This document summarizes the classification, identification, and characteristics of several gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial families. It describes morphological, biochemical, metabolic, and pathogenic properties of staphylococci, streptococci, micrococci, neisseria, and enterobacteriaceae. Key identification tests are outlined to differentiate bacterial species within each family based on characteristics such as hemolysis, antibiotic susceptibility, carbohydrate fermentation patterns, and enzyme activity.

1. BACTERIOLOGY
reyes, kl.
benzon, c.

2. Staphylococcaceae
Gram (+) Catalase c+)
Except:
S. sciuri,
Macrococcus
caseolyticus,
S.lentus
S.vitulus
Coagulase(+)
Coagulase(-)
Cream to
gray
colonies
in BAP
gram (+) in gram stain
coccus in morphology
spherical in shape
modified oxidase (-)
Anaerobic Acid
production from Glucose (+)
METABOLIC PROCESS: fermentation
aerotolerance: facultative
anaerobe
Anaerobic Acid production from
Glycerol in the presence of
Erythromycin (+)
WILL BECOME POSITIVE BECAUSE THE TEST
IS ANAEROBIC
susceptibility and resistance
Growth on Furoxone-Tween 80–Oil Red
O Agar (-)
SUSCEPTIBLE
-GROWTH
+ZOi
Resistance to Bacitracin
(0.04 U)
RESISTANCE
+growth
-ZOI
Resistance Lysosome (50-mg disk)
resistance
+growth
-zoi
Resistance to Lysostaphin (200 ug/mL)
SUSCEPTIBLE
-growth
+zoi
aerotolerance: FA
except: s. saccharolyticus
(ob.anaerobe)
MICROCACCACEAE
Gram (+) Catalase c+)
Coagulase(-)
yellow
pigment
in BAP
gram (+) in pairs,
tetrads, and,
ultimately, irregular
clusters.
modified oxidase (-)
Except: M. kristinae & M. varians
Metabolic Property/Process:
Oxidation
Anaerobic Acid production from
Glycerol in the presence of
Erythromycin (-)
susceptibility and resistance
Growth on Furoxone-Tween 80–Oil Red
O Agar (-)
resistance
+gROWTH
-zoi
Resistance to Bacitracin
(0.04 U)
susceptible
-growth
+ZOI
Resistance Lysosome (50-mg disk)
susceptible
-growth
+ZOI
Resistance to Lysostaphin (200 ug/mL)
resistance
+gROWTH
-zoi
aerotolerance: obligate
aerobe
VIRULENCE FACTORS
S. AUREUS enterotoxins
tss
exfolitative toxin
cytolytic toxin
staphylococcal
leucocidin

3. positive cocci
catalase
coagulase
s. aureus oxidase/bactarin
susceptibility
micrococcus spp. coagulase (-)
staphylococcus
spp.
novobiocin susceptibility
s. epidermis s. saprophyticus
streptococcaceae/
enterococceae
gram (+) cocci
SR

4. streptococcus
Gram (+) Catalase (-)
Coagulase(-)
Gram (+) cocci in pairs and in chains.
microscopic examination, they are
spherical in shape, but • appear more
elongated
aerotolerance: fa
also, are Aerotolerant Anaerobes and
some are capnophilic/ capnophiles
pyr
(bacitracin disk)
camp test
bile esculin
pyr
6.5 percent - nacl
bile esculin
bile esculin
pyr
6.5 percent - nacl
pyr
6.5 percent - nacl
optochin disk
colony morphology/ hemolysis
hemolytic hemolytic non- hemolytic
group a
s. pyogenes
group b
s. agalactiae
enterococcus
spp.
group d
s. pneumoniae
(+) bile solubility test
enterococ
cus spp.
viridans
grp.
(+) leucin
aminopeptidase (LAP
TEST)
non hemolytic
pattern
enterococcus spp. group d
group a streptococcus
virulence factor
cell membrane
peptodoglycan
capsule hyaluronan (evasion)
fimbria
protein f (adhesion)
m protein (evasion)
lipoteichoic acid (toxin)
invasion
streptokinase
hyaluronidase
toxins
streptococcal pyrogenic exotocins
group b streptococcus
virulence factor
CAPSULE (sialic acid)
Catalase (+) micrococci
B- a-
S R
S R

5. Pyrrolindonyl Arylamidase (PYR) Test
biochemical test s. pyogenes & s. agalactiae
+ bright red color
* s. pyogenes
- no color change/ orange
* group b-hemolytic group (group
b&c)
Hippurate Hydrolysis Test
+ deep blue purple color
* s. agactiae
- colorless or slightly
yellow pink color
* S. dysagalactiae
camp Test
+ enhanced hemolysis/ arrow shaped zone
of beta-hemolysis
*s. agalactiae
- no enhancement
*other beta hemolytic groups (gr.a&c)
biochemical test s. pnuemoniae
Optochin test
+ Zone of Inhibition is 14 mm or
greater in diameter, with 6-mm disk.
*s.pnuemoniae
- No Zone of Inhibition or ZOI <14
mm with 6-mm disk.
* viridans streptococcus
bile soubility test
chemical reagent:
Ethylhydrocupreine Hydrochloride.
chemical reagent:
sodium desoxycholate
+ Lysed Colonies
*S. pneumoniae
- Intact Colonies
*other α-hemolytic
streptococcus /
viridans streptococci.
LAP (Leucine Aminopeptidase) Test
biochemical test for viridans
streptococcus
+ Red Color
*Viridans streptococci
- no color change/ slight
yellow color
* other a-hemolytic
streptococcus
a- hemolysis on sheep blood agar
opthochin disk
susceptible resistant
s. pnuemoniae
+ bile solubility test
bile esculin
6.5% NACL (pyr) viridans streprococci
enterococcus agalactiae
group d. streptococci
no hemolysis on blood agar
6.5% NACL (pyr) nonhemolytic strepTococci
enterococcus spp. group d syreptocci

6. Neisseriaceae
neisseria kingella eikenella simonsiella
g-diplococci
g- bacilli
catalase -
oxidase +
Human isolates pathogens
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
neisseria weaveri (bacillus)
nonpathogens
Neisseria cinerea
- Neisseria elongata
(bacillus)
- Neisseria flavescens
- Neisseria lactamica
- Neisseria mucosa
- Neisseria polysaccharea
- Neisseria sicca
- Neisseria subflava
(biovars flava,
perflava, subflava)
catal
ase +
biochemical test n. gonorrhoeae & N. meningitides
Oxidase test
+ Purple (filter paper) to Black
(culture media) Color after
10 mins
*N.gonorrhoeae
- No Change in Color
carbohydrate utilization
+ yellow: acid formation
- no change: no acid prouced
phenol red= ph indicator
glucose & matlose
γ-glutamyl aminopeptidase
+ N.meningitides
- N. gonorrhoeae, N.lactamica,
& M.catarrhalis
ortho-nitro-phenyl-d-
galactopyranoside (ONPG)
+ N. lactamica: glucose, maltose,
lactose

7. enterobacteriaceae
lactose fermenters non- lactose fermenters
CATALASE + oxidase -
e.coli
klebsiella
enterobacter
serattia
salmonella
shigella
normal flora in the GIT