The document discusses the importance of balancing motivation and enforcement to reduce illegal activity. Key points include that enforcement alone does not change behavior, the need for motivating enforcers, and the effectiveness of self-compliance in establishing new social norms. It emphasizes the necessity of credible threats of enforcement for communication campaigns and advocates for a combined approach of improving enforcement and promoting acceptable behaviors.

1. HOW TO BALANCE
THE CARROT + THE STICK
4 lessons on balancing the roles of motivation and enforcement when reducing illegal activity

2. The topic of enforcement
typically surfaces early on when
planning projects that aim to reduce
incidents of illegal behavior, whether
it’s illegal fishing or driving without
using a seatbelt.
And often the question is:

3. Which do we need to tackle
to see results?
A lack of
enforcement that
is needed to
catch those doing
illegal activities?
The fact that
people continue
to conduct
illegal activity?
or

4. We need to
tackle both
The short answer is
In the following slides, I will touch upon 4 lessons I’ve learned about
the role of enforcement when promoting legal behaviors

5. #
ENFORCEMENT ALONE DOES
NOT EQUAL BEHAVIOR
CHANGE

6. Without a doubt, having a strong,
well-functioning, efficient enforcement
system is critical when aiming to reduce
illegal activity.

7. THE BENEFITS OF HAVING SUCH A STRONG
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDE:
Providing a visible
reminder that
Authority is
WATCHING
Consequences
for those who break the law,
sending a signal that the risk is real
and reinforces appropriate
behavior
Active protection
for areas under threat from
illegal activity, keeping the
area and its inhabitants safe

8. HOWEVER, ENFORCEMENT ALONE WILL NOT
CHANGE SOCIAL NORMS
Instead it can often:
•Threaten a current way of life
•Encourage sneakier behavior
•Exacerbate the “us versus them”
situation

9. BEHAVIOR CHANGE ALSO REQUIRES
MOTIVATION, through:
• Demonstrating ideal behavior
• Emotional triggers
• Social cues
• Benefits
• Confidence
Along with a slew of other things, like
infrastructure, legislation, systems, and
more.

10. SO, THE IDEAL COMBINATION INCLUDES:
A communication program that
promotes the social norm of acceptable behavior
improving enforcement of illegal activity
in conjunction with
Together, the communication program will spread a positive message about why adopting legal behaviors is
beneficial and enforcement will both catch the laggards and reinforce the norm (rather than purely just enforce it).

11. # ENFORCERS ARE PEOPLE
TOO

12. Enforcing rules, regulations, and the law
is not an easy job, especially if you’re not
getting paid very much or if the people
you catch doing illegal activity are part
of your same community.

13. PROJECTS ADDRESSING
A WEAK ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM OFTEN NEED TO
PROVIDE:
• Equipment, resources, and
gear. Logistical items to make the system
run efficiently.
• as well as more personal provisions such as
skill building, communication
improvements, and increased
motivation.

14. SOME WAYS OF
MOTIVATING ENFORCERS
CAN INCLUDE:
• Providing an indicator of authority to
wear (a badge or uniform)
• Giving public recognition for when
they’ve done well
• Creating a feeling that they’re part of
something important (and bigger than
just “catching the bad guys”)
• Building greater confidence in their
abilities (such as ongoing trainings)

15. # SELF-COMPLIANCE IS THE
BEST FORM OF COMPLIANCE

16. Motivating, supporting, and
prompting the target audience to
adopt legal activities is more
cost-efficient and sustainable,
because…

17. As more people willingly stop doing
illegal activities, a new social norm
emerges
then the audience enforces and
reinforces the behavior themselves
which reduces the burden on the
enforcement teams (so they can
focus on other pressing issues)

18. # DON’T PROMOTE THE
RISK UNTIL IT’S REAL

19. It is tempting to promote the risk of getting
caught and fined as a main benefit to why
your audience should not engage in illegal
activity.
But don’t promote the risk until it’s real.

20. The premise of the “click it or ticket” campaign
was that youWILL get pulled over and fined if
you are caught driving without a seatbelt on.
When this campaign launched, the local police
department made a concerted push to have their
traffic cops on the lookout specifically for non-
seatbelt wearers, and people actually got pulled
over and ticketed.
Therefore, the campaign message was validated
as a real threat when people told their own
ticket stories to one another, reinforcing through
peer discussion the need to wear your seatbelt.

21. But if that campaign came out and there was no
enforcement effort, meaning people rarely ever got
caught by the police, then it would not have worked.
The audience would quickly realize that it was all
talk and no follow through, and it’s really hard for a
behavior change effort to rebound from a lack of
belief like that.

22. SO, IF THE TEAM IS NOT YET EQUIPPED TO ENFORCE THE
LAW
Then don’t include that message in your
communications campaign
Instead, focus on promoting the right
behavior
Once enforcement is running smoothly,
then you can assess if including messages
about the risk of getting caught will help
reinforce the desired social norm.

23. IN SUMMARY: BALANCE THE CARROT + THE STICK
Establish, encourage, and
reinforce what appropriate
and legal behavior looks
like…
…while improving a
weakened enforcement
system

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