spm

4. Proses Penyulingan berperingkat
Process of fractional distilattion

11. Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hept-
Engkau
Pergi
Buat
Pedih
Hamba
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Mengapa
Hex- Hati
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n =7
n = 6
Alkane/ana : - ane
CnH2n+2
Alkene/ena : - ene
CnH2n
Alkohol : - ol
CnH2n+1OH
n = 8
n =10
n = 9
Oct-
Dec-
Non-
OH!
Nasib
Daku
C-C C=C OH
Carboxylic acid : - carboxyl
CnH2n+1COOH -COOH
Alkyne/una : - yne
CnH2n-2
Ester : - carboxylate
CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1 -COO-

12. Diagram 9 shows the structural formulae of hydrocarbons A,
B, C, D,E dan F
Rajah 9 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi hidrokarbon A,
B, C, D,E dan F
Diagram 9
Rajah 9
concepts
*Relax lagu

13. but ane
Hydrocarbon A
Hidrokarbon A
but ana
1 2 3 4

14. prop ene
- 1-
methyl
2-
prop ena
- 1-
metil
2-
Hydrocarbon B
Hidrokarbon B
1 2 3
1
2
3
prop ene
- 1-
methyl
2-

15. pent ena
- 2-
Hydrocarbon C
Hidrokarbon C
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
pent ene
- 2-

16. but ene
- 2-
metyl
2-
Hydrocarbon A
Hidrokarbon A
but ena
- 2-
metil
2-
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
but ene
- 2-
methyl
2-

17. prop ane
dimethyl
2,2 -
Hydrocarbon E
Hidrokarbon E
prop ana
dimetil
2,2 -
1 2 3
prop ane
1
2
3
methyl
2 -
methyl
2 - methyl
2 -
methyl
2 -

18. Hydrocarbon C
Hidrokarbon C
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
pent una
- 1-
pent yne
- 1-

19. 1. 2,3,5 – trimethylhexane
2. 2,4,5 - trimethylhexane
[ 1 mark ]
√
GO TO
2 3 5

21. Ethanol, C2H5OH
( or C2H6O)
Glucose
C6H12O6
Starch
CO2
H2O
Ethene
C2H4
Poly(ethene)
[Polymer)
1,2 dibromoethane
C2H4 Br2
Ethane
C2H6
1,2 dichloroethane
C2H4 Cl
1,2-diolethane
C2H4 (OH)2
Chloroethane
C2H5 Cl
Ethyl ethanoate
CH3 COOC2H5
Ethanoic acid
CH3 COOH
Sodium ethoxide
C2H5 ONa
H2
CARBON COMPOUND
Hydrolysis / boiled with dilute HCl
Fermentation / yeast
Complete combustion
Dehydration
hot porcelain pieces
Addition (hydration) /
300 0C,
60atm,phosphoric acid
Addition / HCl
Oxidation /
Hot K2Cr2O7 / H +
Na
Polymerization
Addition (oxidation) /
KMnO4 / H + Addition
(bromination) /
Br2
Addition
(hydrogenation) /
H2 / nickel 180 0 C
Substitution
Cl2,
UV rays
Esterification /
Concent. H2SO4 /
refluk+
+
+
CARBON COMPOUND

23. Buang air
[dehydration]
Hot porcelain chips
Minum kembali
[hydration]
60 arak tanda merah
[60 atm]
High POwer
[H3PO4]
Suhu badan meningkat
300 0 C

27. +

28. Mati kebakaran
[combustion]
+

29. Ethanol, C2H5OH
( or C2H6O)
Glucose
C6H12O6
Starch
CO2
H2O
Ethene
C2H4
Poly(ethene)
[Polymer)
1,2 dibromoethane
C2H4 Br2
Ethane
C2H6
1,2
dichloroethane
C2H4 Cl
1,2-diolethane
C2H4 (OH)2
Chloroethane
C2H5 Cl
Ethyl ethanoate
CH3 COOC2H5
Ethanoic acid
CH3 COOH
Sodium ethoxide
C2H5 ONa
H2
CARBON COMPOUND
Hydrolysis / boiled with
dilute HCl
Fermentation /
yeast
Complete
combustion
Dehydration
hot porcelain pieces
Addition (hydration) /
300 0C,
60atm,phosphoric acid
Addition / HCl
Oxidation /
Hot K2Cr2O7 / H +
Na
Polymerization
Addition
(oxidation) /
KMnO4 / H +
Addition
(bromination) /
Br2
Addition
(hydrogenation) /
H2 / nickel 180 0 C
Substitution
Cl2,
UV rays
Esterification /
Concent. H2SO4 /
refluk+
+
+
CARBON COMPOUND

30. CH2 = CH-CH2-CH3
[C4H8 ]
CH3 - CH2-CH2-CH3
[C4H10]
CH3 - CH2-CH2-CH2 OH
[C4H9 OH]
CH3 - CH2-CH2-COOH
penghidrogenan
pendehidratan
pengoksidaan
pengesteran
+ H2O