaera is present, the rotted are
become covered with white spores which
gives the fingers the ashen appearance
characteristics of cigar end rot

 Distal end of the fruits rots and which
on drying gives appearance of lightened
cigar Infection starts from tip of
immature fruit and spreads upward.
 Ashy conidia and conidiophores cover
the rotted portion.
 Imparting burnt ashy cigar-end
appearance with a dark border.
 Decay may extend up to one-third of the
fruit but internal tissues develop a dry
rot

Kingdom : Fungi
Class : Sordariomycetes
Order : Hypocreales
Family : Plectoshaerellaceae
Genus : Musicillium
Species : theobromae
Causal organism: Musicillium theobromae and Trachysphaera fructigena
Taxonomy:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Oomycota
Class : Oomycetes
Order : Peronosporales
Family : Phythiaceae
Genus : Trachysphaera
Species : fructigena

Primary source of inoculum: Dormant mycelia
Secondary source of inoculum: soil and air borne conidia
Epidemiology
High rainfall,
 High humidity (90-92%),
Low temp, (18-22 0 C)
Presence of susceptible host

source of lifecycle: www.apsnet.org

 Maintain plants with well-aerated canopy.
 Avoid damage to plant tissues during field work.
 Thoroughly clean tools and storage facilities to reduce the incidence of the
disease during handling and storage.
 Use a plastic sleeve to protect banana fruits from rainfall.
 Remove all floral remains after bunch formation.
 Remove all dying or dead leaves regularly, especially during the rainy
season.
 Infected fingers should be removed immediately.
 Burn infected plant parts or bury them in fields where no banana is
cultivated.
 Store in cool (prompt cooling at 14°C), dry places to reduce the incidence of
the disease.
 The bunches should be sprayed with copper oxychloride @ 0.25% solution
along with a wetting agent @ 0.5ml/ lt of spray fluid or Mancozeb 75 % WP
@ 0.15% (MAJOR USES OF PESTICIDES Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968 as on May,
2019)
Management

3. Crown Rot
 Darkening of the hand and the
adjacent peduncle.
The discoloured area covers almost
one fourth of the fruit if the conditions
are favourable.
Loss of ability of hand to support
fruits
Main stalk decay rapidly, tissue
become blackened and emit pineapple
odour
Symptoms

Wind blown bunches develop
severe spotting on the fingers in
rainy weather.
Occurrence of black tip – fruit
piercing moth, helps in direct
penetration of fungus

Causal organism: Fusarium musae, Lasidiplodia theobromae, Deightonialla torulosa
Taxonomy
Kingdom : Fungi
Class : Sordariomycetes
Order : Hypocreales
Family : Nectriaceae
Genus : Fusarium
Species : musae

 Temperature at 250 C – 30 0 C, high relative humidity and
wounds are the predisposing factors.
Mode of spread and survival:
Primary source of inoculum: Dormant mycelia
Secondary source of inoculum: Soil and airborne conidia.
Epidemiology

Development of banana crown rot postharvest disease and suggested modes of transfer to cause an opportunistic
human pathogenic infection with F. musae.
Triest D, Hendrickx M (2016) Postharvest Disease of Banana Caused by Fusarium musae: A Public Health Concern?. PLOS Pathogens 12(11): e1005940.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005940
https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005940

Control of crown rot starts in the field with the regular removal
of leaf trash.
Proper field sanitation can greatly reduce the number of crown
rot fungi spores present.
Do not keep rotting fruits or plant waste materials near the
packing station.
Maintain clean washing water in the delatexing baths and change
the water frequently to stop it becoming heavily contaminated
with spores.
Dehanding should be done carefully with a sharp knife so as to
avoid leaving a ragged cut.
Management

Post harvest diseases of carrot and
their management

 Crown rot - Rhizoctonia solani
 Cottony soft rot - Sclerotinia sclerotiarum
 Phytophthora root rot - Phytophthora megasperma
 Root dieback - Pythium debaryanum
 Bacterial soft rot - Erwinia carotovora sub sp. caotovora
Post harvest diseases of carrot

 Damping-off of carrot seedlings
and a crown rot later and during
storage
 Field symptoms include premature
senescence and death of foliage
 On carrot roots - dark brown
sunken lesions or cankers near the
crown or in other parts of the root
– cavity spot
1. Crown rot
Dark Brown sunkern leisons
Symptoms

Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Cantharellales
Family : Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus : Rhizoctonia
Species : solani
Hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani with right-angled
branching pattern
Causal organism: Rhizoctonia solani
Taxonony

Mode of spread and survival
 R. solani overwinters in soils as mycelia on plant debris and as
dark brown sclerotia that remain in soil for long periods
 R. solani can spread from plant to plant in closely spaced carrots
when the canopy is fully formed
Epidemiology
 More severe on muck-grown carrots
 Warm temperatures and wet conditions - especially when these
environmental conditions occur near harvest

 Cultural practices that reduce crown injury and enhance soil
drainage and air circulation within the canopy are
recommended
 Plant debris from previous crops should be removed before
planting carrots
 Carrots should not follow perennial crops such as alfalfa
 Drenching with Quintozene @ 1 to 3 kg per 400 litres of
water and apply 250 to 350 milliliters per plant (Pest Management
Regulatory Agency, Canada 2003)
Management

 Foliage - water soaked, dark
olive-green lesions associated
with collapsed tissues
 Lesions expand rapidly over the
entire leaf, petiole, and rosette
with infected tissues
 Covered by abundant cottony,
white mycelium
2. Cottony soft rot / white mold
Lesions of Sclerotinia rot advancing
on carrot petioles and the rosette
Collapsed leaves and petioles
Symptoms

 At an advanced stage - affected
tissues exhibit a bleached
appearance, and occasionally an
entire plant may collapse
 Large black sclerotia (2 to 20mm)
form externally embedded in the
mycelium or internally, within the
pith of the petiole

Kingdom : Fungi
Class : Letiomycetes
Order : Helotiales
Family : Sclerotiniaceae
Genus : Sclerotinia
Species : sclerotium
Causal organism: Sclerotinia sclerotium
Taxonomy

 Source of inoculum - soil - sclerotia, mycelium or ascospores of fungus occur
 Temp - 12.9 to 18.5oC
 Sclerotinia is most active when soil temperatures are 55° to 77°F.

 Deep plowing once per year to bury sclerotia 8 to 10 inches into the soil will
reduce disease incidence, but not eliminate it completely because spores may be
blown in from other fields.
 A 3-year rotation to cereals, corn, or cotton will also help reduce sclerotial
populations in the soil.
 Trimming the sides of the foliage after the canopy closes may increase ventilation
between rows and allow leaves to dry.
 Avoid planting into fields with a history of cottony soft rot.
 Use of clean containers, maintenance of temp near 0oC and RH - 95%
 Use of the biological fungus, Coniothyrium minitans, are acceptable for use on
organically grown produce. (UC Pest Management Guidelines)
Management

3. Phytophthora root rot
 Infected portions of the root become
dark brown to black, water-soaked
and rubbery in consistency
 Lesions may occur in one or more
bands anywhere on the carrot root
 White mycelia may be present on
lesions, which facilitates the spread
of the fungus to adjacent roots
White mycelia on carrot
Dark black rings
Symptoms

Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Oomycota
Class : Oomycetes
Family : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytopthora
Species : megasperma
Causal organism: Phytopthora megasperma
Taxonomy

Epidemiology
 Relatively wet soil conditions from excessive rain/irrigation
and temperatures between 70 to 75ºF
 Soil borne
 Produces zoospores (swimming spores) - easily spread through
water

 Maintaining adequate soil drainage
 Avoid prolonged periods of water saturation
 Storage conditions - temperature at 32º F and RH <95%
 Metalaxyl M4%+ Mancozeb 64%WP @ 0.20 % as soil drench
(Waiting period not less than 30 days)
Management

4. Root dieback
 Pythium brown rot and forking
 Root dieback of carrots produces
excessively branched or stubbed roots
 Fungus kills young tap roots after seed
germination, reducing root length and/or
stimulating forking
 Forking and stubbing occur, but these
symptoms can also be caused by soil
compaction, nematodes
Stubbed roots
Forking
Symptoms

Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Oomycota
Class : Oomycetes
Family : Phythiaceae
Genus : Phythium
Species : debaryanum, aphanidermatum
Causal organism : Pythium debaryanum, P. aphanidermatum
Taxonomy

Life cycle of a typical root infecting Pythium species

 Produce sporangia and oospores
 Spores and mycelia are responsible for the spread of the
fungus in the field, which is facilitated by wet soil conditions

 Avoid the planting of carrot in fields with a known history of
the Pythium problem
 In infected fields, crop rotation should be practiced and planting of
other crops from carrot family should be avoided
 Implement field sanitation practices to minimize the movement of
contaminated soil from infested to clean fields
 Prepare beds to enhance water drainage, since the pathogen favors
wet soil conditions
 Manage irrigation by avoiding the excessive soil moisture
 Keep all tools and equipment clean
 Fungicide or a biological control agents should be applied as early
in the cropping season as possible (such as Trichoderma
harzianum and copper based fungicides).
(https://blog.agrivi.com/post/pythium-disease-management)
Management

5. Bacterial soft rot
 Cells become water soaked, middle
lamella is destroyed and the cells
collapse
 Soft, watery or slimy consistency
 Rotted tissues – grey to brown,
accompanied by foul odour
 In the field, tops of rotted carrots turn
yellow and wilt as roots break down
Symptoms

Kingdom : Bacteria
Division : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Enterobacteriales
Family : Enterobacteriaceae
Genus : Erwinia
Species : carotovora
Causal organism: Erwinia carotovora sub sp. carotovora
Taxonomy
Gram –ve, motile with large
peritrichous flagella

 Soil - source of primary inoculum
 Survive in decaying refuse and enter the root principally
through cultivation wounds, harvest bruises, freezing injury,
and insect openings
 Flies – Hylemus cillicrura, H. brassicae – carry the bacteria in
their intestinal tracts
Mode of survival and spread

Management
 Careful handling at harvest - minimizes bruising of carrot roots
 Washing - dipping in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%)
 Storage condition - temp- just above freezing(0oC), RH ˃ 90 %
 Crop rotation - alfalfa, beans, beets, corn

Thank You…….

banana and carrot.pptx

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