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Balance sheet Balance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of return & evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise. It also helps users to assess a company’s liquidity, solvency & financial flexibility.The balance sheet provides information about the nature and amounts of investments in enterprise resources, obligations to enterprise creditors, and the owners’equity in net enterprise resources. That information not only complements information about the components of income, but also contributes to financial reporting by providing a basis for (1) computing rates of return, (2) evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise, and (3) assessing the liquidity and financial flexibility of the enterprise. Solvency: It refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its debts as they mature. Current assets and liability of the company helps the users to assess the company’ solvency. Liquidity: Liquidity of the company will be assessing through the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an assets is converted to cash or liability has to be paid. Financial Flexibility: Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to take necessary actions to change the amount and timing of cash flows. An enterprise with a high degree of financial flexibility is better able to survive bad times, to recover from unexpected setbacks, and to take advantage of profitable and unexpected investment opportunities. Generally, the greater the financial flexibility, the lower the risk of enterprise failure. Solution Balance sheet Balance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of return & evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise. It also helps users to assess a company’s liquidity, solvency & financial flexibility.The balance sheet provides information about the nature and amounts of investments in enterprise resources, obligations to enterprise creditors, and the owners’equity in net enterprise resources. That information not only complements information about the components of income, but also contributes to financial reporting by providing a basis for (1) computing rates of return, (2) evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise, and (3) assessing the liquidity and financial flexibility of the enterprise. Solvency: It refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its debts as they mature. Current assets and liability of the company helps the users to assess the company’ solvency. Liquidity: Liquidity of the company will be assessing through the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an assets is converted to cash or liability has to be paid. Financial Flexibility: Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to take necessary actions to change the amount and timing of cash flows. An enterprise with a high degree of financial flexibility is better able to survive bad times, to recover from unexpected setbacks, and to take advantage of profitable and unexpected investment opportunities. Generally, the greater .
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boundless.com. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under the original license.
https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/introduction-to-the-field-and-goals-of-financial-management-1/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial Analysis
Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. The judgment process can be improved by experience and the use of analytical tools. Probably the most widely used financial analysis technique is ratio analysis, the analysis of relationships between two or more line items on the financial statement. Financial ratios are usually expressed in percentage or times. Generally, financial ratios are calculated for the purpose of evaluating aspects of a company's operations and fall into the following categories:
· Liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to meet its current obligations.
· Profitability ratios measure management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
· Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long-term funds and can also aid in judging a firm's ability to raise additional debt and its capacity to pay its liabilities on time.
· Efficiency, activity or turnover ratios provide information about management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
A ratio can be computed from any pair of numbers. Given the large quantity of variables included in financial statements, a very long list of meaningful ratios can be derived. A standard list of ratios or standard computation of them does not exist. The following ratio presentation includes ratios that are most often used when evaluating the credit worthiness of a customer. Ratio analysis becomes a very personal or company driven procedure. Analysts are drawn to and use the ones they are comfortable with and understand.
1. Liquidity Ratios
Working Capital
Working capital compares current assets to current liabilities, and serves as the liquid reserve available to satisfy contingencies and uncertainties. A high working capital balance is mandated if the entity is unable to borrow on short notice. The ratio indicates the short-term solvency of a business and in determining if a firm can pay its current liabilities when due.
Formula
Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Acid Test or Quick Ratio
A measurement of the liquidity position of the business. The quick ratio compares the cash plus cash equivalents and accounts receivable to the current liabilities. The primary difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio is the quick ratio does not include inventory and prepaid expenses in the calculation. Consequently, a business's quick ratio will be lower than its current ratio. It is a stringent test of liquidity.
Formula
Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable
Current Liabilities
Current Ratio
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0077108086
The document discusses the nature and objectives of financial accounting, which includes collecting and recording business transactions through double-entry bookkeeping, communicating results through final accounts, and meeting various user needs such as owners, creditors, and government. Financial accounting aims to present an accurate account of a business's financial performance and position through recording transactions, preparing annual reports, and providing other analyses to facilitate decision making and resource allocation. The objectives of company annual reports are to provide profitability and financial information to shareholders and creditors, though views have shifted to see businesses as benefitting the wider community.
1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain .pdf
1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain prevalent if presence of two
copies of an allele is disadvantageous and presence of one copy of the allele may be
advantageous.
For example in case of sickle cell anaemia, two alleles may cause sickle cell anaemia but
carrying one allele is advantageous in regions where malaria is common because this single copy
of allele offers resistance against malaria. Thus, many people still carry the allele of sickle cell
anaemia, as natural selection does not remove it; this is called “balanced polymorphism.”
Thus, people carrying one copy of sickle cell disease causing allele migrated to the regions of
Africa and develops resistance to malaria parasite. They passed this protective allele to their
offspring. However, two carriers with protective allele might have a child with sickle cell
disease.
Today, the prevalence of malaria parasite is decreased well by artificial control methods. This
change in climate caused decreased number of sickle cell allele carriers.
2). Yes, the individuals homozygous for the mutation are susceptible for the sickle cell anemia,
whereas the heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria.
3). Increased incidence of malaria causes the persistence of sickle cell allele as it increases the
fitness of an individual.
Solution
1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain prevalent if presence of two
copies of an allele is disadvantageous and presence of one copy of the allele may be
advantageous.
For example in case of sickle cell anaemia, two alleles may cause sickle cell anaemia but
carrying one allele is advantageous in regions where malaria is common because this single copy
of allele offers resistance against malaria. Thus, many people still carry the allele of sickle cell
anaemia, as natural selection does not remove it; this is called “balanced polymorphism.”
Thus, people carrying one copy of sickle cell disease causing allele migrated to the regions of
Africa and develops resistance to malaria parasite. They passed this protective allele to their
offspring. However, two carriers with protective allele might have a child with sickle cell
disease.
Today, the prevalence of malaria parasite is decreased well by artificial control methods. This
change in climate caused decreased number of sickle cell allele carriers.
2). Yes, the individuals homozygous for the mutation are susceptible for the sickle cell anemia,
whereas the heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria.
3). Increased incidence of malaria causes the persistence of sickle cell allele as it increases the
fitness of an individual..
$ 90.08WorkingStep-1Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=L.pdf
$ 90.08
Working:Step-1:Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=Loan Amount/Cumulative
discount factor=$ 21,618/ 137.199=$ 157.57Working:Cumulative discount factor=(1-(1+i)^-
n)/iWhere,=(1-(1+0.00417)^-204)/0.00417i=5%/12= 0.00417=
137.199n=17*12=204Step-2:Repayment schedule of first monthMonthBeginning Loan
balanceInterest for the monthMonthly PaymentPrincipal RepaymentEnding Loan
Balanceab=a*5%*1/12cd=c-ba-d1$ 21,618.00$ 90.08$ 157.57$ 67.49$ 21,550.51
Solution
$ 90.08
Working:Step-1:Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=Loan Amount/Cumulative
discount factor=$ 21,618/ 137.199=$ 157.57Working:Cumulative discount factor=(1-(1+i)^-
n)/iWhere,=(1-(1+0.00417)^-204)/0.00417i=5%/12= 0.00417=
137.199n=17*12=204Step-2:Repayment schedule of first monthMonthBeginning Loan
balanceInterest for the monthMonthly PaymentPrincipal RepaymentEnding Loan
Balanceab=a*5%*1/12cd=c-ba-d1$ 21,618.00$ 90.08$ 157.57$ 67.49$ 21,550.51.
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Chapter 2 Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow” from Fi.docx
Chapter 2 “Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow” from Finance by Boundless is used under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. © 2014,
boundless.com. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under the original license.
https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/introduction-to-the-field-and-goals-of-financial-management-1/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Chapter 2
Financial
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Taxes, and
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and-cash-flow/
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Limitations of Financial Statements
Section 1
Introducing Financial Statements
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https://www.boundless.com/finance/financial-statements-taxes-and-cash-flow/introducing-financial-statements/
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cash flow and equity.
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components: a balance sheet, income statement, cash flow
statement, and statement of changes in equity.
• The balance sheet reports a point-in-time snapshot of the
assets, liabilities and equity of the entity.
• An income statement reports on a company's expenses and
profits to show whether the company made or lost money.
• The cash flow statement reports the flow of cash in and out of
the business, dividing cash into operating, investing and
financing activities.
• A statement of changes in equity explains the changes of the
company's equity throughout the reporting period, including
profits or losses, dividends paid and issue or redemption of
stock.
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a business, person, or other entity. Financial statements are a key
component of accounting; the process of communicating
information about a financial entity (Figure 2.1). Financial
statements are presented in a structured manner with conventions
accepted by accounting and regulatory personnel. An entity’s
financial statement typically includes four basic components: a
balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and
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1. The company’s balance sheet reports on a company's assets,
liabilities and ownership equity. A balance sheet is often
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at a single point in time. Balance sheets are usually
91
Financial
Statements help
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Figure 2.1 Keeping
Money Organized
presented with assets in one section and liabilities and net
worth in the other.
2. An income statement reports on a company's expenses and
profits to show whether the company made or lost money. It
also displays the revenues of ...
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- Cash flow statements are important for short-term financial planning as they show if a company will have enough cash to pay debts, dividends, and maintain operations. They also allow comparison of a company's
R C F,Prashant V V
The document provides an overview of ratio analysis, fund flow statements, and cash flow statements. It discusses various types of ratios like liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, and activity ratios. It explains key liquidity ratios like current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio. It also discusses leverage ratios like debt ratio and debt-equity ratio. The document then covers activity or turnover ratios and provides formulas for inventory turnover ratio and assets turnover ratio. It defines a fund flow statement and cash flow statement and discusses their purpose and limitations.
Balance sheet items
The document provides an overview of balance sheets, including their purposes, elements, and reporting classifications. Some key points:
1) A balance sheet summarizes a company's financial position by reporting assets, liabilities, and equity as of a specific date based on the basic accounting equation of assets equaling liabilities plus equity.
2) It helps users assess the company's liquidity, financial flexibility, operating capability, and income-producing performance.
3) Elements recognized in the balance sheet must meet certain criteria and be measurable, relevant, and reliable. Major elements are assets, liabilities, and equity.
4) Assets and liabilities are generally measured using historical cost, but some may use
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Financial management assisgnment.pptx
This document discusses different types of financial ratios used to analyze companies. It describes liquidity ratios like the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio which measure a company's ability to meet short-term obligations. Leverage ratios discussed include debt-to-equity, debt-to-assets, and debt-to-capital, which indicate how much debt a company is using. The document also defines the interest coverage ratio which shows a company's ability to pay interest expenses. Formulas for calculating each ratio are provided.
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
name：solution manual for Horngren's Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles
Edition： 7th edition
author：by Miller-Nobles
ISBN：9780136714248
type：solution manual
format：word/zip
All chapter include
No More Smoke and Mirrors: Knowing and Demonstrating Business Numbers
Check out this presentation from A.J. Brigati, of MBHC LLC, during New Orleans Entrepreneur Week 2016.
Management Accounting and Ratio Analysis- Fin I.pptx
This document discusses management accounting and ratio analysis. It defines management accounting as providing information to management to assist with planning, organizing, directing and controlling business operations. It explains that ratio analysis evaluates relationships among financial statement items to identify trends over time or compare organizations. Several types of ratios are described, including liquidity ratios that measure ability to pay short-term debts (such as current and quick ratios) and profitability ratios that show ability to generate profits. The uses of ratio analysis for comparative studies and financial health analysis are also outlined.
Cash Flow Analysis
Cash flow analysis involves analyzing a company's cash flow statement, which is divided into three parts - operating, investing, and financing cash flows. When analyzing cash flow, key items to examine include repayment of loans, increases in working capital due to business expansion, capital expenditure requirements, other commitments, and contingent liabilities as insufficient cash flow is a major reason why companies go bankrupt.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS - BASICS OF BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS AC...
- The document discusses the basics of financial statement analysis, including the meaning and types of financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and schedules.
- It explains that the balance sheet presents a company's financial position on a specified date, while the income statement shows expenses, incomes, and profits or losses over a period of time.
- Various parties are interested in a company's financial statements, including shareholders, creditors, potential investors, employees, and government bodies. Financial statements aim to provide useful information to these stakeholders.
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version.pdf
FM CHAPTER-2.pptx
This document discusses financial analysis and planning. It provides information on sources of financial information including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It then discusses the need for and methods of financial analysis including ratio analysis. Ratio analysis involves calculating relationships between line items on financial statements to assess a firm's financial condition and performance. Different types of financial ratios are covered including liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. Liquidity and activity ratios are specifically discussed using an example company to demonstrate how they are calculated and interpreted.
Libby/Libby/Hodge Financial Accounting 11th Edition TEST BANK & SOLUTION MANU...
Libby/Libby/Hodge Financial Accounting 11th Edition TEST BANK & SOLUTION MANUAL, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version
Libby/Libby/Hodge Financial Accounting, 11th Edition Solution Manual, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patricia Libby, Frank Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Study Guide Questions and Answers Quizlet Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Course hero Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Chapters Quizlet Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Chapters Financial Accounting 11th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Course hero Financial Accounting 11th Edition Pdf Download Online Financial Accounting 11th Edition Answers Quizlet Financial Accounting 11th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 11th Edition Questions Quizlet Financial Accounting 11th Edition Studocu Financial Accounting 11th Edition Quizlet Financial Accounting 11th Edition Course hero Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Pdf Chapters Download Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Study Guide Questions and Answers Course hero Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Ebook Download Online Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Chapters Questions and Answers Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Studocu Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Quizlet Financial Accounting 11th Edition Solution manual Course hero Financial Accounting Chapters Questions and Answers Financial Accounting Questions Financial Accounting Answers Financial Accounting Study Guide Financial Accounting Answers keys Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Version Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition 2024 Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Questions Solution manual For Financial Accounting 11th Edition Answers Guide Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Version Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Financial Accounting 11th Edition 2024 Financial Accounting 11th Edition latest Questions Financial Accounting 11th Edition Answers Guide
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial AnalysisFinancial stat.docx
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial Analysis
Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. The judgment process can be improved by experience and the use of analytical tools. Probably the most widely used financial analysis technique is ratio analysis, the analysis of relationships between two or more line items on the financial statement. Financial ratios are usually expressed in percentage or times. Generally, financial ratios are calculated for the purpose of evaluating aspects of a company's operations and fall into the following categories:
· Liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to meet its current obligations.
· Profitability ratios measure management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
· Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long-term funds and can also aid in judging a firm's ability to raise additional debt and its capacity to pay its liabilities on time.
· Efficiency, activity or turnover ratios provide information about management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
A ratio can be computed from any pair of numbers. Given the large quantity of variables included in financial statements, a very long list of meaningful ratios can be derived. A standard list of ratios or standard computation of them does not exist. The following ratio presentation includes ratios that are most often used when evaluating the credit worthiness of a customer. Ratio analysis becomes a very personal or company driven procedure. Analysts are drawn to and use the ones they are comfortable with and understand.
1. Liquidity Ratios
Working Capital
Working capital compares current assets to current liabilities, and serves as the liquid reserve available to satisfy contingencies and uncertainties. A high working capital balance is mandated if the entity is unable to borrow on short notice. The ratio indicates the short-term solvency of a business and in determining if a firm can pay its current liabilities when due.
Formula
Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Acid Test or Quick Ratio
A measurement of the liquidity position of the business. The quick ratio compares the cash plus cash equivalents and accounts receivable to the current liabilities. The primary difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio is the quick ratio does not include inventory and prepaid expenses in the calculation. Consequently, a business's quick ratio will be lower than its current ratio. It is a stringent test of liquidity.
Formula
Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable
Current Liabilities
Current Ratio
provides an indication of the liquidity of the business by comparing the amount of current assets to current liabilities. A business's curren ...
0077108086
The document discusses the nature and objectives of financial accounting, which includes collecting and recording business transactions through double-entry bookkeeping, communicating results through final accounts, and meeting various user needs such as owners, creditors, and government. Financial accounting aims to present an accurate account of a business's financial performance and position through recording transactions, preparing annual reports, and providing other analyses to facilitate decision making and resource allocation. The objectives of company annual reports are to provide profitability and financial information to shareholders and creditors, though views have shifted to see businesses as benefitting the wider community.
Similar to Balance sheetBalance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of .pdf (20)
Chapter 2 Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow” from Fi.docx
Chapter 2 Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow” from Fi.docx
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
No More Smoke and Mirrors: Knowing and Demonstrating Business Numbers
No More Smoke and Mirrors: Knowing and Demonstrating Business Numbers
Management Accounting and Ratio Analysis- Fin I.pptx
Management Accounting and Ratio Analysis- Fin I.pptx
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS - BASICS OF BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS AC...
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS - BASICS OF BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS AC...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Solution Manual for Financial Accounting, 11th Edition by Robert Libby, Patri...
Libby/Libby/Hodge Financial Accounting 11th Edition TEST BANK & SOLUTION MANU...
Libby/Libby/Hodge Financial Accounting 11th Edition TEST BANK & SOLUTION MANU...
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial AnalysisFinancial stat.docx
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial AnalysisFinancial stat.docx
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1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain .pdf
1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain prevalent if presence of two
copies of an allele is disadvantageous and presence of one copy of the allele may be
advantageous.
For example in case of sickle cell anaemia, two alleles may cause sickle cell anaemia but
carrying one allele is advantageous in regions where malaria is common because this single copy
of allele offers resistance against malaria. Thus, many people still carry the allele of sickle cell
anaemia, as natural selection does not remove it; this is called “balanced polymorphism.”
Thus, people carrying one copy of sickle cell disease causing allele migrated to the regions of
Africa and develops resistance to malaria parasite. They passed this protective allele to their
offspring. However, two carriers with protective allele might have a child with sickle cell
disease.
Today, the prevalence of malaria parasite is decreased well by artificial control methods. This
change in climate caused decreased number of sickle cell allele carriers.
2). Yes, the individuals homozygous for the mutation are susceptible for the sickle cell anemia,
whereas the heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria.
3). Increased incidence of malaria causes the persistence of sickle cell allele as it increases the
fitness of an individual.
Solution
1). The inheritance of recessive genes (disease causing) can remain prevalent if presence of two
copies of an allele is disadvantageous and presence of one copy of the allele may be
advantageous.
For example in case of sickle cell anaemia, two alleles may cause sickle cell anaemia but
carrying one allele is advantageous in regions where malaria is common because this single copy
of allele offers resistance against malaria. Thus, many people still carry the allele of sickle cell
anaemia, as natural selection does not remove it; this is called “balanced polymorphism.”
Thus, people carrying one copy of sickle cell disease causing allele migrated to the regions of
Africa and develops resistance to malaria parasite. They passed this protective allele to their
offspring. However, two carriers with protective allele might have a child with sickle cell
disease.
Today, the prevalence of malaria parasite is decreased well by artificial control methods. This
change in climate caused decreased number of sickle cell allele carriers.
2). Yes, the individuals homozygous for the mutation are susceptible for the sickle cell anemia,
whereas the heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria.
3). Increased incidence of malaria causes the persistence of sickle cell allele as it increases the
fitness of an individual..
$ 90.08WorkingStep-1Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=L.pdf
$ 90.08
Working:Step-1:Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=Loan Amount/Cumulative
discount factor=$ 21,618/ 137.199=$ 157.57Working:Cumulative discount factor=(1-(1+i)^-
n)/iWhere,=(1-(1+0.00417)^-204)/0.00417i=5%/12= 0.00417=
137.199n=17*12=204Step-2:Repayment schedule of first monthMonthBeginning Loan
balanceInterest for the monthMonthly PaymentPrincipal RepaymentEnding Loan
Balanceab=a*5%*1/12cd=c-ba-d1$ 21,618.00$ 90.08$ 157.57$ 67.49$ 21,550.51
Solution
$ 90.08
Working:Step-1:Monthly Payment CalculationMonhly Payment=Loan Amount/Cumulative
discount factor=$ 21,618/ 137.199=$ 157.57Working:Cumulative discount factor=(1-(1+i)^-
n)/iWhere,=(1-(1+0.00417)^-204)/0.00417i=5%/12= 0.00417=
137.199n=17*12=204Step-2:Repayment schedule of first monthMonthBeginning Loan
balanceInterest for the monthMonthly PaymentPrincipal RepaymentEnding Loan
Balanceab=a*5%*1/12cd=c-ba-d1$ 21,618.00$ 90.08$ 157.57$ 67.49$ 21,550.51.
#ifndef COURSES_H #define COURSES_H class Courses { privat.pdf
#ifndef COURSES_H
#define COURSES_H
class Courses
{
private:
struct CourseList
{
char courseNum[10];
char courseName[25];
char courseSch[20];
CourseList *next;
};
CourseList *head;
void displayArrayChar(char [], int);
public:
Courses(void)
{head=NULL;}
~Courses(void);
void appendCourse(char [],char [], char []);
void appendCourse(CourseList *);
void deleteCourse(char []);
bool searchforCourse(char []);
void displayAllCourses(void);
void editCourses(char [], char [], int );
void emptyCourses(void); //function called when a student is deleted
CourseList* getHead(void){return head;}
//friend void StudentInfo::insertStudent(char [], char [], int [], CourseList *);
};
#endif
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//studentinfo.h
#ifndef STUDENTINFO_H
#define STUDENTINFO_H
#include
#include \"Courses.h\"
using namespace std;
class StudentInfo
{
private:
struct StudentList
{
char firstName[12];
char lastName[12];
int ssn[9];
Courses studentCourses;
struct StudentList *next;
};
StudentList *ssnhead;
int tempStoreSSN[9];
void displayArrayChar(char [], int);
void displayArrayInt(int []);
bool testIntArray(int [], int []);
public:
StudentInfo(void)
{ssnhead=NULL;}
~StudentInfo(void);
void insertStudent(char [], char [], int [], Courses &);
void insertStudent(char fn[], char ln[], int s[]);
void deleteStudent(int []);
bool searchBylast(char []);
bool searchByssn(int []);
void displayAllStudents(void);
void editStudentInfo(int []);
void editStudentInfo(char [],int);
int getTempssn(int);
void storessnTemp(char [], int);
};
#endif
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//courses.cpp
#include
#include
#include
#include \"courses.h\"
#include \"studentinfo.h\"
using namespace std;
Courses::~Courses(void)
{
CourseList *nodePtr, *nextNode;
nodePtr=head;
while (nodePtr !=NULL)
{
nextNode=nodePtr->next;
delete nodePtr;
nodePtr=nextNode;
}
head=NULL;
}
void Courses::appendCourse(CourseList *tempHead) //should only pass the head pointer of the
node
{
CourseList *nodePtr, *nodeTempPtr, *newNode;
nodePtr=head;
nodeTempPtr=nodePtr;
while(nodeTempPtr->next !=NULL)
{nodePtr=nodePtr->next;
}
nodeTempPtr = tempHead;
while(nodeTempPtr->next !=NULL)
{
newNode=new CourseList;
strcpy(newNode->courseNum, nodeTempPtr->courseNum);
strcpy(newNode->courseName, nodeTempPtr->courseName);
strcpy(newNode->courseSch, nodeTempPtr->courseSch);
newNode->next=NULL;
nodePtr->next=newNode;
nodePtr=nodePtr->next;
nodeTempPtr=nodeTempPtr->next;
}
}
void Courses::appendCourse(char cNum[], char cName[], char cSch[])
{
CourseList *newNode, *nodePtr;
newNode=new CourseList;
strcpy(newNode->courseNum, cNum);
strcpy(newNode->courseName, cName);
strcpy(newNode->courseSch, cSch);
newNode->next=NULL;
if(!head)
head=newNode;
else
{
nodePtr=head;
while(nodePtr->next)
{
nodePtr=nodePtr->next;
}
nodePtr->next=newNode;
}
}
void Courses::emptyCourses(void)
{
CourseList *nodePtr, *nextNode;
nodePtr=head;
while (nodePtr !=NULL)
{
nextNode=nodePtr->next;
delete nodePtr;
nodePtr=nextNode;
}
head=NULL;
}
void Co.
C++ Program to Implement Singly Linked List #includei.pdf
/*
* C++ Program to Implement Singly Linked List
*/
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
/*
* Node Declaration
*/
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *next;
}*start;
/*
* Class Declaration
*/
class single_llist
{
public:
node* create_node(int);
void insert_begin();
void insert_pos();
void insert_last();
void delete_pos();
void sort();
void search();
void update();
void reverse();
void display();
single_llist()
{
start = NULL;
}
};
/*
* Main :contains menu
*/
main()
{
int choice, nodes, element, position, i;
single_llist sl;
start = NULL;
while (1)
{
cout<<\"1.Insert Node at beginning\"<>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
cout<<\"Inserting Node at Beginning: \"<info = value;
temp->next = NULL;
return temp;
}
}
/*
* Inserting element in beginning
*/
void single_llist::insert_begin()
{
int value;
cout<<\"Enter the value to be inserted: \";
cin>>value;
struct node *temp, *p;
temp = create_node(value);
if (start == NULL)
{
start = temp;
start->next = NULL;
}
else
{
p = start;
start = temp;
start->next = p;
}
cout<<\"Element Inserted at beginning\"<>value;
struct node *temp, *s;
temp = create_node(value);
s = start;
while (s->next != NULL)
{
s = s->next;
}
temp->next = NULL;
s->next = temp;
cout<<\"Element Inserted at last\"<>value;
struct node *temp, *s, *ptr;
temp = create_node(value);
cout<<\"Enter the postion at which node to be inserted: \";
cin>>pos;
int i;
s = start;
while (s != NULL)
{
s = s->next;
counter++;
}
if (pos == 1)
{
if (start == NULL)
{
start = temp;
start->next = NULL;
}
else
{
ptr = start;
start = temp;
start->next = ptr;
}
}
else if (pos > 1 && pos <= counter)
{
s = start;
for (i = 1; i < pos; i++)
{
ptr = s;
s = s->next;
}
ptr->next = temp;
temp->next = s;
}
else
{
cout<<\"Positon out of range\"<next;s !=NULL;s = s->next)
{
if (ptr->info > s->info)
{
value = ptr->info;
ptr->info = s->info;
s->info = value;
}
}
ptr = ptr->next;
}
}
/*
* Delete element at a given position
*/
void single_llist::delete_pos()
{
int pos, i, counter = 0;
if (start == NULL)
{
cout<<\"List is empty\"<>pos;
struct node *s, *ptr;
s = start;
if (pos == 1)
{
start = s->next;
}
else
{
while (s != NULL)
{
s = s->next;
counter++;
}
if (pos > 0 && pos <= counter)
{
s = start;
for (i = 1;i < pos;i++)
{
ptr = s;
s = s->next;
}
ptr->next = s->next;
}
else
{
cout<<\"Position out of range\"<>pos;
cout<<\"Enter the new value: \";
cin>>value;
struct node *s, *ptr;
s = start;
if (pos == 1)
{
start->info = value;
}
else
{
for (i = 0;i < pos - 1;i++)
{
if (s == NULL)
{
cout<<\"There are less than \"<next;
}
s->info = value;
}
cout<<\"Node Updated\"<>value;
struct node *s;
s = start;
while (s != NULL)
{
pos++;
if (s->info == value)
{
flag = true;
cout<<\"Element \"<next;
}
if (!flag)
cout<<\"Element \"<next == NULL)
{
return;
}
ptr1 = start;
ptr2 = ptr1->next;
ptr3 = ptr2->next;
ptr1->next = NULL;
ptr2->next = ptr1;
while (ptr3 != NULL)
{
ptr1 = ptr2;
ptr2 = ptr3;
ptr3 = ptr3->next;
ptr2->next = ptr1;
}
start = ptr2;
}
/*
* Display Elements of a link list
*/
vo.
Long term Expected return of the Stock return ty.pdf
Long term Expected return of the Stock return type Return Probability Probability
* return Booming 17% 0.57 9.69% recession 6% (1-0.57) 2.58% Expected Return of the
Stock 12.27%
Solution
Long term Expected return of the Stock return type Return Probability Probability
* return Booming 17% 0.57 9.69% recession 6% (1-0.57) 2.58% Expected Return of the
Stock 12.27%.
The English word chemistry has a few senses .pdf
The English word \'chemistry\' has a few senses: 1: the science of matter; the branch
of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and
reactions; 2: the way two individuals relate to each other; 3: the chemical composition and
properties of a substance or object
Solution
The English word \'chemistry\' has a few senses: 1: the science of matter; the branch
of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and
reactions; 2: the way two individuals relate to each other; 3: the chemical composition and
properties of a substance or object.
since it is (1)^infinity form ...... we get it b.pdf
since it is (1)^infinity form ...... we get it by lim n->infinity e ^ [ 1 - 2/5n - 1] *
(n+1) = e^(-2/5)...........
Solution
since it is (1)^infinity form ...... we get it by lim n->infinity e ^ [ 1 - 2/5n - 1] *
(n+1) = e^(-2/5)............
yes as NAI is ionic in nature water disolves ion.pdf
yes as NAI is ionic in nature water disolves ionic things in itself
Solution
yes as NAI is ionic in nature water disolves ionic things in itself.
Mg(0H)2 as there is ionic between Mg & OH and co.pdf
Mg(0H)2 as there is ionic between Mg & OH and covalent between O and H in OH
and same with K2C03 ionic between K and C03 and covalent between C and 0
Solution
Mg(0H)2 as there is ionic between Mg & OH and covalent between O and H in OH
and same with K2C03 ionic between K and C03 and covalent between C and 0.
It depends on how many unique protons are adjacen.pdf
It depends on how many unique protons are adjacent to the proton(s) that you are
looking at. First, if you have an isolated proton that is not adjacent to any other protons, it will
be a singlet. A good example is a tert-butyl group. The three CH3 appear equivalent and none of
them has directly adjacent protons. The signal appears as a huge singlet that integrates to nine
protons. Doublets arise when there is a single proton next to the proton you are observing. My
favorite example of this is 2-methyl cyclohexanone. If you were to look at the CH3 group, you
would see a doublet because there is one proton on the neighboring carbon. Now for some of the
more complicated stuff: Suppose you have an ethyl ether group in your molecule. If you look at
the signal for the CH3 at the end of the chain, you have a signal which would be split by the two
protons on the next carbon over. The rule is, you get n + 1 peaks, where n is the number of
protons that are causing the splitting. Since in the case of Et there are two equivalent protons on
the CH2, you end up with 2 + 1 = 3 peaks, a triplet. The peaks should appear in a 1:2:1 height
ratio. Now suppose we look at the CH2 protons, which have a different chemical shift. In this
case, the protons are adjacent to three equivalent protons (on the methyl group). As a result you
get 3 + 1 = 4 peaks, a quartet. In this case, the peaks will show up in a 1:3:3:1 height ratio.
Solution
It depends on how many unique protons are adjacent to the proton(s) that you are
looking at. First, if you have an isolated proton that is not adjacent to any other protons, it will
be a singlet. A good example is a tert-butyl group. The three CH3 appear equivalent and none of
them has directly adjacent protons. The signal appears as a huge singlet that integrates to nine
protons. Doublets arise when there is a single proton next to the proton you are observing. My
favorite example of this is 2-methyl cyclohexanone. If you were to look at the CH3 group, you
would see a doublet because there is one proton on the neighboring carbon. Now for some of the
more complicated stuff: Suppose you have an ethyl ether group in your molecule. If you look at
the signal for the CH3 at the end of the chain, you have a signal which would be split by the two
protons on the next carbon over. The rule is, you get n + 1 peaks, where n is the number of
protons that are causing the splitting. Since in the case of Et there are two equivalent protons on
the CH2, you end up with 2 + 1 = 3 peaks, a triplet. The peaks should appear in a 1:2:1 height
ratio. Now suppose we look at the CH2 protons, which have a different chemical shift. In this
case, the protons are adjacent to three equivalent protons (on the methyl group). As a result you
get 3 + 1 = 4 peaks, a quartet. In this case, the peaks will show up in a 1:3:3:1 height ratio..
x = 1087n = 1430p =xn = 0.76standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1.pdf
x = 1087
n = 1430
p =x/n = 0.76
standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1-p)/n)
SE = sqrt(0.76(1-0.76) / 1430)
= 0.0113
a.
alpha,a = 1-0.90 = 0.10
Za/2 = Z0.05= 1.645
confidence interval:
p +/- [Za/2 * SE]
0.76 +/- 0.0186
( 0.7416 , 0.7787 )
b.
alpha,a = 1-0.95 = 0.05
Za/2 = Z0.025= 1.96
confidence interval:
p +/- [Za/2 * SE]
0.76 +/- 0.0221
( 0.7380 , 0.7823 )
c.
as the confidence level increases, the confidence interval get wider
Solution
x = 1087
n = 1430
p =x/n = 0.76
standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1-p)/n)
SE = sqrt(0.76(1-0.76) / 1430)
= 0.0113
a.
alpha,a = 1-0.90 = 0.10
Za/2 = Z0.05= 1.645
confidence interval:
p +/- [Za/2 * SE]
0.76 +/- 0.0186
( 0.7416 , 0.7787 )
b.
alpha,a = 1-0.95 = 0.05
Za/2 = Z0.025= 1.96
confidence interval:
p +/- [Za/2 * SE]
0.76 +/- 0.0221
( 0.7380 , 0.7823 )
c.
as the confidence level increases, the confidence interval get wider.
Option B. ie More than one theseSolutionOption B. ie More than.pdf
This short document discusses a solution involving option B, which refers to having more than one of something. The document does not provide enough context to understand what the options or solution relate to. It states the same phrase twice without further explanation.
When two genes are located on the same chromosome they are called as.pdf
When two genes are located on the same chromosome they are called as linked. That means they
are inherited at the same time together thereby violating independent law of assortment. They
can be separated during meiosis by recombination process.
Solution
When two genes are located on the same chromosome they are called as linked. That means they
are inherited at the same time together thereby violating independent law of assortment. They
can be separated during meiosis by recombination process..
We have layered model used in network design since these layers grou.pdf
We have layered model used in network design since these layers group functions according to
the task that needs to be performed. Every function in this model is targeted to help a specific
layer perform its job.
5 layers in network model :
1) Application layer: It governs how to application work with each other.It provides applications
the ability to access the services of the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use
to exchange data.
Addressing : NA
Application layer Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet
2) Transport layer: It establishes the connection between applications running on different
hosts.It keeps track of the processes running in the applications above it by assigning port
numbers to them and uses the Network layer to access the TCP/IP network.
Addressing : Port address
Transport layer Protocols: TCP (Connection-oriented) , UDP (Connection-less)
3) Network layer: It governs the transmission of packets across an internet by sending them
through several routers along the route. It uses IP addresses to identify the packet’s source and
destination.
Addressing : IP Address
Network layer Protocols : IP, ARP, ICMP, IGMP
4) Data link layer: It governs transmission of frames across a single network.These frames
encapsulate the packets and use MAC addresses to identify the source and destination.
Addressing : MAC (Physical) address
Data link layer Protocols : WLAN protocols, Token rings
5) Physical layer: It governs transmission between adjacent devices connected by a transmission
medium.
Addressing : NA
Solution
We have layered model used in network design since these layers group functions according to
the task that needs to be performed. Every function in this model is targeted to help a specific
layer perform its job.
5 layers in network model :
1) Application layer: It governs how to application work with each other.It provides applications
the ability to access the services of the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use
to exchange data.
Addressing : NA
Application layer Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet
2) Transport layer: It establishes the connection between applications running on different
hosts.It keeps track of the processes running in the applications above it by assigning port
numbers to them and uses the Network layer to access the TCP/IP network.
Addressing : Port address
Transport layer Protocols: TCP (Connection-oriented) , UDP (Connection-less)
3) Network layer: It governs the transmission of packets across an internet by sending them
through several routers along the route. It uses IP addresses to identify the packet’s source and
destination.
Addressing : IP Address
Network layer Protocols : IP, ARP, ICMP, IGMP
4) Data link layer: It governs transmission of frames across a single network.These frames
encapsulate the packets and use MAC addresses to identify the source and destination.
Addressing : MAC (Physical) address
Data link layer Protocols : WLAN protocols, Token rings
5) .
The half-reactions areAnode Fe = [Fe]2+ + 2 e-Fe(s) release.pdf
The half-reactions are:
Anode: Fe => [Fe]2+ + 2 e-
Fe(s) releases electrons and is oxidized to Fe2+(aq) at the anode.
Cathode: [Ag]+ + e- => Ag
Ag+(aq) accepts electrons and is reduced to Ag(s) at the cathode
Solution
The half-reactions are:
Anode: Fe => [Fe]2+ + 2 e-
Fe(s) releases electrons and is oxidized to Fe2+(aq) at the anode.
Cathode: [Ag]+ + e- => Ag
Ag+(aq) accepts electrons and is reduced to Ag(s) at the cathode.
The answer is CH2Since moles = massmolar massMoles of C H = .pdf
The answer is: CH2
Since moles = mass/molar mass
Moles of C : H = 85.5/12 : 14.5/1
= 7.125 : 14.5
= 1 : 2
Thus the empircal formula is CH2
Solution
The answer is: CH2
Since moles = mass/molar mass
Moles of C : H = 85.5/12 : 14.5/1
= 7.125 : 14.5
= 1 : 2
Thus the empircal formula is CH2.
SolutionFICASocial Security withheld taxMedicre tax withheldRates.pdf
Solution
:FICASocial Security withheld taxMedicre tax withheldRates Applicable for
20157.65%6.20%1.45%FICA tax in amount2,420.381,961.62458.76Calculation of social
security tax withheld= 2,420.38 / 7.65 % * 6.20 %Calculation of medicre withheld = 2,420.38 /
7.65 % * 1.45%.
Since HCL is a strong acid we can assume that it will fulyy ionise.pdf
Since HCL is a strong acid we can assume that it will fulyy ionise
HCl -----> H+ + Cl-
0.2 0 0
0 0.2 0.2
H2S ------- > H+ + HS-
Initial 0.10 0.2 0
Final 0.10-x 0.2+x x
I am taking pKa = 6.9
=> Ka = 1.259 *10-7 = x*(0.2+x)/(0.10-x)
=> x2 + 0.2x - 1.259*10-8 = 0 => x = 6.295* 10-8
=> Concentration of HS- = [HS-] = 6 * 10-8 M
Solution
Since HCL is a strong acid we can assume that it will fulyy ionise
HCl -----> H+ + Cl-
0.2 0 0
0 0.2 0.2
H2S ------- > H+ + HS-
Initial 0.10 0.2 0
Final 0.10-x 0.2+x x
I am taking pKa = 6.9
=> Ka = 1.259 *10-7 = x*(0.2+x)/(0.10-x)
=> x2 + 0.2x - 1.259*10-8 = 0 => x = 6.295* 10-8
=> Concentration of HS- = [HS-] = 6 * 10-8 M.
d) Peptide Note that forming a peptide bond resu.pdf
d) Peptide Note that forming a peptide bond results in elimination of a molecule of
water. since isoleucine, leucine and valine, these are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards the
interior of the folded protein molecule. Hence Peptide bonds are the ideal to form..... Hope u
understand.... :)
Solution
d) Peptide Note that forming a peptide bond results in elimination of a molecule of
water. since isoleucine, leucine and valine, these are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards the
interior of the folded protein molecule. Hence Peptide bonds are the ideal to form..... Hope u
understand.... :).
Security has been the number 1 issue for any IT industry and organiz.pdf
Security has been the number 1 issue for any IT industry and organizations have to adopt to the
new security technology catering to their needs from time to time. Though the DBMS itself has
security features, however multiple features like SQL injection protection,vulnerability
assessments,user control activity etc features are still left unattended.Let us now see what are the
emerging security technologies in the protection of databases.
Protecting sensitive and confidential data of the organization is getting more and more difficult
as new threats are discovered. Database is a ever growing thing and their is a chance for the
presence of loopholes.The main problem when it comes to databases is the DBA should have the
view of all the data as a central controller and he should scour the database for any
vulnerabilities.VMT ( vulnerability management technology) is very useful to view the entire
database landscape and help the DBA to ensure his data of any exploitations.
Once the landscape is clearly scene a series of scans can be administered to see where the
sensitive or high protection needed data is present and using DAM technology (Database
monitoring technology) it is easy to protect the sensitive data effectively and add patches
wherever required. The technology also generates warnings and alerts on violations as it
monitors the database in real time. Most useful feature of using DAM is to collect information
about the use of DBMS which can help in audit purposes.It also provides database firewalls
which is similar to web application firewalls which can discard malicious activity,filter the
queries and have blacklist and whitelist feature as well.
Yes, software security is what people are after.However hardware security is needed wherever
software security cant protect.Nowadays cloud computing has emerged as the most powerful
technology where every information we have will be stored in remote servers and can be
accessed by us whenever needed. But the question arises about the security of the data. So, one
wonderful solution for this involves a hardware security systems where the dedicated chips are
inserted in the servers which can be overridden by the third parties via malicious attacks.These
chips provide security and security verification and makes the cloud system safe and reliable.
It is an obvious fact that providing hardware security for the device gives more confidence that
having a software security solution which can be accessed remotely and malware can come and
reside anywhere, But in these hardware systems there are only designated tasks and limited space
and malware cant even hide there.
Hardware security chips also manage physical problems.For example if there are fluctuations in
temperature,problems in electrical flow and breach of the casting then these chips can erase the
sensitive data.In this way these chips can protect themselves. There is also a facilty of every chip
having a unique digital signature and the user whe.
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Balance sheetBalance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of .pdf
- 1. Balance sheet Balance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of return & evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise. It also helps users to assess a company’s liquidity, solvency & financial flexibility.The balance sheet provides information about the nature and amounts of investments in enterprise resources, obligations to enterprise creditors, and the owners’equity in net enterprise resources. That information not only complements information about the components of income, but also contributes to financial reporting by providing a basis for (1) computing rates of return, (2) evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise, and (3) assessing the liquidity and financial flexibility of the enterprise. Solvency: It refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its debts as they mature. Current assets and liability of the company helps the users to assess the company’ solvency. Liquidity: Liquidity of the company will be assessing through the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an assets is converted to cash or liability has to be paid. Financial Flexibility: Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to take necessary actions to change the amount and timing of cash flows. An enterprise with a high degree of financial flexibility is better able to survive bad times, to recover from unexpected setbacks, and to take advantage of profitable and unexpected investment opportunities. Generally, the greater the financial flexibility, the lower the risk of enterprise failure. Solution Balance sheet Balance sheet provides a basis for computing rate of return & evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise. It also helps users to assess a company’s liquidity, solvency & financial flexibility.The balance sheet provides information about the nature and amounts of investments in enterprise resources, obligations to enterprise creditors, and the owners’equity in net enterprise resources. That information not only complements information about the components of income, but also contributes to financial reporting by providing a basis for (1) computing rates of return, (2) evaluating the capital structure of the enterprise, and (3) assessing the liquidity and financial flexibility of the enterprise. Solvency: It refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its debts as they mature. Current assets and liability of the company helps the users to assess the company’ solvency. Liquidity: Liquidity of the company will be assessing through the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an assets is converted to cash or liability has to be paid. Financial Flexibility: Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to take necessary
- 2. actions to change the amount and timing of cash flows. An enterprise with a high degree of financial flexibility is better able to survive bad times, to recover from unexpected setbacks, and to take advantage of profitable and unexpected investment opportunities. Generally, the greater the financial flexibility, the lower the risk of enterprise failure.